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In contemporary developmental science, relational development systems models have been used to frame the positive youth development (PYD) perspective, which posits that youth will thrive when there is alignment between their strengths and ecological resources in their context. Evidence from the 4-H Study of PYD indicates that out-of-school-time youth development programs are key ecological resources enhancing youth thriving. This chapter discusses the particular facets of youth development programs (the "Big Three"-positive and sustained adult-youth relationships, skill-building activities, and youth leadership opportunities) involved in promoting youth thriving. The importance of using theory to design and implement programs is also discussed, and challenges of reaching the diversity of American youth with effective programs are noted.

Background Hispanic and foreign-born workers suffer high rates of occupational fatality. Reasons for this are not well understood. Our aim was to gather information about the details related to severe, non-fatal occupational injuries in this vulnerable population. Methods Eight years of data were obtained from an urban trauma center. In addition, medical consultations of individuals admitted for an occupational injury during an 8-month period are reported. Results Hispanics were more highly represented than expected; their number of injuries steadily rose. Hispanics were more likely to be injured by machinery and hand tools. Workers reported hazardous working conditions, lack of workers compensation, short time in current employment, and not working in their usual job. Conclusion Trauma systems can provide a glimpse of risk factors for severe injuries in vulnerable workers. We recommend greater use of this data source, follow backs, long-term follow up of individuals, and improvement of surveillance of vulnerable working populations. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:344–351, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Using a new and simplified technique for covalent immobilization of adenine nucleotides [Fuller, C. W. and Bright, H. J., J. Biol. Chem. 252, 6631 (1977)], we have prepared immobilized NADH using two water-soluble polymers and tested these preparations for activity with several dehydrogenases. The first polymer used, having a weight-average molecular weight of about 350000, is a copolymer of methacrylyl choline and the epoxide-containing monomer 3-[4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)butoxy]-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate. Immobilization of NADH onto this copolymer was accomplished in three steps, namely, alkylation of NAD at N-1, reduction of the nicotinamide moiety with dithionite and Dimroth rearrangement of the alkyl linkage from the N-1 to the C-6 amino position. The second copolymer tested was a copolymer of the same epoxide-containing monomer and N-methacrylyl-2-glucosamine. Using this copolymer, immobilization of NADH through the adenine C-6 amino position was accomplished in a single step. Measurements of the steady-state kinetics of five dehydrogenases at pH 7 and pH 9 showed that, on the average, V and Km values obtained with the immobilized NADH were, respectively, about one third and twice those found for the free coenzyme. In general, when compared with the free coenzyme, the immobilized NADH had greater relative enzymic reactivity at pH 9 than at pH 7. The simplicity of this method, the general enzymic reactivity, and the ability to be recycled enzymically suggest that this immobilized NADH may be useful in creating enzyme reactors for synthetic, analytical and other purposes.