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A study of the phase transitions occurring in tetramethylammonium hexachlorometalate compounds with M = UIV, NpIV, ZrIV, SnIV, HfIV and PtIV were performed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction across the temperature range 120 - 400K. When the crystals were cooled, movement of the octahedral [MCl6]2- anions induces a phase transition from Fm¯3 m to Fd¯3 c with a doubling of the unit cell. For the actinide compounds, no correlation between the f-electron configuration and the transition temperature was observed, instead, a correlation between the transition temperatures and both the [MCl6]2- anion and the TMA cation size is highlighted. Two phase transitions were observed and characterized. The first phase transition occurs with the ordering of the TMA cation and the second from a rotation of the [MCl6]2- octahedra. A third phase transition was observed at lower temperatures and was ascribed to a tetragonal distortion of the [MCl6]2- anions. Synthesis and study of their deuterated compounds did not show a significant isotope effect. Raman spectra performed on the protonated and deuterated compounds indicate only weak hydrogen bonding interactions between the TMA cations and the [MCl6]2- octahedra.

The aqueous fluoro complexes of niobium and tantalum were studied using synchrotron based extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) as model systems for comparison of the structural and coordination chemistry of the Group V metals Nb, Ta and their pseudo-homologue Pa(V). The EXAFS indicate differences in the coordination chemistry of Nb and Ta in these systems that were not intuitive based on their similar charge and ionic radii. The Ta speciation is dominated by six and seven coordinate fluoro complexes, while the chemical speciation of Nb under the same conditions is dominated by its hydrolyzed oxyfluoride complexes. Quantum chemical computations were performed to more fully describe these observations and these results were compared to our earlier study on the fluoro complexes of protactinium. Computations performed with and without the inclusion of scalar relativistic effects reveal that the differences in the chemistry among the Group V elements, and their pseudo-homologue protactinium, are due to the increasing influences of relativistic effects as Z is increased from niobium to protactinium.

The synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, vibrational and optical spectroscopy for the eight-coordinate thiocyanate compounds, [Et4 N]4 [Pu(IV) (NCS)8 ], [Et4 N]4 [Th(IV) (NCS)8 ], and [Et4 N]4 [Ce(III) (NCS)7 (H2 O)] are reported. Thiocyanate was found to rapidly reduce plutonium to Pu(III) in acidic solutions (pH

The compounds (NH4)2PaF7 (I), K2PaF7 (II), Rb2PaF7 (III), Cs2PaF7 (IV), Na3PaF8 (V), (Me4N)2(H3O)PaF8 (VI), and (Me4N)PaF6 (VII) are synthesized from a 5 M aq.

The structures of Th(SO4)2 (H2O)7·2H2O [see CI 2011-42-017], (II) and (III) are determined by single crystal XRD.

The structures of Pu(SO4)2(H2O)4 and compounds (III) and (V) are determined by single crystal XRD.

We report the synthesis of a thorium sulfate hydrate with 11.5 A open channels that propagate through the structure. The compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P42/nmc, a = b = 25.890(4) A, c = 9.080(2) A, Z = 8, V = 6086.3(2) A3. The thermal stability of the compound was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and high-energy X-ray scattering (HEXS) revealing that the compound begins to undergo decomposition near 200 °C with an accompanied loss in crystallinity. The immediate coordination environment about the thorium atoms remains intact through heating to 500 °C as demonstrated by HEXS. Further heating reveals the formation of at least two crystalline phases, Th(SO4)2 and ThO2, which ultimately decompose to ThO2.

The preparation and structure of three trivalent plutonium chloride compounds from aqueous solution is reported. Two of the three are plutonium tetraaquatetrachloro complexes exhibiting a cis and a trans arrangement of Cl about the Pu. The identification of the coordination number of 4 with respect to Cl and the isomerism are both unprecedented in actinide solution chemistry. The third complex is a hexaaquadichloro complex of Pu(III), predicted by available thermodynamic data.

Considerations for surgical treatment of locoregional recurrences of breast cancer are particularly relevant at a time when many primary breast malignancies are being treated in a more conservative manner. The past experience with local recurrence after radical mastectomy was dismal: every patient with recurrence eventually developed systemic disease. Over 80% of such patients died within 2 years. The observations after local recurrence in patients with modified radical mastectomy are generally the same, although those with better prognostic lesions may have a marked delay in mortality. For patients with partial mastectomy and radiation, there are data which suggest that subsequent mastectomy for "in breast" recurrence may salvage approximately 50% of women and achieve long-term freedom from disease. This is a crucial question which will require more patients and time for confirmation. The author reviews patterns of locoregional recurrence after primary treatment of breast cancer, presents a plan for workup of such patients, and describes prognostic factors. The various treatment options, with their results, are discussed, and their dependency on the initial therapy is stressed. For patients with advanced Stage III primary breast cancer (T4 or N2, N3 lesions) and inflammatory carcinoma, a multimodal approach is proposed, with systemic multidrug chemotherapy as the initial treatment. The interlocking roles of surgical resection of the breast and radiation therapy must be considered, depending on the response to chemotherapy. Algorithms for therapy have been constructed to demonstrate the options.

Ten of 16 consecutive patients (63%) with Stages III-IVA soft tissue sarcoma presenting between 1975 and 1978 and treated with surgery, radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy have remained disease-free with a median follow-up of three years (range, 28-68 months). Survival at three years was 86%. However, in the American Joint Committee (AJC) soft tissue sarcoma staging system published in 1977, Grade 3 soft tissue sarcomas were associated with a three-year survival of 35% and almost 90% of the patients destined to fail did so within three years of diagnosis (8). To determine if the observed improvement in survival resulted merely from lesions with favorable prognostic determinants at diagnosis, study patients were matched for stage, histologic type and location of the primary lesion with controls generated from these 1215 carefully reviewed sarcoma patients collected from the data base of the Task Force on Soft Tissue Sarcomas of the AJC. Only control cases whose histology had been reviewed and who had been treated with surgery (with or without radiotherapy) were included in the analysis. Cases survived significantly longer than controls at three years (p less than 0.001) and, in fact, disease-free survival of cases (63%) was superior to overall survival of controls (27%) (p less than 0.01). Our data support the conclusion that patients with high-grade soft tissue sarcoma treated by an experienced multimodality team have a three-year disease-free survival of approximately 63%. The impact of each component of multimodality therapy cannot be determined, and improved survival may result, in addition, from improved diagnostic and staging techniques currently available.

We have investigated the effect of distal small bowel resection on chemically induced tumors of the gastrointestinal tract in Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) rats. Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) (20 mg/kg sc once weekly x 16) was commenced 3 months after rats underwent resection of the distal 30 cm of small bowel (one-third resection) or after sham small bowel resection (controls). Fifty weeks after the start of DMH administration, tumors were found in 15 of 25 animals who underwent small bowel resection compared to 9 of 31 animals in the control group (P less than 0.05). After small bowel resection, 8 of 15 tumors occurred at the site of anastomosis but no anastomotic tumors were seen after sham resection. In addition, tumors were larger and more invasive after small bowel resection. These data indicate that major small bowel resection potentiates DMH induced-intestinal carcinogenesis.

Five patients with angiosarcoma of the breast were treated with surgery, radiotherapy and an adjuvant Adriamycin containing regimen. Two patients remain disease-free at 38+ and 20+ months. The median survival of previously reported cases is 22 months with only five patients disease-free at five years. Possible hormonal influences in the etiologic cause of angiosarcoma of the breast are discussed and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment in these relatively young patients is emphasized.

This study delineates the temporal relationship between immune complex formation and tumor growth, and provides one possible explanation for host immunosuppression during tumor growth. The authors have studied serial circulating immune complex (CIC) levels and interleukin (IL) elaboration by peripheral blood cells (IL-1 production by adherent mononuclear cells [AMC]; and IL-2 generation by peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMC]) during the growth of syngeneic tumor isografts in an inbred rat model. Male Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) rats were injected, subcutaneously (SC) with 2 × 106 W163 (a dimethylhydrazine [DMH]-induced colon adenocarcinoma) cells into their hind limbs. Serial CIC levels, (measured by the antigen nonspecific polyethylene glycol turbidity assay) and IL-1 and IL-2 production were measured before isografting and weekly thereafter. Progressive local tumor growth occurred for 3 weeks followed by regional lymph node metastases during the fourth week. During local tumor growth, there was a progressive rise in CIC levels (123% rise compared with baseline value; P < 0.05) which correlated with a fall in both IL-1 and IL-2 generation (r = −0.768). At the time of regional metastasis, the mean CIC levels declined, and there was a further significant decrease in IL production (IL-1 = 0.9% and IL-2 = 10% of controls in tumor bearers). These results show that progressive tumor growth results in decreased IL production by host PBC, and suggest that CIC may be involved in regulating IL generation. Cancer 53:1373-1378, 1984.

Murine hybridoma were raised against the human colon carcinoma cell line CL-187. One clone was found to secrete a monoclonal antibody (ND-1) that recognizes a large external antigen (LEA) on human colon carcinoma cells. With indirect immunofluorescence on formaldehyde-fixed cells, more than 90% of the human colorectal carcinoma cell lines tested expressed LEA. Almost all of the 46 human noncolorectal and nonhuman cell lines tested did not express LEA, including cancer cell lines from other endodermally derived tissues. Staining of frozen sections from human colorectal tumors, noncolorectal tumors, normal adult, and normal fetal tissues showed expression of the antigen on colorectal cancer tissue, fetal colon, and fetal biliary epithelium. LEA can also be detected in the serum and ascites of colorectal cancer patients. Double indirect immunofluorescence with rabbit anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody and ND-1 monoclonal antibody on a human colorectal carcinoma cell line showed that LEA is distinct from CEA. Physicochemical analysis of LEA showed that it has a large molecular weight, is resistant to extraction from the cell surface, and that sialic acid is an important component of the antigenic site. Because of the specificity for colorectal cancer tissue along with certain biochemical properties, LEA appears to be unique when compared with other tumor-associated antigens. Further research is needed to define the clinical usefulness of LEA in either the diagnosis or treatment of colorectal carcinoma.

This report documents heterogeneous cell populations within high-grade soft tissue sarcomas in seven patients. The authors observed that, following chemoradiotherapy (five patients) or chemotherapy alone (two patients), surgically resected residual or recurrent sarcoma was found to be of low-grade histology. All chemotherapy was of Adriamycin (doxorubicin)-containing combinations. Seven other patients with regional recurrence after resection of high-grade sarcomas had high-grade recurrent tumors. Five of these patients had received no adjuvant therapy; two with extensive retroperitoneal liposarcomas and gross tumor-involved margins had received chemoradiotherapy. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 60 months (median, 12 months). These findings suggest that high-grade populations of sarcoma cells are more susceptible to chemoradiotherapy, as long as there is minimal residual disease. Low-grade clones of tumor cells may survive such therapy and present as clinical recurrence after initial treatment of low-grade or high-grade soft tissue sarcomas. Surgical resection is warranted for these recurrent lesions.

The authors have studied serial circulating immune complex (CIC) levels in 15 patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) for several reasons. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia can easily be followed from presentation to remission, and CIC changes can be compared with changes in human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) which is a specific and quantitative marker of trophoblastic tumor load. Twelve patients with hydatidiform molar pregnancy presented with normal CIC levels (255 δ OD450 ± 97, mean SE [standard error]) as measured by our antigen nonspecific polyethylene glycol (PEG) turbidity assay. Only after reduction in tumor load as monitored by a fall in HCG did CIC rise. In contrast, three patients with choriocarcinoma presented with significantly elevated CIC levels (513 δ OD450 ± 147, P < 0.05 compared to normals) which slowly declined in parallel with HCG levels following evacuation and chemotherapy. Sera at peak PEG-CIC from three patients with molar pregnancy or choriocarcinoma were precipitated with 3.75% polyethylene glycol to concentrate circulating immune complexes. Circulating immune complex levels were fractionated on Sephadex G-200 in an acid buffer (pH = 2.8). An identifiable antigenic component of the CIC in both diseases was found to be paternal HLA antigen. This was demonstrated by the ability of the latest eluting CIC fraction to inhibit paternal lymphocyte lysis using anti-HLA antisera against the husband's HLA tissue type. In each case, this fraction contained no immunoglobulin or beta-2 microglobulin and was antigenically crossreactive with only one of the husband's HLA haplotypes. The authors believe the PEG-CIC assay has allowed them to define the kinetics of host humoral response in GTN, and has provided a method for recovering immunogenic tumor-associated antigens from these complexes which may apply to other solid tumors. Cancer 53:1316-1321, 1984.

Seven of 21 patients with advanced breast cancer previously treated with a combination of adrenalectomy and 5-fluorouracil responded to cyclophosphamide administered when disease relapsed after response to the combination. Four women who failed to benefit from adrenalectomy and 5-fluorouracil also did not respond to cyclophosphamide. Neither time from primary therapy to appearance of first metastases (free interval) nor time from adrenalectomy to cyclophosphamide therapy predicted response. Patients with dominant soft tissue disease appeared to have a greater chance of response than those with predominantly visceral or bony disease. Mild-to-moderate gastrointestinal and hematologic toxicity was seen in the majority of patients, but transient adrenal insufficiency was noted in only two women. There were no deaths due to toxicity, and increased maintenance corticoid dosage was not required. Cyclophosphamide is a useful palliative agent in advanced breast cancer patients who have relapsed after response to adrenalectomy, even when 5-fluorouracil was combined with the procedure.