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34 results on '"Richardson, Rick"'

9. The lasting impact of early-life adversity on individuals and their descendants: potential mechanisms and hope for intervention

Author

Cowan, Caitlin S. M., Callaghan, Bridget L., Kan, Janice M., and Richardson, Rick

Subjects
Treatment, Fear learning, Memory, Emotion regulation, Early‐life stress, Epigenetics
Abstract

The adverse effects of early-life stress are pervasive, with well-established mental and physical health consequences for exposed individuals. The impact of early adverse experiences is also highly persistent, with documented increases in risk for mental illness across the life span that are accompanied by stable alterations in neural function and hormonal responses to stress. Here, we review some of these 'stress phenotypes', with a focus on intermediary factors that may signal risk for long-term mental health outcomes, such as altered development of the fear regulation system. Intriguingly, recent research suggests that such stress phenotypes may persist even beyond the life span of the individuals, with consequences for their offspring and grand-offspring. Phenotypic characteristics may be transmitted to future generations via either the matriline or the patriline, a phenomenon that has been demonstrated in both human and animal studies. In this review, we highlight behavioral and epigenetic factors that may contribute to this multigenerational transmission and discuss the potential of various treatment approaches that may halt the cycle of stress phenotypes.

Published
2015

34. D-cycloserine enhances generalization of fear extinction in children.

Author

Byrne SP, Rapee RM, Richardson R, Malhi GS, Jones M, and Hudson JL

Subjects
Animals, Child, Combined Modality Therapy, Dogs, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Spiders, Cycloserine therapeutic use, Extinction, Psychological drug effects, Fear drug effects, Generalization, Psychological drug effects, Implosive Therapy, Phobic Disorders therapy
Abstract

Background: For exposure therapy to be successful, it is essential that fear extinction learning extends beyond the treatment setting. D-cycloserine (DCS) may facilitate treatment gains by increasing generalization of extinction learning, however, its effects have not been tested in children. We examined whether DCS enhanced generalization of fear extinction learning across different stimuli and contexts among children with specific phobias., Methods: The study was a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial among dog or spider phobic children aged 6-14. Participants ingested either 50 mg of DCS (n = 18) or placebo (n = 17) before receiving a single prolonged exposure session to their feared stimulus. Return of fear was examined 1 week later to a different stimulus (a different dog or spider), presented in both the original treatment context and an alternate context. Avoidance and fear were measured with Behavior Approach Tests (BATs), where the child was asked to increase proximity to the stimulus while reporting their fear level., Results: There were no differences in BAT performance between groups during the exposure session or when a new stimulus was later presented in the treatment context. However, when the new stimulus was presented in a different context, relative to placebo, the DCS group showed less avoidance (P = .03) and less increase in fear (P = .04) with moderate effect sizes., Conclusions: DCS enabled children to better retain their fear extinction learning. This new learning generalized to different stimuli and contexts., (© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Published
2015
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