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Objective There is an urgent need to test and incorporate new molecules with promising efficacy and novel mode of action to control insecticide-resistant mosquito vectors for disease control. We tested a new compound, clothianidin (SumiShield 50 WG), for its efficacy as an indoor residual spray (IRS) for the control of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) in comparison with pirimiphos methyl (Actellic CS) as a positive control. Methods Ten villages were selected, five each for IRS with clothianidin (300 mg AI/m2 ) and pirimiphos methyl (1000 mg AI/m2 ) in Almatti Dam catchment area in Karnataka state, India. Entomological parameters were monitored in these sprayed villages using standard methods. Assessment of quality of spray was performed by analysing the insecticide content in the filter paper samples collected from sprayed houses. Perceptions of spray men and inhabitants were recorded post-spray on safety of these molecules. Results The mean applied to target ratio of content was 1.7 (n = 29) for clothianidin and 1.8 (n = 50) for pirimiphos methyl on filter paper samples analysed. Residual activity (≥80% mortality in exposed mosquitoes) after 24 h post-exposure of SumiShield WG was 5 months and increased to 6 months when the holding period was extended to 120 h and that of Actellic CS was 3 months at 24-h holding period and extended to 4 months at 120-h extended holding period. The mean densities of An. culicifacies in both arms fell drastically post-spray. In light trap collections, density of mosquitoes collected indoors was lower than outdoors in both arms indicating effectiveness of IRS. SumiShield WG was more efficacious in reducing the per-structure density than Actellic CS. The proportion of nulliparous mosquitoes was higher than that of parous mosquitoes during post-spray collections in both arms. The majority of adverse events reported were transitory and subsided without medication. Conclusion Indoor residual spraying with SumiShield WG was found effective, operationally feasible and safe, and it is effective for up to 6 months.

Radio frequency (RF) preprocessing combined with pulsed electric field (PEF) processing was employed to inactivate polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in apple juice. PPO enzyme levels, loss of total phenolic content (TPC), colours and volatile components in the apple juice were subsequently determined and compared with conventional processing methods (60 °C for 10 min and 70 °C for 10 min). Results indicated that, when the apple tissue was preprocessed using RF for 10 min, the residual activity of PPO decreased to 13.57%; when the squeezed juice was processed by PEF, the residual activity decreased to about 5% at 15–35 kV cm⁻¹ for 400 μs. RF treatment caused no significant loss in TPC. Compared with the conventionally processed samples, the apple juice that was RF‐treated for 10 min and PEF‐treated at 15 kV cm⁻¹ for 400 μs increased its lightness and maintained its fresh‐like flavour.

BACKGROUND The objective of this work was to evaluate the activation of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) in pressurized CO2 or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and, thereafter, to evaluate the synthesis of esters using activated CALB as a biocatalyst. Before activation, CALB was immobilized in polyurethane. For the esterification reactions, mechanical or ultrasonic agitations were studied. The stability of CALB after reuse cycles was also evaluated. RESULTS Before activation, the enzymatic activity of immobilized CALB was 789 U/g. After activations in pressurized CO2 and LPG, the activities increased to 2486 U/g and 1413 U/g, respectively. Consequently, the residual activities of CALB after activations in pressurized CO2 and LPG were 315% and 179%, respectively. For the best condition of reaction under ultrasonic agitation, oleic acid conversion was 51.2% when using non-activated CALB. Otherwise, oleic acid conversions were 66.5% and 77.1% when using CALB activated in LPG and CO2, respectively. This biocatalyst maintained more than 80% of its residual activity when reusing up to 13 cycles. CONCLUSION Activation of CALB in pressurized CO2 provided enzymatic activities 1.76 times higher than activation in pressurized LPG did. Immobilized CALB had good performance as a stable biocatalyst for esterification reactions under ultrasonic agitation.

The inactivation of lipoxygenase (LOX) in the whole soya bean prevents lipid oxidation that produces an off-flavour of soya food. The inactivation of lipoxygenase in the whole soya bean by pulsed light (PL) was examined with three distances (5, 7 and 9 cm) from the PL strobe and for different durations. Soya bean was treated with PL with and without ice surrounding the soya bean sample tray for limiting the rise in sample temperature. Results show that without ice surrounding the sample tray, the lowest LOX residual activity was 4.7%, 0.4% and 0.0% for 80-s duration at 5 cm distance from the PL strobe, 110 s at 7 cm from the strobe and 150 s at 9 cm from the strobe, respectively; the soya bean temperature after treatment was 109.6, 116.3 and 114.8 °C, respectively. The instantaneous temperatures of the soya bean core measured during PL operating were above 100 °C. The lipoxygenase band was disappeared after longest PL treatments of each distance compared with the LOX band control as assessed by electrophoresis. The pulsed light had no negative effect on peroxide value of produced soya milk. However, PL reduced significantly the total solid amount and changed the colour of the produced soya milk. The residual activity with sample cooling by ice during treatment was 79.0%, 98.8% and 95.7%, with sample temperatures of 81.7, 91.2 and 66.9 °C, respectively. This study indicates that PL illumination could fully inactivate LOX in whole soya beans, with the photo-thermal effect of PL as the main factor responsible for the inactivation of LOX.

BACKGROUND Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a crop that is very sensitive to herbicide contamination owing to its short growing season. The use of long-residual herbicides and non-woven fabric coverings could therefore influence pendimethalin concentrations in soil and lettuce. RESULTS The pendimethalin half-life in soil ranged between 18 and 85 days and was mainly affected by season (i.e. weather), and especially by soil moisture. Pendimethalin degradation in soil was slowest under dry conditions. A longer pendimethalin half-life was observed under the non-woven fabric treatment, but the effect of varying application rate was not significant. Pendimethalin residue concentrations in lettuce heads were significantly influenced by pendimethalin application rate and by non-woven fabric cover, especially at the lettuce's early growth stages. The highest pendimethalin concentration at final harvest was determined in lettuce grown on uncovered plots treated with pendimethalin at an application rate of 1200 g ha−1 (7–38 µg kg−1). Depending on growing season duration and weather conditions, pendimethalin concentrations in lettuce grown under non-woven fabric ranged from 0 to 21 µg kg−1. CONCLUSION Use of transparent non-woven fabric cover with lettuce can help to reduce application rates of soil herbicides and diminish the risk of herbicide contamination in the harvested vegetables. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

Summary Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) might be a useful tool to describe different morphological findings in treatment-naive exudative AMD (eAMD) before and after VEGF-trap intravitreal injections. Trough a prospective case series of 60 consecutive treatment naive eAMD eyes diagnosed with different types of CNV a micro-structural analysis, based on 5 Activity Criteria (shape, branching pattern, presence of anastomoses, vessel's termini and presence of perilesional halo) was performed. Treatment-induced changes in choroidal neovascularization, CNV area and greatest linear dimension were assessed along with the variation in subretinal and/or intraretinal fluid. After treatment tiny branching vessels, anastomoses and peripheral arcades reduced from 100% of the cases to 40%, 50% and 30% respectively. Considering still-active lesions, persistent tiny vessels were observed in 75% of the cases, anastomoses in 60% of the cases and a residual activity of CNV was associated with a peripheral arcade in 100% of the cases. OCT-A Activity Criteria and quantitative findings, may help in the diagnosis of CNV, guiding decisions for treatment, as well as in monitoring the evolution of CNV and its response to treatment.

BACKGROUND Comminuted orange, a product obtained by grinding the juice and peel and used to formulate beverages, has a high pectin methylesterase (PME) activity; thus the inactivation of this enzyme is necessary to avoid quality losses related to cloud loss. The use of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and mild temperature allows inactivation of enzymes with minimal quality changes. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of pressure, mild temperature and time of treatment, including come-up and holding time, on the inactivation of PME in comminuted orange, and to apply kinetic and response surface models (RSM) to predict residual PME activity (A/A0). RESULTS During come-up time in treatments at 68 °C, the higher the pressure, the lower was the A/A0 obtained. At 550 MPa/68 °C/10 min the lowest residual activity value was obtained (15.6%). A/A0 was well adjusted to the RSM, and a first-order kinetic model was applied to describe the inactivation of PME. In general, the higher the pressure, the lower was the A/A0 reached, as the increasing values of k from 3.5 × 10−2 to 55.5 × 10−2 min−1 indicated. Activation volume (Va) values ranging from −9.2 to −17.7 cm3 mol−1, and activation energies (Ea) between 50.0 and 68.2 kJ mol−1 were calculated. CONCLUSION 550 MPa/68 °C/10 min, 350 MPa/68 °C/10 min and 450 MPa/56 °C/10 min treatments were satisfactory (∼84% inactivation) to inactivate PME. A first-order kinetic model was applied to describe PME inactivation, and the resulting A/A0 adjusted to the RSM. In addition, linearized Arrhenius and Eyring equations were well fitted in order to obtain Ea and Va, respectively. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

There is a growing body of evidence indicating the potential value of essential oils as control agents against a range of arthropod ectoparasites, particularly lice, mites and ticks. Toxicity has been demonstrated following immersion and physical contact with treated surfaces, as well as after exposure to the vapour of these oils; the last of these factors implies that there is a neurotoxic, rather than simply a mechanical, pathway in their mode of action. However, the volatile nature of essential oils suggests that their residual activity is likely to be short-lived. A possible advantage of essential oils over conventional ectoparasite treatments may refer to their reported ovicidal efficacy, although it is unclear whether this results from neurotoxicity or mechanical suffocation. There are many difficulties in comparing the findings of existing studies of essential oil toxicity. One major issue is the wide variation among batches in the relative concentrations of oil constituents. A second issue concerns the fact that many experimental designs make it difficult to confirm that the effect seen is attributable to the oil; in many cases inappropriate controls mean that the effects of the excipient on mortality cannot be distinguished. Hence, it is important that an excipient-only control is always included in these bioassays. Furthermore, in direct contact assays, when attempting to identify the toxicity pathway of the essential oil tested, it is important to include a hydrophobic control. Without this, it is impossible to distinguish simple mechanical effects from neurological or other cellular toxicity. The use of essential oils in the control of veterinary ectoparasites is an area which holds considerable potential for the future and research into their use is still at an early stage. More extensive field trials, the standardization of components, the standardization of extraction, the standardization of good experimental design, mammalian toxicology profiling and excipient development, as well as further investigation into the residual activities and shelf-lives of these oils are all required to allow the full realization of their potential.

Since the first FDA approval of a PEGylated product in 1990, so called random PEGylation reactions are still used to increase the efficacy of biopharmaceuticals and represent the major technology of all approved PEG-modified drugs. However, the great influence of process parameters on PEGylation degree and the PEG-binding site results in a lack of reaction specificity which can have severe impact on the product profile. Consequently, reproducible and well characterized processes are essential to meet increasing regulative requirements resulting from the quality-by-design (QbD) initiative, especially for this kind of modification type. In this study we present a general approach which combines the simple chemistry of random PEGylation reactions with high throughput experimentation (HTE) to achieve a well-defined process. Robotic based batch experiments have been established in a 96-well plate format and were analyzed to investigate the influence of different PEGylation conditions for lysozyme as model protein. With common SEC analytics highly reproducible reaction kinetics were measured and a significant influence of PEG-excess, buffer pH, and reaction time could be investigated. Additional mono-PEG-lysozyme analytics showed the impact of varying buffer pH on the isoform distribution, which allowed us to identify optimal process parameters to get a maximum concentration of each isoform. Employing Micrococcus lysodeikticus based activity assays, PEG-lysozyme33 was identified to be the isoform with the highest residual activity, followed by PEG-lysozyme1 . Based on these results, a control space for a PEGylation reaction was defined with respect to an optimal overall volumetric activity of mono-PEG-lysozyme isoform mixtures.

BACKGROUND It is vitally important to understand the effect of sub-/super-critical CO2 pretreatment on enzyme conformation and its activity, which should improve the understanding of enzymatic biotransformation applications in nonaqueous media. This study evaluated the effect of sub-/super-critical CO2 treatment, including pressure (6 and 10 MPa), exposure time (20, 30 and 150 min) and temperature (35 and 40 °C), on the conformation (e.g. 1D, 2D and 3D structures) and catalytic properties (e.g. residual activity, kinetics constants (Km and Vmax), activation energies (Eα), thermo-stability and organic solvent tolerance) of two commercial enzymes, CALB and lipase PS in their solution forms. RESULTS Compared with the blank control, the 1D structure of both treated lipases was unchanged, whereas their 2D and 3D structures were altered to some extent. The highest relative activities were 105% and 116% for CALB and lipase PS, respectively. For CALB, Vmax/Km value significantly increased, while for lipase PS, Vmax/Km value was almost constant. Both treated enzymes showed high thermo-stability with recovery of enzyme activity up to 76% and 80%, respectively. Also, both treated enzymes presented high organic solvent tolerance. CONCLUSIONS It was speculated that 2D, 3D structure alterations were probably responsible for the satisfactory catalytic properties of enzymes treated with sub-/super-critical CO2. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

BACKGROUND: The main goal of this work is to assess the influence of pressurized liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) treatment on the enzymatic activity of immobilized inulinases. The effects of process variables were evaluated through 23 experimental design. RESULTS: Inulinase from Klyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571 presented an increase of 163% in residual activity using LPG at 30 bar during 1 h exposure using a depressurization rate of 20 bar min−1. For Aspergillus niger commercial inulinase, an increment of 129% in residual activity was observed at 30 bar for 1 h treatment at the highest depressurization rate (20 bar min−1). Enzymatic activities changed significantly depending on the enzyme source and the experimental treatment conditions investigated, such as exposure time, depressurization rate and pressure. CONCLUSION: Hence, compressed LPG appears to be a promising technique with practical relevance as a preparation step to improve enzyme activity, thus helping the development of new biotransformation processes. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

This study examined the potential involvement of polygalacturonase (PG) in commercial pickling cucumbers on gradual softening of refrigerated and pasteurized fresh pack pickle products that adversely affects their market-life. PG activity was detected in all sources of commercial pickling cucumbers and refrigerated pickle spears, and activity was detected in some sources of pasteurized spears. Polygalacturonic acid hydrolysis determined from changes in fluidity, reducing groups and oligogalacturonides indicated involvement of both exo- and endo-PG. Treatment of pasteurized pickle mesocarp tissues with concentrated extracts from pickling cucumbers resulted in rapid softening and alteration of pectic substances. D-values for thermal inactivation of pickling cucumber PG at 75, 80, 85, and 90 °C were 22.0, 19.5, 14.5, and 4.2 min, respectively, indicating that residual activity would be expected in commercially pasteurized pickle products. It is concluded that residual cucumber PG could be responsible for softening of processed pickle products, and it is suspected that variations in textural quality of given products are caused by differences in residual types and levels of native PG. Practical Application: Since enzyme extracts from commercial pickling cucumbers were demonstrated to be capable of softening pickle tissues and that PG activity was present in some processed fresh pack products, methods that inactivate or eliminate the enzyme(s) should reduce softening of products during storage and marketing.

Summary The activity of a commercial neutral protease from Bacillus subtilis after high pressure homogenisation (HPH) was investigated. The enzyme was processed up to 2000 bar, and the residual activity was measured from 20 to 70 °C during refrigerated storage. Moreover, the effect of HPH at high temperatures was evaluated. No improvement in the activities at 55–70 °C were observed after HPH, while an increase of approximately 30% in the 20 °C-activity was reached after 2000 bar processing. Thus, HPH shifted the optimum temperature from 55 to 20 °C. The high temperature homogenisation caused no changes in 55 °C-activity, but reduced 20 °C-activity three times. It suggests that HPH modifies the protease configuration, changing enzyme performance (maximum activity condition), as the efficacy of lock-and-key mechanism is strictly dependent on enzyme spatial structure. The changes can be permanent or not, depending on homogenisation pressure, inlet temperature and enzyme storage conditions. Therefore, the HPH is a promising method to change protease characteristics.

Zusammenfassung Die Methodik der Cr 51-Markierung homologer und autologer Huhnererythrozyten wird beschrieben. Die Cr 51-Halbwertszeit homologer Huhnererythrozyten betragt 2,8 ± 0,8 Tage, diejenige autologer dagegen 13,6 ± 1,3 Tage. Die maximale Lebensspanne von Huhnererythrozyten wird mit 32 Tagen bestimmt. Der Verbleib der Cr 51-Aktivitat in Leber und Milz wird als prozentualer Anteil der injizierten Gesamtaktivitat angegeben. In anderen Organen (und im Kot) wird keine oder zu vernachlassigende Aktivitat gefunden. Die grose Differenz der Cr 51-Halbwertszeit von homologen und autologen Huhnererythrozyten wird diskutiert. Homologe Huhnererythrozyten eignen sich nicht fur die Bestimmung der Cr 51-Halbwertszeit. Die Entfernung von Plasma und freier Cr 51-Aktivitat aus dem markierten, zu injizierenden Blut ist unnotig. Summary Determinations of the Cr51 half-period of autologous and homologous fowl red cells The Cr 51 marking method is described for use with fowl erythrocytes. The Cr 51 half-period for homologous red cells was 2.8 ± 0.8 days, and that for autologous cells was 13.6 ± 1.3 days. The maximal life span of fowl red cells is estimated at 32 days. The residual activity of Cr 51 in the liver and spleen is given as the percentage of the total injected. In other organs, and in droppings, the activity is nil or negligible. The large difference in the Cr 51 half-period between homologous and autologous fowl red cells is discussed. Homologous red cells of the fowl are not suited to determination of the Cr 51 half-period. It is not necessary to separate the plasma and get rid of free Cr 51 in marked blood which is to be injected. Resume Determination de la periode du Cr 51 des erythrocytes autologues et homologues de poule On decrit la methode pour marquer au Cr 51 des erythrocytes de poule homologues et autologues. La periode radioactive du Cr 51 des erythrocytes homologues de poule est de 2,8 ± 0,8 jours, alors que pour les erythrocytes autologues, elle est de 13,6 ± 1,3 jours. La duree de vie maximum des erythrocytes de poule a ete determinee a 32 jours. On indique le residu de l'activite du Cr 51 dans le foie et la rate en pourcentage de l'activite totale injectee. Dans les autres organes et les excrements, on a trouve une activite nulle ou negligeable. On soumet a discussion la grande difference dans la periode du Cr 51 des erythrocytes homologues et autologues de la poule. Les erythrocytes de poule homologues ne se pretent pas a la determination de la periode du Cr 51. Il n'est pas necessaire de separer le plasma et d'eliminer le Cr 51 libre dans le sang marque destine a l'injection. Resumen Determinacion del tiempo semivalor Cr 51 de los eritrocitos autologos y homologos de gallina Se describe la tecnica del marcaje Cr 51 de los eritrocitos homologos y autologos de gallina. El tiempo semivalor Cr 51 de los eritrocitos homologos de gallina importa 2,8 ± 0,8 dias, mientras que aquel de los autologos 13,6 ± 1,3 dias. El espacio vital maximo de los eritrocitos de gallina se fija en 32 dias. El paradero de la actividad Cr 51 en higado y bazo se denuncia como parte porcentual de la actividad total inyectada. En las visceras restantes (y en el estiercol) no se halla ninguna actividad o esta es despreciable. Se discute la gran diferencia del tiempo semivalor Cr 51 existente entre los eritrocitos homologos y autologos de gallina. Los eritrocitos homologos de gallina no resultan apropiados para determinar el tiempo semivalor Cr 51. Muestrase innecesaria la separacion del plasma y de la actividad Cr 51 libre de la sangre marcada, que se va a inyectar.

The management of arthropod ectoparasites of livestock currently relies largely on the use of neurotoxic chemicals. However, concerns over the development of resistance, as well as operator and environmental contamination, have stimulated research into alternative approaches to their control, including the use of biological pathogens. The search for suitable pathogens often focuses on identifying the most highly virulent agents for application. However, practical issues such as the ability of a pathogen to penetrate to the skin through hair or wool, tolerance of high skin surface temperatures and high residual activity may mean that the most virulent pathogens are not necessarily the most appropriate for commercial application. Here, a simulation model is constructed and used to highlight a range of key features which characterize suitable pathogens for such application. Sensitivity analysis shows that even a relatively low probability of infection following contact between infectious and susceptible individuals may give acceptable control, providing it is counterbalanced by higher survival of both infected and infectious parasite hosts in order to allow the rate of transmission to exceed the threshold required to suppress parasite population growth. The model highlights the need for studies attempting to identify sustainable biocontrol agents to explore the use of pathogens which have a range of the characteristics that contribute to overall pathogenicity, but which are also most compatible with practical application systems.

Two antimoulting compounds, (PH 60–38, 1-[4-Chlorophenyl] 3-[2.6-dichlorobenzoyl] urea) and PH 60–40, 1-(4-Chlorophenyl) 3-(2.6-difluorobenzoyl) urea, with a novel mode of action were tried for efficacy against the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) as well as bollworms Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.). The toxicity, both initial and residual, obtained against Spodoptera larvae (1st, 3rd and 6th instars) fed on treated cotton plant leaves for 0–5, 6–10 and 11–15 days showed a promising effect especially against small larvae. Both chemicals at 0.06 and 0.120 kg/feddan induced justified performance when tested instars were fed continuously for 0–5 days after application. Better residual activity was achieved with the chlorinated derivative while the fluoride compound showed better initial kill. In two successive applications against Spodoptera larvae, initial kill seemed to he inconvenient showing below 10% average reduction after 24 hrs compared with 87 and 78% mortality for Cyolane 2-[diethoxyphosphinyl imino]-1.3-dithiolane) at 0.375 kg/feddan. However, performance of antimoulting compounds after 10 days was quite comparable with Cyolane and better than the antifeedant Du-Ter (triphenyl tin hydroxide) at 0.50 kg/feddan. As far as bollworms infestation is concerned, PH 60–40 at the higher dose induced a moderate effect (69.8% reduction) and came - statistically - next to the 1st group insecticides (Endrin/Bidrin and Carbaryl). Zusammenfassung Wirkungen und Nachwirkungen zweier die Hautung verhindernder Substanzen bei drei an Baumwolle schadlichen Lepidopteren-Arten Es wurde den Raupen von Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) und Earias insulana (Boisd.) Blatter als Nahrung vorgesetzt, die mit den zwei zu den Harnstoffderivaten zahlenden Antihautungssubstanzen PH 60–38 und PH 60–40 behandelt waren. Bei S. littoralis zeigten die jungsten Larven die starkste Mortalitat: nach 0–5 Tagen Fraszeit zwischen 96 und 100%, wahrend nach derselben Fraszeit die L3 zu 76 bis 100% und die L6 zu 68–86% abstarben. Die Vergleichsinsektizide Cyolan (100, 100, 100%) und DuTer (100, 92, 86%) waren den beiden Substanzen uberlegen. Ein Vergleich der zwei Praparate unter Freilandbedingungen bei S. littoralis ergab, das die chlorierte Verbindung (PH 60–38) starkere Nachwirkungen, die fluorierte Verbindung (PH 60–40) dagegen starkere Sofortwirkungen hatte. Gegenuber den 2 Baumwollkapselschadlingen zeigten im Freilandversuch die beiden Substanzen nur unbefriedigende Wirkungen. Bei Dosierungen von 0,06 und 0,12 kg/feddan war gegenuber 36,1% befallener Kontrollkapseln der Befall mit 18,3–26,5% nach Behandlung mit den beiden Substanzen nur unbefriedigend geringer. Die herkommlichen Insektizide Carbaryl sowie Endrin/Bidrin zeigten hier wasentlich gunstigere Wirkung (10% und 7,1% befallene Kapseln).

BACKGROUND: Chlorantraniliprole is a novel insecticide belonging to the class of selective ryanodine receptor agonists. The aims of this study were to evaluate the toxicity and the length of residual activity of chlorantraniliprole against the grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermuller), larvae and eggs, under laboratory and field conditions. RESULTS: Dose–response bioassays showed that chlorantraniliprole had a high level of toxicity to neonate larvae of L. botrana. In field trials, chlorantraniliprole applied at 35 mg AI L−1 was as effective against the larvae as the commercial standard reference, chlorpyrifos-ethyl, and had a long-lasting effect. When applied at a field rate of 35 mg AI L−1, chlorantraniliprole caused greater than 20% egg mortality. The toxic effect of chlorantraniliprole is completed by its substantial activity against neonates emerging from eggs. CONCLUSION: Chlorantraniliprole can be considered as a useful tool for L. botrana control, providing a new standard in efficacy and an extremely good residual control. The combined effects against eggs and larvae of grapevine moth should contribute to its efficacy in the field. The new mode of action of chlorantraniliprole and its safety to beneficials and non-target organisms would be extremely useful in IPM and for managing resistance to insecticides. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

As assay for the detection in leukocytes of homozygous and heterozygous carriers of Sanfilippo syndrome type C is described. In one family with two patients suffering from Sanfilippo C syndrome, the affected individuals had no residual activity to acetyl-CoA: alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase. The determination of the acetyl-CoA: alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase/ beta-glucuronidase ratio allows the discrimination between obligate heterozygotes and normal individuals and may be used for carrier detection.

Three pregnancies were monitored in two families at risk for mannosidosis, alpha mannosidase and alpha fucosidase were determined on extracts from white blood cells of several members of these families, on fibroblast cell lines from the index cases and on uncultured and cultured amniotic cells of the foetuses. Two foetuses were diagnosed as affected and one as being free from the disease. The conclusions were confirmed on the affected foetuses after interruption of the pregnancy. The noticeable residual activity of alpha mannosidase found in some fibroblasts and cultured amniotic cells required complementary investigations (heat lability and dependency of substrate concentration) to reach a reliable diagnosis. Invesitgation of uncultured amniotic cells may give useful additional information.

The relationship between the behavior of clomeprop ([RS]-2-[2,4-dichloro-m-tolyloxy]propionanilide) and its residual phytotoxic activity in the soil was investigated in the laboratory with special emphasis on the concentration in the soil water. The phytotoxic activity of clomeprop on radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula cv. Akamaruhatsukadaikon), as the test plant, became greater with time after application but the inhibition was different between the two soils, which had different properties. The amount of 2-(2,4-dichloro-3-methylphenoxy)propionic acid (DMPA), a hydrolyzed and active metabolite of clomeprop, in the soil water and total soil increased with time, corresponding to the decrease in the amount of clomeprop under non-water leakage conditions. The residual phytotoxic activity of clomeprop in the soil was more highly correlated with the concentration of DMPA in the soil water than with the amount of DMPA in the total soil. In addition, a leaching column test was conducted with clomeprop and DMPA. The DMPA easily moved downward and the concentration in the soil water in the upper layer decreased with time after application. It is supposed that the downward movement of DMPA was one of the factors influencing the lasting effect of clomeprop in the field.

Summary In this study, we evaluated the release of diclofopmethyl and triasulfuron from the roots of foliar-treated ryegrass and wheat. The study with 14 C-diclofop-methyl indicated a basipetal translocation of foliar-applied herbicide in wheat and ryegrass. No root exudation from 14 C-diclofop-methyl-treated wheat plants was observed, while 20 days after treatment (DAT) 0.2– 0.9% of radioactivity absorbed by ryegrass was found exuded in the growing medium. Root exudation was stimulated three to six times by the presence of untreated wheat or ryegrass sharing the growing medium with diclofop-methyl-treated ryegrass. No subsequent uptake of exuded radiolabel by untreated plants (ryegrass or wheat) in the same pot with 14 C-diclofop-methyl-treated ryegrass was observed. The study with 14 C-triasulfuron indicated a basipetal translocation of foliar-applied herbicide in wheat and ryegrass and also into the growing medium. By 20 DAT, 0.5–4.2% of radioactivity absorbed by wheat or ryegrass was found exuded in the growing medium. The presence of untreated plants (wheat or ryegrass) in the same pot as triasulfurontreated ryegrass or wheat induced exudation seven to 32 times more. The study also revealed a subsequent uptake of exuded compounds by untreated wheat or ryegrass sharing the medium of 14 C-triasulfuron-treated plants. This study has demonstrated for the first time that the root exudation of exogenous compounds can be related to plant arrangement in pots. The implication is that herbicide root exudation and transfer, a form of allelopathy, could be significant in the field. A precise estimation of environmental fate, unexpected ecological side effects and residual activity of herbicides may require quantification of such exudation.

Heterodiffusion of 65Zn in Mg, Mg–x Al (x = 1.77, 3.9 and 9 wt% Al) and the commercial AZ91 alloy was studied in the temperature interval 498–848 K by serial sectioning and residual activity methods. The concentration and temperature dependence of the Zn bulk diffusion coefficient D is described by the relation D = exp (0.1cAl – 9.16) exp (–125.8 kJ mol–1/RT ) m2 s–1 (cAl – concentration of Al in wt%). The Zn grain boundary diffusivity P = sδDb (s – segregation factor, δ – grain boundary width and Db – diffusion coefficient in the grain boundary) was also determined and obeyed the Arrhenius law P = 7.2 × 10–15 exp (–46 kJ mol–1/RT ) m3 s–1. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The granular formulation of 0.5% pyriproxyfen is a mosquito insect growth regulator larvicide. It was evaluated for residual activity for killing and/or emergence inhibition against 3rd stage larvae of Anopheles sinensis in the laboratory. Mortality rates ranged from 60.9% to 79.7% at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L of water during the first seven days. Except for the lowest concentration (0.01 mg/L) mortality rates were greater than 80% from day 8 through 28. Mortality rates for 0.01 mg/L concentrations were 70.4% from days 8- 14, and thereafter exceeded 80% through day 28. The residual activity gradually increased post-treatment since the granular formulation of pyriproxyfen has a gradual solubility and increases concentration of active ingredient over time. The mortality rates of An. sinensis larvae and pupae eventually reached 100% for the three (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg/L) concentrations.

OBJECTIVE To discuss the main steps of renographic technique and underline some pitfalls related to the acquisition, processing and interpretation of diuretic renography, an important method for guiding the management of asymptomatic congenital hydronephrosis. METHODS Despite guidelines and consensus protocols, renographic procedures differ among centres, causing difficulties in comparison and controversy in the interpretation of results. Thus we comprehensively assessed published papers on the subject of diuretic renography. RESULTS Differential renal function (DRF) is a robust measure provided there is adequate background subtraction. Pitfalls are related to the drawing of regions of interest, particularly in infants, to estimating the interval during which DRF is calculated, and to an adequate signal-to-noise ratio. There is no definition of a 'significant' reduction in DRF. The classical variables of the diuretic renogram may not allow an estimate of the best drainage. Poor pelvic emptying may be apparent because the bladder is full and because the effect of gravity on drainage is incomplete. Estimating the drainage as residual activity rather than any parameter on the slope might be more adequate, especially if the time of frusemide administration is changed. Renal function and pelvic volume can influence the quality of drainage. Drainage may be better estimated using new tools. CONCLUSION Provided the investigation is standardized and potential pitfalls accounted for, the diuretic renogram provides valuable and reproducible quantitative information on DRF and drainage.

Colyophilization with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin activates subtilisin Carlsberg by more than 200-fold in organic solvents, though this is a short-lived effect. About 93% of the enzyme's high initial activity observed in THF (at 45 degrees C) decreases exponentially with a t(1/2) of 1.8 h, until it reaches a residual activity (of 7%) that remains constant throughout the 4 days duration of the experiment. A further study of this enzyme reveals a general trend: the initial activities of the lyophilized powder and the cross-linked enzyme crystals are also greatly reduced upon incubation in this solvent, although these preparations retain 50% of their activity after about 20 h of incubation. All of the preparations studied retained some residual activity (which persisted throughout the duration of the experiments) after the initial exponential decay. The data here presented suggest that the mode of enzyme preparation is an important issue to consider when planning lengthy reactions.

Summary Background: Reference values for 99mTc-MAG3 renography were determined and the influence of sex and age (41%, Tmax

The α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus T-6 (AbfA T-6) belongs to the retaining family 51 glycoside hydrolases. The conserved Glu175 was proposed to be the acid–base catalytic residue. AbfA T-6 exhibits residual activity towards aryl β-D-xylopyranosides. This phenomenon was used to examine the catalytic properties of the putative acid–base mutant E175A. Data from kinetic experiments, pH profiles, azide rescue, and the identification of the xylopyranosyl azide product provide firm support to the assignment of Glu175 as the acid–base catalyst of AbfA T-6.

Summary Pericarp alpha-amylase activity in wheat has largely been ignored as a potential cause of low Hagberg falling number (HFN) in the UK, because pericarp alpha-amylase enzymes have been thought too temperature-sensitive to affect HFN and are usually degraded by harvest. Nevertheless, there are several circumstances where immature grains may be present in harvested grain. Therefore, we tested the hypotheses that pericarp alpha-amylase enzymes in immature grains could lower HFN, but also that inactivation of the enzymes during drying and storage could ameliorate the effect. The first hypothesis was tested by addition of large amounts of pericarp alpha-amylase activity from freeze-dried, defrosted or fresh green grains to high HFN flours of low alpha-amylase activity, followed by HFN measurement. Enzyme assay and HFN analysis assessed the effect of drying on pericarp alpha-amylase activity after different storage treatments. Addition of pericarp alpha-amylase, from all three sources, to high HFN flours caused an exponential decrease in HFN. A drop in HFN from over 470 s to below 250 s resulted from addition of 5–10% by weight of green grains. Between 35–70% of the α-AMY-2 activity in immature grains was eliminated by air-drying at 20°C over 8–10 days, although the residual activity could still lower HFN. Thus, pericarp alpha-amylase activity may be a cause of low HFN in some UK wheat crops.

A kinetic study of pectinmethylesterase (PME) inactivation in orange juice was conducted. Juice samples were subjected to combinations of high pressure (400, 500, 600 MPa) and thermal (25, 37.5, 50 C) treatments for various time periods. PME inactivation followed a first-order kinetic model with a residual activity of pressure- resistant enzyme remaining. Calculated D-values ranged from 4.6 min to 117.5 min at 600 MPa/50 C and 400 MPa/25 C, respectively. Pressures in excess of 500 MPa resulted in sufficiently fast inactivation rates for economic viability of the process.

The effect of microwave (f = 10.4 GHz) irradiation on a thermostable enzyme was experimentally tested, showing that irreversible inactivation is obtained. Enzymatic solutions (500 microliters, with concentrations between 10-100 micrograms/ml) were exposed at 70 degrees C, at SAR levels of 1.1 and 1.7 W/g for 15, 30, 45, or 60 min, and their activity was compared to that of a sample heated in a water bath at the same temperature. The residual activity of the exposed samples depends on enzyme concentration, microwave power level, and exposure time; activity was reduced to 10% in 10 micrograms/ml solutions treated at 1.7 W/g for 60 min. Microwave effects disappeared at concentrations above 50 micrograms/ml. These results were not found following water bath heating at the same temperature and durations.

An economical, small scale heat processing device was studied for rapid and efficient pasteurization of human milk while preserving immunoglobulins A,G and M. Using a continuous flow HTST milk pasteurizer, human milk inoculated with E. coli (106 CFU/mL) or S. aureus (107 CFU/mL) was heated at 71°C at flow rates of 5.9, 12.3 and 18.9 mL/ min. All conditions completely inactivated both microorganisms and resulted in negative alkaline phosphatase activity indicating complete pasteurization. Heat processing of bovine milk at 71°C, at 5.9 mL/min resulted in retention of 30% of the γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) activity. Lower residual activity could therefore indicate overpasteurization. Pasteurization at 71°C for 9.0 sec (12.3 mL/min) resulted in retention of 74% of IgA, 75% IgG, and 68% IgM.

Purpose: To quantify the delivered activity accuracy of Radium 223 dichloride injections, when being administrated for castration – resistant prostate cancer, symptomatic bone metastases. The impact of residual activity in the spent syringe and dispensing accuracy of Ra 223. Methods: The administration is by slow intravenous injection over 1 minute followed by double flushing of the 10 mL syringe and IV with saline. Eighty (80) procedures was used to investigate variations in the activity from the amount prescribed (µCi) = 1.35 × Patient weight Kg. The Activity dispensed into a 10mL syringe using a NIST traceable Capintec CRC-25R Chamber and a cross calibrated capintec CRC-15R to measure activity in the syringe immediately before and after administration Results: The patients weight range from 121Ib to 235lb and doses ranging 74.25 µCi to 144.2 µCi. The deviation of dispensed dose vs Prescribed dose average +2.1% with a range of −1.1% to +5.7%. The Dose measured before administration ranges 79.3 µCi to 154.9 µCi. Deviation from the dispensed dose was show to average +2.9% with a range of −0.8% to +7.3%. The average residual dose post injection was 2.5 µCi or 2.2% of the pre injection activity. Ranging from 0.9 µCi to 6.2 µCi, 0.7% to 5.4% respectively. Subtracting the residual activity from that measured activity before injection and comparing it to prescription dose was shown to have an average variation of +2.7% with a range of −0.8% to 7.4%. Conclusion: The case resulted in the 6.2 µCi maximum residual dose had two syringes. A small, 82.8 µCi activity, case resulted in the 7.4% maximum variation in measures less residual verses prescription dose. The average +2.1 % dispenses activity of Ra 223 over the prescription dosage was seen to counteract the average 2.2% residual dosage found to remain in the syringe

This paper studies the effects of conventional and microwave blanching on grapes that are being processed for storage in syrup. An analysis was made of the blanching effects on macro- and micronutrients, as well as on color and mechanical properties. To test the effectiveness of these blanching treatments, enzymatic residual activity was measured for polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and pectinmethylesterase. Both blanching treatments reduced enzyme activity in the grapes, especially polyphenol oxidase (99%). Blanching treatments also caused significant decrease in tartaric acid (TA) also as in color and mechanical changes, more marked in conventional-treated samples. As for the effect of storage, microwave treatment supposed a greater stability of TA and total phenols than conventional one, also as a greater antioxidant activity of grapes. From this point of view, microwave treatment of samples immersed in water can be proposed as a good alternative to conventional heating in boiling water for grapes blanching. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., The authors thank the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional and the Conselleria de Educacion y Ciencia for the financial support given throughout the Projects (AGL 2005-05994 and GV04A-394 AGL 2005-05994). The translation of this paper was funded by the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain.

An evaluation of the residual activity of quick-drying agents (alcoholic solutions) used for hygienic hand disinfection is described. We looked for residual efficacy following hand disinfection with soap and water alone or followed by one of two alcoholic handrub lotions supplied from an automatic hand washing machine. The bacterial counts on the hands obtained before and within 2 successive hours after disinfection showed that alcoholic chlorhexidine was the most effective for 10 minutes after contamination of the hands. WELPAS® (alcoholic chlorbenzarconium) followed this in its immediate effect and was better than soap and water alone. There were no significant differences after 30‘ or 120‘ between the three disinfecting methods.

To help explain the increased residual activity of a deltamethrin suspension concentrate (SC) formulation against grasshoppers, the persistence, location and nature of residues from the SC and an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation have been compared. Wheat plants were sprayed in a cabinet sprayer at 7.6 g ha−1 for the EC and 5.6 g ha−1 for the SC, then weathered outdoors for 16 days. With the SC formulation, residues were more persistent, more residues were located on the exterior of the leaves, and less deltamethrin was converted to inactive isomers. Eight days after spraying, the exterior deltamethrin residues were 0.13 μg plant−1 from the SC versus 0.06 μg plant−1 from the EC. Thus, more residual deltamethrin is available to grasshoppers with the SC formulation.

Treatment of marginal periodontitis may include use of local antibiotics. In the present in vitro study the bioabsorbable materials Surgicel, Tissell, and CollaCote and acrylic strips were examined for release of doxycycline into liquids and residual antibacterial activity of the materials. Pieces of material were incubated in 1 ml of water or human serum which was exchanged every day for 9 days. The concentration of doxycycline in the liquids was measured spectrophotometrically while the residual antibacterial activity of the materials was determined microbiologically. Surgicel constantly showed very high concentrations and level of residual activity. The acrylic strip and CollaCote decreased to low levels of both concentration and residual activity in a few days. Tissell was intermediate with a continuous decrease in concentration but rather high level of residual activity throughout the study. In serum the acrylic strip was partly dissolved and Surgicel was totally dissolved after 2 days. Left undisturbed in serum Surgicel was not dissolved for 2 weeks. These results indicate that Surgicel and Tissel may be capable of prolonged release of doxycycline in vivo.

Purpose: The accuracy of quantitative PET is influenced by many factors whose uncertainties need to be characterized for its reliable use in treatment response assessment. Among the factors are residual activity and lack of synchronization between PET‐scanner and dose‐calibrator clocks which are frequently overlooked. Therefore, we characterized their effects on PET‐ based treatment response assessment. Methods: Fifteen patients receiving targeted molecular therapy underwent whole body [18F]FLT PET/CT scans at multiple time points. Response was calculated as the change in SUV between subsequent scans. Residual‐activity left in syringe after injection effects were assessed by comparing response measures when SUV values were corrected for residual activity (range: 0.07mCi‐0.61mCi) to when they were not. Uncertainty in response was also compared between scans where the synchronization of the PET‐scanner and dose‐calibrator clocks were randomly offset (range: 1min‐60mins) to when they were synchronized. The effect of both factors on PERCIST classification of treatment response was assessed. Results: Residual‐activity and lack of clock synchronization had significant effects on treatment response (p=0.05). 3% change in clock offsets between subsequent scans resulted in 2.5% absolute difference in response. The mean difference in responses due to desynchronized clocks was 18% (maximum=35%). 3% change in residual activity resulted in 0.1% absolute difference in response. Not accounting for residual‐activity caused mean difference of 1% (maximum=6%) in the response. Changes in clock synchronization and not accounting for residual activity resulted in reclassification of the PERCIST response status of over 30% of the patients. Conclusions: Lack of synchronization between PET‐scanner and dose‐ calibrator clocks and not accounting for residual activity caused a difference in response. Administration procedures that minimize residual activity (e.g. flushing syringe with saline) have to be implemented. Also, all clocks used with dose‐calibrator have to be synchronized with PET‐scanner clock periodically. Otherwise patients can be wrongly classified as partial, stable, or progressive disease.

Lymphoid cell lines (LCL) were established by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) transformation of blood B-lymphocytes from two different patients affected with Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) type B. Those lines were severely deficient in sphingomyelinase activity (8% and 10% residual activity). Ultrastructural investigations showed in both these lines the presence of numerous osmiophilic, dense and pleiomorphic inclusions characteristic of lysosomal storage (due to the accumulation of amphiphilic lipids) similar to those observed in tissues from NPD.

The diffusion coefficients D of vanadium in Fe–V solid solutions in the concentration interval 0 to 90 wt% V and in the temperature range 839 to 1320 °C are determined by the residual activity method using the isotope V-48. The measured residual activity values are evaluated by the least squares method on a ZPA-600 computer. All the D-values satisfy the Arrhenius relation enabling the calculation of the diffusion characteristics D0 and ΔH. Analogously to the f.c.c. solid solutions an attempt is made to develop unique equations describing the temperature and concentration dependences of the V-diffusion in Fe–V solid solutions. The analysis of present results shows that at a given temperature the variation of In D(cV) is linear in the primary Fe–V solid solutions (1.6 to 28% V) and parabolic in the vanadium rich solutions (65 to 100% V). In both the cases the diffusivity of V decreases with the increasing vanadium concentration cV. The peaks in the In D0(cV) and ΔH(cV) variations found at 24% V are interpreted in terms of the Fe3V ordered structure. Similar peaks occurring at 75% V recall the results given by Siňjajev in the Fe–Cr-system. An unambiguous interpretation of these peaks is not found. Mit der Restaktivitatsmethode des Isotops V-48 werden die Diffusionskoeffizienten D von Vanadium in Fe–V-Mischkristallen im Konzentrationsbereich von 0 bis 90 Gew.% V im Temperature intervall 839 bis 1320 °C bestimmt. Die gemessenen Restaktivitatswerte werden mit der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate auf einem ZPA-600-Computer berechnet. Alle D-Werte befriedigen die Arrheniusbeziehung und ermoglichen die Berechnung der Diffusionscharakteristiken, D0 und ΔH. In Analogie zu den k.f.z. Mischkristallen wird ein Versuch unternommen, einheitliche Gleichungen zur Beschreibung der Temperatur- und Konzentrationsabhangigkeit der V-Diffusion in Fe–V-Mischkristallen zu entwickeln. Die Analyse der vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigt, das bei der gegebenen Temperatur die Anderung von In D(cV) linear ist in den primaren Fe–V-Mischkristallen (1,6 bis 28% V) und parabolisch in den vanadiumreichen Losungen (65 bis 100% V). In beiden Fallen nimmt das Diffusionsvermogen von V mit zunehmender Vanadiumkonzentration cV ab. Die Maxima in den In D0(cV)- und ΔH(cV)- Verlaufen, die bei 24% V gefunden werden, werden mit einer geordneten Fe3V-Struktur erklart. Ahnliche Maxima, die bei 75% V auftreten, bestatigen die Ergebnisse von Siňjajev im Fe–Cr-System. Eine eindeutige Interpretation dieser Maxima wird nicht gefunden.

Durch Copolymerisation von Athylendimethacrylat und Acrylnitril bzw. Glycidylmethacrylat in Emulsion wurden reaktive Mikrogele mit Durchmessern von ca. 50 nm hergestellt. Durch polymeranaloge Umsetzungen konnten funktionelle Gruppen eingefuhrt werden (Imidoester bzw. Aldehydgruppen), die als Ankergruppen zur kovalenten Immobilisierung von Enzymen geeignet sind. Es wurden die Enzyme Lactatdehydrogenase, Alkalische Phosphatase und Proteinase K immobilisiert. Da bei den mikrogel-gebundenen Enzymen keine Diffusionshinderung auftritt, liegen die Restaktivitaten der Enzyme wesentlich hoher als bei der Immobilisierung an herkommlichen quellungsporosen granularen Tragern. By copolymerization of ethylene-dimethacrylate with acrylonitrile and glycidylmethacrylate, respectively, reactive microgels with diameters of approx. 50nm were obtained. Modification reactions led to functional groups (imidate or aldehyde groups) suitable for covalent enzyme coupling. When immobilizing the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and proteinase K it was found that the residual activity of these conjugates was very much higher compared with conventional porous supports due to the absence of diffusional restrictance.

A lymphoid cell line (LCL) established by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-transformation of blood B-lymphocytes from a patient affected with Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) Type A exhibited a severe deficiency of sphingomyelinase activity (less than 10% residual activity). Ultrastructural investigation showed in LCL from NPD type A, the presence of numerous osmiophilic, electron-dense inclusions with myelin-like figures characteristic of the accumulation of sphingomyelin (and other amphiphilic lipids) similar to those observed in tissues of patients affected with NPD.

The diffusion coefficients of 65Zn in the Al-Zn solid solutions are measured by means of residual activity techniques in the concentration range 7.06 to 57.5 at% Zn between 312 and 509 °C. The measured values of D satisfy well the Arrhenius equation. The variations of In Do(N) and Δ H(N)/Tm(N) are linear functions of the zinc concentration, N, in the range of N = to 0.53 at% Zn.Do is the frequency factor, ΔH the activation enthalpy of self-diffusion and Tm = 0.5 (TL + Ts); TL and Ts are the liquidus and solidus temperatures. The values of In Do and ΔH/Tm measured in the concentration range 53 to 57.5 at% Zn are higher than the values extrapolated from the range of lower concentrations. Moreover these values (53 to 57.5%) increase with increasing Zn content. The results obtained in the present work (0 to 53 at % Zn), together with the data of Godeny et al. and Beke et al., may be well interpreted in terms of the empirical rule proposed by Kucera and Million for f.c.c. solid solutions. The increase of Do and ΔH values in the concentration interval 53 to 57.5% Zn can be attributed partly to the structural differences between α and β solid solutions reported by Elliot, and partly to some other different physical properties claimed, however not nearly specified by Presnjakov et al. Die Diffusionskoeffizienten von 65Zn in Al-Zn-Legierungen werden mittels der Methode der Restaktivitat im Konzentrationsbereich 7,06 bis 57,5 At% Zn zwischen 312 und 509 °C gemessen. Die gemessenen Werte von D befinden sich in guter Ubereinstimmung mit der Arrheniusgleichung. Die Anderungen von In Do(N) und ΔH(N)/Tm(N) sind lineare Funktionen der Zinkkonzentration N im Bereich von N = 0 bis N = 53 At% Zn. Do ist der Frequenzfaktor, ΔH die Aktivierungs-enthalpie der Selbstdiffusion und Tm = 0,5 (TL + TS); TL und TS sind die Liquidus- und Solidus-Temperaturen. Die gemessenen Werte von In Do und ΔH/Tm im Konzentrationsbereich 53 bis 57,5 At% Zn sind hoher als die Werte, die aus den Werten im Bereich niedrigerer Konzentrationen extrapoliert werden. Daruberhinaus nehmen die Werte (53 bis 57,5%) mit steigender Zn-Konzentration zu. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse lassen sich zusammen mit den Werten von Godeny et al. und Beke et al. gut mit der empirischen Regel, die von Kucera und Million fur k.f.z.-Legierungen vorgeschlagen wurde, erklaren. Das Anwachsen der Do- und ΔH-Werte im Konzentrationsbereich 53 bis 57,5% Zn kann teilweise den Strukturdifferenzen zwischen α- und β-Legierungen, die von Elliot beschrieben werden, und teilsweise anderen unterschiedlichen physikalischen Eigenschaften, wie – jedoch nicht naher spezifiziert – von Presnyakov et al. angenommen wird, zugeordnet werden.

Three male siblings in a Japanese family were affected with beta-galactosidase-neuraminidase deficiency (galactosialidosis). One patient died at 45 years of age, and postmortem liver and brain tissues were studied enzymatically. The residual activity of neuraminidase was relatively high in these tissues. Neuraminidase activity did not change in the tissues after repeated freezing and thawing of the homogenates, whereas this enzyme in control tissues lost 30 to 60% of its activity. There was a profound deficiency of beta-galactosidase in the tissues of the patient. Michaelis constant, pH profiles, and cryostability were identical for the patient and control patients. Cathepsin B was moderately increased in activity in the patient's tissues.

Au atom gettering induced by Ne+ implantation in n- and p-type silicon is studied. The depth distributions of gettered Au atoms measured by BBS and residual activity methods are presented. The spatial profiles of Au atoms are compared with the results of Monte-Carlo profiles. The experiment shows that the gettering efficiency depends on the Si conduction type and is nearly twice higher for p-type silicon. A model of gettering is proposed, which assumes the formation of dislocation loops in terms of agglomeration of silicon self-interstitials and impurity atoms. [Russian Text Ignored].