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Key responses of manufacturing processes are often represented by spatially or time-ordered data known as functional data. In practice, these are usually treated by extracting one or few representative scalar features from them to be used in the following analysis, with the risk of discarding relevant information available in the whole profile and of drawing only partial conclusions. To avoid that, new and more sophisticated methods can be retrieved from the functional data analysis (FDA) literature. In this work, that represents a contribution in the direction of integrating FDA methods into the manufacturing field, the use of function-on-function linear regression modelling is proposed. The approach is based on a finite-dimensional approximation of the regression coefficient function by means of two sets of basis functions, and two roughness penalties to control the degree of smoothness of the final estimator. The potential of the proposed method is demonstrated by applying it to a real-life case study in powder bed fusion additive manufacturing for metals to predict the mechanical properties of an additively manufactured artefact, given the particle size distribution of the powder used for its production.

In mehreren Schritten wurde ein multifunktionales Deckenelement entwickelt, welches zwischenzeitlich bei zahlreichen Projekten erfolgreich eingesetzt wurde. Dabei waren vielfaltige Anforderungen zu beachten. Neben der geringen Eigenlast und der geringen Verformung bei groser Schlankheit zahlen dazu die Aspekte des baulichen Brandschutzes, der integrierten Haustechnik und der positiven Beeinflussung von Behaglichkeit und Raumakustik. Das Deckensystem erfordert zwangslaufig eine Koordination der Fachplaner in der Planungsphase. Alle Vorteile einer werksmasigen Vorfertigung konnen genutzt werden, sodass kurze Bauzeiten bei gleichmasiger Fertigungsqualitat und wettbewerbsfahigen Kosten erreicht werden konnen. Im Bereich der Verbundmittel besteht noch ein Optimierungspotenzial. Developement of a long-spaned sandwich-slab-system with integrated service engineering in composite construction method Dedicated to the 80th birthday of Professor Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. e. h. Gert Konig A multifunctional slab system, which has been used successfully in numerous projects, has been developed in several steps. Within this development various requirements had to be fulfilled. In addition to the minor dead load and slenderness, aspects like fire protection, the integrated building services, the positive influence to the users comfort and the room acoustics characterize the slab system. This slab system makes necessary a coordinated work of all engineers in the planning phase. All advantages of precast production can be leveraged. So short construction periods with a constant production quality and competitive costs can be achieved. There is still some optimization potential in the field of the shear connectors.

Durch den Einsatz von modernen Mehrscheiben-Isolierverglasungen lasst sich der Primarenergiebedarf von Gebauden senken. Die volkswirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Verglasungen werden anhand eines typischen Einfamilienhauses dargelegt und auf volkswirtschaftliche Grosen extrapoliert. Besondere Beachtung erfordert die Sicherstellung einer dauerhaften Edelgasfullung, die stark von der Fertigungsqualitat des Randverbundes, der aus einer Vielzahl von Komponenten und Materialien hergestellt wird, abhangt. Energy saving by means of gas filled insulating glazing. The use of modern insulating glazing enables a reduction of the energy consumption of buildings. The general economic effect of different glazing types on the German economy is derived by means of energy consumption calculations of a single house. Especially the production quality of the edge sealing with its numerous components and materials influences the long term insulation effect of the gas filling.

Building on first-hand qualitative and quantitative data collected from computer motherboard manufacturers, this research proposes a contingency argument for the effects of relational embeddedness on organizational performance. Results show that the effects of embeddedness vary depending on the specific dimension of embeddedness, organizational age, performance measures, and the type of supplier relations, and that the concept is far more complex than previous literature suggests. Two main conclusions are that a closer supplier relationship improves both organizational growth rate and production quality for younger organizations, while in chipset supplier relations, a highly committed supplier worsens production quality more for younger firms.

A number of various organic and inorganic contaminants are commonly present in the technological fluids hindering production quality. Importantly, waste influents must be purified to meet the appropriate environmental standards for their disposal. This paper deals with the development of a treatment technique for technological and wastewater streams allowing the separation of microscopic droplets of water, sand, oil and other organic and inorganic contaminants. Some existing approaches and processes for treatment of contaminated fluids are briefly reviewed and the design of an electromagnetic hydrocyclone separator is presented in this paper. The effect of the main forces on the separation of small-sized impurities (

Mineral and organic fertilizers contain different forms and amounts of nitrogen (N), which can affect yield and product quality. The aim of this study was to determine appropriate amounts of N applied as nitrate (NO), ammonium (NH), and organic N (a mixture based on chicken manure) for optimal growth and quality of tomatoes. A pot experiment with sand as substrate was established in a greenhouse with six-week-old tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. “Armada”). Nitrogen was applied in nutrient solutions at different NO : NH ratios combined with different chloride levels (NO-dominated, NO = NH at low Cl–, NO = NH at high Cl–, and NH-dominated, respectively) or as organic N at four N-application rates (250, 500, 750, 1000 mg N plant–1 week–1). No significant differences in shoot biomass and yields of red tomatoes were observed between NO- or NH-fed plants. Nitrogen rates above 750 mg N plant–1 week–1 did not significantly increase marketable fruit yield, but enhanced shoot-biomass production. The NH-N-dominated treatments (which also had high Cl– concentrations) showed increasing incidence of blossom-end-rot (BER)-infected fruits. In the organic-N treatments, shoot-biomass production and yields were lower than in the inorganic-N treatments, but fruit quality was good with few BER-infected fruits. The results show that with a total N supply below 750 mg N plant–1 week–1, NH can be used as equivalent N source to NO, resulting in equivalent yields of marketable fruit under the conditions in this experiment. Einfluss von Nitrat, Ammonium und organischem Stickstoff auf Wachstum und Ertrag von Tomaten Mineralische und organische Dunger enthalten verschiedene Formen von und Mengen an Stickstoff (N), welche den Ernteertrag und die Produktqualitat beeinflussen konnen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, geeignete N-Mengen – appliziert als Nitrat, Ammonium oder organischer Stickstoff – fur optimales Wachstum und Qualitat von Tomaten zu bestimmen. Dazu wurde mit sechs Wochen alten Tomatenpflanzen (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. “Armada“) unter Gewachshausbedingungen mit Sand als Substrat ein Gefasversuch angelegt. Die Applikation von N erfolgte in Form von Nahrlosungen mit verschiedenen NO:NH-Verhaltnissen, kombiniert mit unterschiedlichen Chlorid (Cl)-Konzentrationen (NO-dominiert, NO = NH bei niedrigem Cl–, NO = NH bei hohem Cl– und NH-dominiert) bzw. als organischer N. Jede dieser Behandlungen wurde mit vier verschiedenen N-Mengen angelegt (250, 500, 750, 1000 mg N Pflanze–1 Woche–1). Zwischen den mit Nitrat und Ammonium gedungten Pflanzen konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied in Sprosswachstum und Ertrag an erntereifen Tomaten festgestellt werden. Stickstoffmengen uber 750 mg N Pflanze–1 Woche–1 steigerten den Ertrag verkaufsfahiger Tomaten nicht signifikant, obwohl die Produktion an Sprossbiomasse noch anstieg. In den NH-dominiert gedungten Gefasen mit gleichzeitig hohen Cl-Konzentrationen in den Nahrlosungen wurden haufiger Tomaten mit Blutenendfaule beobachtet. In den Behandlungen mit organischem Stickstoff waren die Sprossbiomasseproduktion und der Ertrag geringer als in den mineralisch gedungten Behandlungen, aber die Qualitat der Fruchte war gut, mit nur wenigen durch Blutenendfaule geschadigten Tomaten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei einer Stickstoffversorgung unter 750 mg N Pflanze–1 Woche–1 Ammonium anstelle von Nitrat verwendet werden kann. Im vorliegenden Versuch wurden unter diesen Bedingungen vergleichbare Ertrage verkaufsfahiger Fruchte erzielt.

Buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engeim.] is a turfgrass species with reduced irrigation and fertilization requirements, relative to traditional turfgrasses. Interest in reducing the amount of chemicals and water applied to turfgrass has resulted in increased efforts to improve buffalograss as a turfgrass. As interest in using the new turf-type buffalograss cultivars has increased, the need for nitrogen rate and mowing height recommendations supported by research have become necessary. 'Cody', 'Texoka', '378', and 'NE 91-118' buffalograss cultivars were planted at sites located in Nebraska, Kansas, and Utah to determine nitrogen rate and mowing height effects on buffalograss quality, color, density, and clipping yield. There were significant cultivar x nitrogen rate interactions at all sites for quality, color, and density. Regardless of cultivar, nitrogen rate × year interactions at all sites revealed that the 98 kg N ha -1 rate sustained quality, color, and density over the 3-yr evaluation period, while lower nitrogen rates had decreased quality, color, and density. The 195 kg N ha -1 rate improved quality over the 3-yr period but also had the highest clipping yields. Regardless of the cultivar selected, the data support the general mowing height recommendation for turf-type buffalograss of 5.0 to 7.5 cm. For golf course fairways maintained at a mowing height of 2.5 cm, the vegetatively established cultivars (NE 91-118 and 378) are the best choice to achieve high turfgrass quality.

Stresses during cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) square and boll formation can result in fruit abscission from several continuous nodes, resulting in a fruiting gap on the plant. This gap may cause a shift in benchmarks for timing various agronomic practices aimed at maximizing cotton yield and optimizing quality. A cotton defoliation timing study was performed in 1999, 2000, and 2001 to (i) see if the creation of a fruiting gap would influence defoliation timing and to (ii) compare the use of the open boll percentage at defoliation (OBPD), nodes above cracked boll (NACB), and micronaire readings at defoliation as tools for timing defoliation. In late July or early August each year, a fruiting gap was created by physically removing fruit from several continuous nodes on plants. Plots were defoliated on the basis of various OBPD values. Upon defoliation, OBPD and NACB were taken and lint was retained to determine the micronaire at defoliation. In both 1999 and 2000, there was a yield advantage to delaying defoliation beyond 60 OBPD in treatments containing a gap. However, in 2001 there was no yield advantage to delaying defoliation. This may have been due to optimal late-season growing conditions experienced in 2001. In years when micronaire readings are high, data suggested cotton not containing a fruiting gap is more likely to be above discount levels for high micronaire and should not be defoliated past 60 OBPD. In both 1999 and 2000, trends confirmed a direct relationship between OBPD and both yield and micronaire. Overall, these studies demonstrated that in some years, where no fruiting gaps exist, it might be possible to terminate cotton before the 60% open boll recommendation without sacrificing yields. These results would allow farmers to shift defoliation, and hence harvest, to a time when there are fewer risks of quality-based discounts. While a significant interaction prohibited the examination of the use of micronaire at defoliation as a technique for timing defoliation, there did not appear to be a significant advantage to using either NACB or OBPD for timing defoliation.

Increasing the whole-kernel methionine [MET; 2-amino-4-(methylthio)-butyric acid] level of maize (Zea mays L.) would improve the quality of the grain for poultry feed. Our objective was to increase the MET levels of A632, B73, Mo17, A632/Mo17, B73/A632, and B73/Mo17, with the high-MET inbred BSSS53 as a donor parent. Backcross-derived lines were evaluated per se in trials during 3 yr, and hybrids among subsets of these lines were evaluated in three replicates during 1998. Methionine levels of the best A632 recoveries were increased by 17% after three backcrosses and 11% after four backcrosses. Methionine levels of the best B73 recoveries were increased by 20% after three backcrosses and 17% after four backcrosses. In the Mo17 genetic background, MET levels of the best recoveries were increased by 55% after three backerosses and 31% after four backcrosses. Crosses among the highest MET backcross-derived lines produced hybrids with significant 23 to 43% increases in whole-kernel MET compared with corresponding control hybrids. Significant increases in the MET levels of experimental hybrids indicate that BSSS53 is a useful donor source of whole-kernel MET and that selection within normal dent maize germplasm can be effectively utilized to produce high-MET hybrids.

In the production of a PCB different errors may occur. The detection of these errors is time consuming and there is an increasing need to use a 100% quality control in production. New analogic CNN algorithms were developed to detect the short circuit and the misalignment errors. These analogic algorithms were tested with software simulator, 20×22 CNN-UM chip and 64×64 CNN-UM chip by using ALADDIN System. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cotton fibre mutants that were fuzzless and/or lintless were crossed with each other and a normal genotype (fuzzy, linted) to produce F 2 and BC 1 generations. F 2 segregation ratios from the cross of fuzzless-lintless × fuzzy-linted, for fuzzy-linted, fuzzless-linted and fuzzless-lintless were 45: 15: 4, From the cross of fuzzless-lintless x fuzzy-linted, the F 2 segregation ratios were 9: 39: 16 whereas the BC 1 F 1 segregation ratios from the F, backcrossed to fuzzless-lintless were 1: 3: 4. These data suggest that the presence or absence of lint and fuzz are controlled by the interaction of four gene loci on non-homologous chromosomes. We designate these loci as N 1 , N 2 , Li 3 and Li 4 , where N 1 N 1 confers the presence of fuzzy, N 2 N 2 confers inhibition of fuzzy initiation and development, and duplicate gene pairs, Li 3 Li 3 and Li 4 Li 4 , determine the presence of lint. Homozygosity for li 3 li 3 and li 4 li 4 might also inhibit fuzz from development. In other words, they were recessive epistatic to fuzz genes.

The objective of this analysis was to determine the costs of the development and implementation of HACCP, SSOP's, Salmonella Performance Standards, and Generic E. coli Process Control Testing for small meat and poultry plants. USDA estimated these costs to be $0.0024 per pound with the release of the Pathogen Reduction Ruling. Weighted averages from two other studies estimating implementation costs were $0.0005 and $0.0139 per pound. To collect data and measure actual implementation costs, phone surveys and personal interviews were conducted with small meat (defined as having 10 or more employees but less than 500) slaughter and processing plants in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. The analysis suggests that the plants incurred an average of $0.009 per pound in development and implementation costs for these regulations. L'analyse des risques et la maitrise des points critiques (HACCP), les procedures operationnelles de decontamination normalisees (SSOP), les tests de controle du genre E. coli dans les procede et les normes de performance sur Salmonelle sont 4 programmes destines a reduire les bacteries pathogenes a travers toutes les etapes des transformation de la viande et de la volaille. Les premieres estimations effectuees sur les preimplementations sont tres variables. Cette etude presente les estimations du cout de postimplementation pour le programme de reduction des pathogenes dans des usines de transformation de viande de 10-500 employes.

Specialty soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cultivars with ≤ 80 mg seed -1 are needed to produce grain for export to Japan for the production of natto, a fermented food. The purpose of this study was to compare three population types for the recovery of lines that would have adequately small seed size for natto. Two small-seeded and one normal-size conventional cultivar or line were used to produce a small-seeded × small-seeded two-parent population, a small-seeded × normal-size two-parent population, and a small-seeded x (small-seeded × normal-size) three-parent population. Five sets of the three population types were developed with different parents in each set. The seed size of 100 random F 2 plants was determined from each of the 15 populations and 10 plants of each parent. For each of the five sets, the progeny of the 100 F 2 plants of each population type were compared as F 2:3 lines with 10 entries of each of the three parents at two Iowa locations. The average percentage of lines with a seed size equal to or smaller than one of the parents in a cross was 90% for the small-seeded x small-seeded populations, 4% for the small-seeded x normal-size populations, and 20% for the three-parent populations. An average of 10% of the lines from the small-seeded x small-seeded populations had significantly smaller seed size than either of the parents, and no transgressive segregation for small seed size was observed in the other two population types. For the development of small-seeded cultivars, small-seeded x small-seeded and three-parent populations would provide lines with acceptable seed size. A small-seeded x normal-size population may provide suitable lines if seed size of the conventional cultivar is sufficiently small and adequate resources are available to select for the limited number of small-seeded segregates.

Feed is an important end use of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Recent research has identified high starch content, low acid-detergent fiber (ADF), low ruminal dry-matter digestibility (DMD), and large particle size after dry rolling as desirable barley feed-quality characteristics for beef cattle. Knowledge about the variation available may help barley breeders develop strategies for feed-quality improvement. Our objective was to estimate the variation in feed-quality characteristics in barley around the world. The spring barley core subcollection from the USDA-ARS National Small Grains Collection was planted in 1995. Ruminal DMD of 1480 accessions was evaluated. Seventy-three accessions, selected on variation in DMD, were planted in two field replications in 1996 and 1997. These 73 accessions were evaluated for starch, DMD, ADF, and particle size after dry rolling. The range in DMD was 82 to 621 g kg -1 , with a mean of 398 g kg -1 (SD = 75 g kg -1 ). The ranges for other traits of the 73 selected accessions were 387 to 593 g kg -1 (starch); 15 to 96 g kg -1 (ADF); 187 to 510 g kg -1 (DMD); and 1118 to 1572 μm (particle size). Six-row types had greater ADF and particle size (P < 0.001), lower starch, and DMD (P < 0.001), compared with 2-row types. Starch was higher (P < 0.01), and ADF and DMD were lower (P < 0.01), for hulless than for hulled accessions. Substantial variation in the spring barley core collection for feed quality-related characters could be exploited to develop barley cultivars for feed quality.

classes coincide with differences in milling and end-use properties (reviewed in Pomeranz and Williams, 1990; Recent results have shown that mutations in genes coding for Morris and Rose, 1996). The distinction between soft puroindoline a and b (PinA and PinB ) are associated with the expresand hard classes of wheat is governed by the Hardness

The broadcasting reforms of the 1990s attempted to combine increased competition with the preservation of the public service ideal. The reforms were called into question when it became clear that the production quality was being undermined by poor information flows and excessive transaction costs. For competition in broadcasting to flourish, closer attention needs to be paid tothe institutional preconditions of effective contracting.

Drought-tolerant turfgrasses that can tolerate low mowing heights need to be identified in order to obtain reduction in water use required of turfgrass in many locations. We have begun evaluation and selection of buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] at typical golf course fairway mowing heights. A large number of accessions originating from throughout the Great Plains of North America, with the majority from the northern Plains, are being maintained at 1.6-cm mowing heights. Seedlings from a polycross of six females and four males provided six half-sib families to observe under similar conditions. Turfgrass quality and genetic color differed significantly among entries in the trials. Several vegetatively propagated genotypes yielded high-quality turf and exhibited vigorous and competitive growth under low mowing. When data were analyzed by gender, female genotypes performed better than male or monecious types. Genotypes marginally hardy in Nebraska were not hardy when maintained at low mowing heights. Seeded varieties performed well for fall color, probably because of greater genetic diversity. Preliminary selection may be accomplished at higher mowing heights prior to the more costly and time-consuming low-mowing evaluations. Results indicate that low-mowing tolerance may be heritable in buffalograss.

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) stems, which contain bast fibres, make up a considerable part of the linseed biomass, but are considered a by-product of no value. The feasibility of cultivating existing linseed cultivars and breeding lines for dual-purpose use of stem and seed was studied in 1995–97 in Jokioinen, Finland. Finnish linseed cv. Helmi was compared with 10 linseed genotypes and one flax cultivar for stem yield, ratio of stem yield to seed yield, and plant stand height and density. The stem yield of cv. Helmi averaged 1317 kg dry matter ha-1. Significantly higher stem yields were produced by breeding lines Bor 15 and Bor 18 and cvs Gold Merchant, Norlin and Martta. The cv. Helmi produced lower stem yield than seed yield while breeding lines Bor 15 and Bor 18 and cvs Gold Merchant and Martta yielded more stem than seeds. The difference in the ratio of stem yield to seed yield between them and cv. Helmi was statistically significant. The mean plant stand height was 60.3 cm and the final plant density 594 plants m-2. No relationship was found between stem yield and height or density. Within 2 days of seed threshing, stems of early maturing Finnish genotypes dried up in the field to nearly 15 % moisture content, even in the middle of September (1996). The early maturing breeding lines Bor 15 and Bor 18, with their significantly higher stem yields relative to cv. Helmi, are recommended for dual-purpose use. Zusammenfassung Der bastfasernenthaltende Stengel des Olleins (Linum usitatissimum L.) bildet einen Grossteil der oberirdischen Biomasse von Ollein, der haufig keiner Nutzung zugefuhrt wird. Um das Potential bestehender Olleinsorten und -zuchtlinien fur eine Doppelnutzung von Samen und Stengelbiomasse zu uberprufen, wurden in den Jahren 1995–97 in Jokioinen (Finland) Feldversuche durchgefuhrt. Die finnische Olleinsorte Helmi wurde mit zehn Olleinzuchtstammen und einer Faserleinsorte angebaut, und der Stengelertrag, der Stengelertrag im Verhaltnis zum Samenertrag und die Bestandeshohe und -dichte wurden ermittelt. Der Stengelertrag betrug bei Helmi durchschnittlich 1317 kg Trockenmasse ha-1. Signifikant hohere Stengelertrage wurden von den Zuchtlinien Bor 15 und Bor 18, den Sorten Gold Merchant, Norlin und Martta produziert. Helmi produzierte im Mittel einen geringeren Stengel — als Samenertrag. Die Stengelertrage der Zuchtstamme Bor 15 und Bor 18 und der Sorten Gold Merchant und Martta waren hoher als die Samenertrage. Zwischen diesen Genotypen und der Sorte Helmi ist der Unterschied des Ertragsverhaltnisses signifikant. Die Bestandeshohe lag im Durchschnitt bei 60,3 cm und die Bestandesdichte betrug im Mittel 594 Pflanzen m-2. Eine Korrelation zwischen dem Stengelertrag und der Bestandeshohe bzw. -dichte konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Die Stengel der fruhen finnischen Genotypen trockneten nach dem Dreschen auf dem Feld (Mitte September 1996) in zwei Tagen auf einen Feuchtegehalt von 15% ab. Die fruhreifen Zuchtlinien Bor 15 und Bor 18 konnen aufgrund ihrer signifikant hoheren Stengelertrage im Vergleich zu der Sorte Helmi fur eine Doppelnutzung empfohlen werden.

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of phosphorus (P) on the vegetative and reproductive growth of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.). Single superphosphate was applied at 0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60 and 0.75 g P/pot containing 3.5 kg of soil. Seeds were sown directly in pots and plant samples were taken at fortnightly intervals for recording growth and yield parameters. In addition, the solasodine content in fruit and N, P and K levels in leaves were also estimated. Most parameters were significantly influenced by P, with0.45 g/pot generally proving optimal. The data also established that the berries should be harvested between 160 and 190 days (days after sowing), preferably at 175 days for maximum fruit yield and solasodine production. Most parameters showed consistent and positive correlations with leaf P content. Interestingly, the correlation between leaf P content at 40 days and solasodine yield at 175 days was highly significant (r = 0.888), implying that the former is predictive of the latter. Thus, if low leaf P content was noted at 40 days corrective measures like foliar application or top dressing may be adopted to increase the leaf P content to ensure maximum solasodine at harvest. Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Gefasexperiment mit Nachtschatten (Solanum nigrum L.) durchgefuhrt, um den Einflus von Phosphor (P) auf das vegetative und reproduktive Wachstum zu untersuchen. Einfach-Superphosphat wurde mit Mengen von 0, 0,15, 0,30, 0,45, 0,60 und 0,75 gP/Gefas mit 3,5 kg Boden angewendet. Die Samen wurden direkt in die Gefase ausgesat und die Pflanzenproben wurden 14-tagig fur Untersuchungen hinsichtlich Wachstum und Ertragsparameter genommen. Zusatzlich wurde der Solasodine-Gehalt in der Frucht sowie N, P und K in den Blattern bestimmt. Die meisten Parameter waren sig-nifikant beeinflust durch P, wobei sich 0,45 g/Gefas als optimal erwies. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das die Beeren 160–190 d (Tage nach der Aussaat), am gunstigsten 175 Tage, fur maximalen Fruchtertrag und Solasodine-Produktion zu ernten sind. Die meisten Parameter zeigten konsistente und positive Korrelationen mit dem Blatt-P-Gehalt. Es ist interessant, das die Korrelation zwischen Blatt-P-Gehalt nach 40 Tagen sowie Solasodine-Ertrag nach 175 Tagen hochsignifikant war (r = 0,888), was fur eine Zeitvoraussage genutzt werden kann. Es erscheint daher moglich, falls geringer Blatt-P-Gehalt nach 40 Tagen festgestellt wird, Blattanwendungen oder Dungungen zur Erhohung des Blatt-P-Gehaltes vorzunehmen, um ein Maximum an Solasodine zur Ernte zu erreichen.

Summary Bruising of sugar beet roots and the consequential sugar loss do not receive the attention they deserve within the sugar beet industry. Recent harvester tests have indicated that current levels of bruising damage could be decreased with existing technology. There is, however, little understanding of biological factors affecting susceptibility to bruising of sugar beet roots. This paper examines the available information on causes of bruising, the significance of some tissue characteristics, the processes of sugar loss following bruising and agronomic, physiological and biochemical considerations relevant to bruising and the sugar loss that follows. Some research needs are identified in conclusion.

The clonal origin of the natural rubber tree has influences on the latex yield and properties of raw natural rubber (NR); therefore, study of the breeding of NR in order to select suitable rubber clones is important. With a recent increasing demand in rubberwood, yield of timber becomes a new parameter of interest for selection of the rubber clone. Studies were made on new breeds of rubber clones, identified as the RRIM 2000 series. It was found that the new clonal rubbers have a timber yield 3–5 times higher than those of average existing clones such as the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (RRIM) 600, while the latex yield is 3 times higher. The other important processing properties, including the mechanical stability time of the latex, Mooney viscosity, and plasticity retention index of raw rubber, are comparable to those of presently used clones and satisfy well the Standard Malaysian Rubber specification. The findings are important as they imply that the lattices and dry rubber of the new rubber clones could be used to produce rubber products without any difficulty. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 1517–1521, 2000

Isoflavones in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] may have positive impacts on human health. The objective of this study was to determine the role of the genotype, environment, and genotype × environment interactions on isoflavone contents of soybean. Nine isoflavones were measured in six cultivars grown at eight locations during 2 yr. The mean contents of total isoflavones and six of nine individual isoflavones were significantly higher in 1996 than 1995. There were significant differences among locations in one or more years for total and individual isoflavone contents. The year × location interactions were significant due to changes in rank and magnitude among the locations during the 2 yr. The genotype, genotype × year, genotype × location, and genotype × year × location interactions were significant for total and individual isoflavone contents. Despite the significant genotype × environment interactions, the differences between the cultivars with the highest and lowest total and individual isoflavone contents were relatively consistent among the 16 environments. It should be possible to breed for isoflavone content as a quantitative trait in a cultivar development program.

This article reports a study that was carried out in 6 German advanced mechanical engineering organizations. The research investigated the wider role of the CNC machine operator against the background of an increased focus on quality management issues and lean production. Fifty-one interviews were carried out with individuals from different professional groups. The results showed that operators had an important function in compensating for variations in the manufacturing process. The choice of operator actions was influenced by several production-related factors (e.g., tolerance limit). Furthermore, we identified several organizational boundaries that indicated a considerable potential for efficiency gains if collaboration across these boundaries could be improved. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A fast new method based on image analysis, ScanPro Speck Expert (SPX), to determine the bran contamination in wheat flour was studied and compared with existing methods (air-oven, ash, and color measurements) using an Agtron color meter and a Minolta chromameter. Twenty-one hard red winter wheat flour samples with ash contents of 0.30–0.58% were collected from the Kansas State University pilot mill and used for this study. Intrinsic variability in the flour sample because of randomness of bran speck orientation and distribution in the sample holder could result in variation in the speck count. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses showed that estimation of flour ash content from the SPX results (R2 = 0.91) would be more accurate than the results from color measurements (R2 = 0.66 [Agtron color meter] and 0.74 [L*]). The added capability of SPX image analyzer to not only count the number of bran specks but also to measure their areas probably increases the accuracy of determining the bran...

The groat percentage represents an important quality characteristic of oat (Avena sativa L.). Our objectives were to characterize mechanical factors of the oat dehulling process and the physical characteristics of the oat grain that affect groat percentage. Mechanical factors were determined with a compressed air dehuller. Physical characteristics of oat grain were evaluated from 10 genotypes grown at three locations with digital image analysis. Groat percentage as determined by hand dehulling was compared with mechanical dehulling. The strength and duration of mechanical stress required to separate the hull from the groat and the strength of the aspiration required to remove free hulls from the groats had significant effects on groat percentage results. Insufficient mechanical stress resulted in ineffective dehulling, but excessive stress resulted in groat breakage. Excessive aspiration removed groats as well as hulls, but insufficient aspiration left excessive hulls with groats. Groat percentage values obtained by hand dehulling or by mechanical means correlated well. Hand sorting of mechanically dehulled groats to remove hulls remaining after dehulling improved their correlation, indicating the importance of hand-sorting mechanically dehulled oats. Test weight and oat size uniformity were highly correlated with groat percentage. Negative correlation between hulls remaining after dehulling with groat percentage suggested that heavier hulls, associated with lower groat percentage, were more difficult to remove by aspiration. Positive correlations between groat breakage during dehulling and groat percentage suggest that thin hulls provide less protection to the groat during dehulling, resulting in higher levels of breakage.

In accordance with the Grain Quality Acts of 1986 and 1990, scientists at Kansas State University are studying the feasibility of implementing a quality-based marketing system for hard red winter (HRW) wheat in the Southern Plains. This research addresses the development of a segregation system that uses the single kernel characterization system and the whole grain near-infrared analyzer to evaluate the milling and baking quality of wheat as a single value called “dough factor”. This single value represents the amount of flour-water dough that can be produced from a given unit of wheat. Samples of HRW wheat (≈100 per location) were collected at five Kansas country elevators during the 1995 and 1996 harvests. After the dough factor was measured for individual samples, the samples were composited into seven dough factor groups to establish binning and segregation strategies and to explore the relationship between wheat quality measurements and dough factor groups. Results showed that dough factor g...

The changes in percent drip loss (PDL), total water content, and shrinkage at different postmortem (PM) stages were examined in four pork quality classes: pale, soft, exudative (PSE); reddish-pink, soft, exudative (RSE); reddish-pink, firm, non-exudative (RFN); and dark, firm, dry (DFD). The PDL of PSE and RSE samples rapidly decreased with time, whereas those of RFN and DFD did not. Although the PDL of RSE showed a decrease (p < 0.05) with time, the percentage of total water did not change. Large pieces of loin exhibited less shrink than smaller pieces. These results indicated that water-holding capacity, as expressed by shrinkage, improved at extended PM times.

Flours from eight sorghum cultivars were evaluated for their couscous-making ability with the objective of finding predictive relationships between flour physicochemical properties and couscous quality. Chemical composition, physical characteristics, and pasting and gelatinization properties of the flours were determined. A laboratory procedure was used to prepare couscous. Couscous properties were evaluated and compared to a laboratory-prepared and a commercial durum wheat couscous. Hard grain produced flours containing a high proportion of coarse particles with low ash and high damaged starch content and yielded a higher proportion of desirable sorghum couscous granules. A variety of colors ranging from brown to yellow were obtained when flours were processed into couscous. Cooked sorghum couscous stickiness was positively correlated (r = 0.89, P < 0.01) with the amount of damaged starch in flour. Cooked couscous hardness correlated positively (r = 0.79, P < 0.05) with apparent amylose content ...

Fresh alkaline noodles prepared from patent flours of the Canadian wheat class Canadian Prairie Spring White (CPSW) AC Karma and AC Vista were characterized by image analysis to numerically evaluate the time-dependent formation of dark areas (spots) on the noodle surface. The system was able to rapidly detect, measure, and characterize such undesirable discolorations, which commonly form on the surface of raw noodles with time. Variations in minimum spot detection size (0.050–0.250 mm2), in combination with a darkness threshold setting (Δ grey scale units of 2, 5, and 10) were investigated. A linear increase in the number of spots was observed over time for both cultivars with nine combinations of size and darkness. The total number of discolored spots measured was dependent on both detection size and sensitivity (threshold setting). Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the number of darkened spots were detected between the two cultivars only after 24 hr. Similarly, significant differences (P < ...

Low hull percentage has long been recognized as a valuable measure of grain quality in oat, Avena sativa L.; however, reliable selection for low hull percentage has been impeded by a lack of understanding of its heritability. The objective of this study was to investigate the heritability of hull percentage in three oat crosses, involving the cultivars Cascade, Robert, and AC Marie, which have 30, 25, and 23% hull, respectively. Populations of F 2 -derived F 4 through F, lines were grown in replicated or unreplicated trials at several locations in western Canada from 1992 to 1995. Heritability estimates were calculated based on hull percentage data determined by mechanically dehulling 2-g kernel mixtures or samples of 50 primary kernels. Primary kernel hull percentage data, collected from replicated trials at multiple locations, were used to evaluate the effect of genotype × location interaction on phenotype. Broad-sense heritability estimates by parent-offspring regression ranged from 0.35 to 0.72 for hull percentage of 2-g kernel mixtures, and 0.80 to 0.90 for hull percentage of 50 primary kernels. An evaluation of variance components showed highly significant genotype and location effects for primary kernel hull percentage. Genotype effects had a greater influence than location on primary kernel hull percentage, whereas the effect of genotype × location interaction was relatively less important. High broad-sense heritability estimates for hull percentage support the use of early generation selection for reduced hull content in oat.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed with yellow seed coat and hilum is preferred in North America for the export market. Seed coats may darken or discolor when exposed to chilling temperatures during seed development. We examined the effects of chilling temperatures on seed coat discoloration of yellow hilum, isogenic lines of 'Maple Presto'soybean (Maturity Group 000) differing in pubescence color (I, r, T, tawny; I, r, t, gray). The isogenic lines were grown in the field for five seasons and once in the growth cabinet (25/20°C day/night). We quantified seed coat discoloration using an image analyzer. When exposed to cool temperatures during seed development, the seed coat darkened. In the extreme case, the seed coat from the tawny line looked gray-brown. The tawny line discolored more than the gray line, both in the field and the growth cabinet. Seed coat discoloration increased with the accumulation of daily minimum temperature ≤15°C during seed development. In years with cool temperatures during seed development, seed coats may discolor,reducing the quality of the seed's appearance.

Wheat landraces possess a wide diversity in starch physical properties that could be useful in breeding for improved quality of specific products, such as various types of Asian noodles. The pasting properties (using a Rapid Visco-Analyser [RVA]) and flour swelling volume (FSV, using silver nitrate to inactivate α-amylase activity) of wholemeal, were measured for 242 hexaploid accessions of Iranian landrace wheat. FSV values and the peak viscosities were positively correlated (r = 0.73***). FSV values in the landraces ranged from 8.3 to 15.9 mL/g and peak viscosities ranged from 139 to 305 RVA units (RVU). In comparison, FSV of cvs. Eradu and Klasic were 18.6 and 15.0 mL/g, and peak viscosities were 355 and 303 RVU, respectively. Of the landraces, Iranian Wheat Accession (IWA) 8602488 had the highest peak viscosity (305 RVU) and exceptionally high hot- and cool-paste viscosities. Two accessions, IWA 8602430 and 8600544, displayed pasting characteristics considered desirable for high-quality Japan...

BACKGROUND Donor exposure risk and cost in platelet transfusion practice can be limited by increasing the recovery of platelets from donor units. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This study presents results of continuous quality improvement efforts in platelet production and compares the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of currently produced platelet concentrates (PCs) with that of apheresis platelets. Production quality improvement measures included optimization of instrument performance (rotor speed trials), process (massaging whole-blood units, using cup liners, limiting spin-expression time, and refining plasma expression technique), and staff (intensive training with observation and ongoing quality control data feedback). Corrected count increments and increments per kg were calculated for transfusions of 4 pooled PCs and apheresis platelets over a 30-day period. RESULTS The mean number of platelets per PC increased from 5.5 x 10(10) in 1975 to 9.69 x 10(10) in 1994. The mean platelet dose was 3.78 x 10(11) for 4 PCs and 4.17 x 10(11) for apheresis platelets. A total of 34 pooled PCs and 17 apheresis platelets was transfused to 21 patients. The mean increment, the increment per kg, and the corrected count increment were, respectively, 31 x 10(3) per microL, 4.8 x 10(2) per microL, and 14,700 for 4 PCs and 35.4 x 10(3) per microL, 5.4 x 10(2) per microL, and 14,700 for apheresis platelets. Differences were not significant. CONCLUSION Therapeutic efficacy comparable to that of apheresis platelets can be obtained with 4 high-yield PCs.

Nine Burley tobacco cultivars were tested in three locations of the Veneto region during 3 years in order to single out the ones most suitable for the target environment. Differences among cultivars were found for plant development indicators, yield and visual quality of the cured leaf, but not for physical and chemical properties of the leaf, even if most characters varied widely among the environments. High yields combined well with high scores of Quality Index. F1, hybrids CAS 83–1E and C. 03–6 resulted on average the best performing cultivars, both for yield and quality, confirming the findings of previous trials.

Inheritance process for β-glucan content in oat caryopsis Due to the fact that there are only few studies concerning β-glucans in oat caryopsis with regard to plant-breeding aspects, three oat crosses were performed (cross 19 = low × high, cross 86 = low × low, cross 98 = high × high). In all of the three oat crosses, lower β-glucan content (% DM) was recorded in F, than in F, indicating that the β-glucan content (% DM) at a higher heterozygoty grade is lower than at a reduced heterozygoty grade. This points to a dominant inheritance of lower β-glucan content (% DM). A tendency towards the female β-glucan content (% DM) could not be proven. Thus, it can be started from a nuclear genetic inheritance of the β-glucan content (% DM). In most cases, the experiments showed a normal distribution of β-glucan content (% DM), indicating for several genes a quantitative inheritance of β-glucan content (% DM). By means of the regression of the F3-lines to the F2-plants, the narrow-sense heritability could be calculated for the cross 86 (h2= 0.51***) and the cross 98 (h2= 0.48***). The heritability for the cross 19 was not significant.

Variability of the β-glucan content in oat caryopsis of 132 cultivated-oat genotypes and 39 wild-oat genotypes In order to establish the genetic variability and the environmental dependency on the β-glucan contents (% DM) in oat caryopses, several outdoor experiments have been conducted. For a test period of 3 years, 132 oat genotypes from the gene bank of the Federal Research Institute for Agriculture (FAL) in Braunschweig were cultivated in the field. Furthermore, 39 wild-oat genotypes from the gene bank were grown in Mitscherlich pots in protected areas for a 2-year test period. The genetic-variance range of the 132 oat genotypes in terms of β-glucan content is maximally 2.27 % DM (1993). During the 3-year test period, the lowest value was 3.23 % DM and the highest 5.67 % DM. For the 39 wild-oat genotypes, the variance range ofβ-glucan content was slightly higher (2.95 % DM, 1992). The minimum was 3.13 % DM and the maximum 6.08 % DM (1992). The β-glucan content (% DM) was significantly influenced by prevailing climatic conditions during the test year. In conclusion, it may be stated that, for oat breeding based on β-glucan content (% DM) the oat's genetic variability for the cultivated and wild plants investigated is similar, so that there is actually no need to go back to the wild material.

Producers of grain sorghum [Sorghum bico(or (L.) Moench] must often market immature, frozen grain of low test weight and receive severe discounts. This study was conducted to determine the main cause of low test weights and to explore ways of improving the marketability of immature, frozen sorghum grain. Immature, frozen grain samples from 1989 and 1991 were graded and test weights determined before and after cleaning or rethreshing. Proximate analyses were conducted on the original, cleaned, and rethreshed grain rumples and clean-out materials. Cleaning and rethreshing improved test weights throughout the range studied. Processing the grain with test weights above 45 Ib/bu was uneconomical because of the loss in weight, the small change in discount, and the low value of the clean-out material

Production of hay in large round bales (LRB) has gained popularity because of reduced cost and ease of harvest. However, storage of LRB without protection reduces the quality and quantity of hay. This study was conducted to evaluate the benefits of plastic covering on retention of nutritive value in LRB contaning different proportions of legume. Eighty-four grass-legume LRB containing high (45-100%) or low (0-40%) legume percentages were harvested from 14 Michigan farms located in five different counties and stored for 10 mo. Percentages of legumes were visually determined at each farm. Six bales per farm were either uncovered or covered with plastic. Bales in each treatment were stacked in a pyramid style

Surveys have periodically evaluated the quality of wheat seed being planted by commercial farmers but, little has been published on the field of performance of survey samples. Durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) samples were accumulated from eight North Dakota counties in 2 yr to: (i) evaluate the quality of seed planted by North Dakota commercial farmers, (ii) test the field performance of sampled seed, and (iii) evaluate the economic impact associated with the planting of certified quality seed. Durum wheat samples were accumulated during planting from 152 and 120 farmer drills in 1987 and 1988, respectively. Lab analyses were conducted for germination and purity [...]

Summary: Resume: Zusammenfassung In field tests conducted on oriental and flue-cured tobacco, six herbicides were evaluated for their effect on broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) control and on tobacco growth, yield and chemical composition. Imazaquin+pendi-methalin (1:6) at 0.09+0.55 kg a.i. ha−1 soil in corporated before transplanting controlled broomrape effectively only in 1990 and signifi cantly reduced tobacco yield. Glyphosate (as Roundup 360 ga.e.1−1 and Armada (90 ga.e.l−1) and sulfosate, each at 0.2+0.3 kg a.e. ha−1 and imazaquinat 0.07+0.1 kg a.i. ha−1 foliar applied at 40 days and 60 days after transplanting gave excellent control of broomrape, with no adverse effect on tobacco growth or yield; however, the 9% formulation of glyphosate was damaging. Maleic hydrazide gave moderate to good (up to 80%) control of broomrape. Reducing sugars in flue-cured tobacco and nicotine in both oriental and flue-cured tobacco were higher where a her bicide was used. Des herbicides pour lutter contre Orobanche ramosa L. dans le tabac (Nicotiana tabacum L). Dans des experimentations au champ conduites sur du tabac oriental et ‘flue cured’, six herbicides ont eteevalues pour leur effet sur Orobanche ramosa L. ainsi que sur la croissance, le rendement et la composition chimique du tabac. Le melange imazaquin+pendimethalin (1:6 a 0.09+0.55 kg ha−1, incorpore avant le repiquage, n'a permis de detruire l'orobanche qu'en 1990 et reduisait de maniere significative le rendement du tabac. Le glyphosate (Roundup, 360 m.a. 1−1 et Armada, 90 g m.a. l−1) et le sulfosate chacun aux doses 0.2+0.3 kg m.a. ha−1 et l'imazaquin 0.07+0.1 kg m.a. ha−1 appliques en post-levee 40 et 60 jours apres le repiquage donnaient d'excellents resultats contre l'orobanche, sans effet sur la croissance du tabac et sur son rendement, si l'on excepte la formulation de giyphosate 9%. L'hydrazide maleique donnait des resultats moyens a bons (jusqu'a 80% d'efficacite). Les teneurs en sucres reducteurs chez le tabac ‘flue cured’ et en nicotine chez les tabacs ‘flue cured’ et oriental etaient plus elevees lorsqu'un herbicide avait ete utilise. Herbizide zur Bekampfung von Orobanche ramosa L. in Tabak (Nicotiana tabacum L.) In Freilandversuchen wurden in Orient- und Vir-gin-Tabak 6 Herbizide hinsichtlich der Bekampfung der Sommerwurz Orobanche ramosa sowie des Wachstums, des Ertrags und der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Tabaks gepruft. Mit einer Mischung von Imazaquin mit Pendimethalin zu 0,09+0,55 kg AS ha−1, vor dem Pflanzen in den Boden eingearbeitet, konnte die Sommerwurz nur 1990 wirkungsvoll bekampft werden, aber der Tabakertrag wurde signifikant reduziert. Glyphosat (als Roundup [360 g AS 1−1] und als Armada [90 g AS 1−1) mit Sulfosat zu 0,2+0,3 kg AS ha−1 und Imazaquin zu 0,07 sowie 0,1 kg AS ha−1, 40 bzw. 60 Tage nach dem Pflanzen angewandt, wirkten hervorragend, ohne Wuchs und Ertrag des Tabaks zu beeintrachtigen, ausgenommen bei der 9% igen Glyphosatformulierung. Mit Maleinhydazid lies sich die Sommerwurz befriedigend bis gut (bis zu 80 %) bekampfen. Der Gehalt an reduzierenden Zuckern im Virgin-Tabak und Nikotin in beiden Tabaken war erhoht, wenn ein Herbizid angewandt worden war.

Multifoliolate (MF) alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars, with four or more leaflets per leaf instead of three, have been marketed for greater nutritive value and intake potential than standard trifoliolate (TF) alfalfa cultivars. A field study to determine the effect of harvest regimes on MF expression of alfalfa cultivars and germplasm, and to determine the association of MF expression with herbage yield, herbage quality, and leaf and stem traits, was conducted on a Tallula silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludoll). Four MF and two TF alfalfa genotypes were subjected to bud and first-flower cutting regimes. Multifoliate expression on a leaf number basis (MF leaf number/total leaf number) ranged from 5 to 70% [...]

Herbage characteristics were studied over years 4–6 (1988–90) in three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties as grass-only (200 kg N ha-1) and grass/clover (Trifolium repens L.) swards which received 75kg N ha-1 in 1988 and 0kg N ha-1 in 1989 and 1990 when continuously stocked with sheep. Mean total annual herbage production of Aurora, a very early flowering variety, was 11% more than that of late-flowering Aberystwyth S23 due to 21% higher growth as grass/clover pasture. The grass/clover sward of Meltra, a tetraploid late-flowering variety, out-yielded S23/clover by 17%. Herbage production of grass/clover was 86% of that of grass only in 1988 but only 54% of the grass-only swards averaged for 1989 and 1990. In vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) of Meltra was 38g kg-1 OM and 27g kg-1 OM higher than that of S23 and Aurora respectively. OMD of grass/clover was 15g kg-1 OM higher than that of grass only during the post-weaning period. Herbage intake was positively correlated with OMD of herbage. The herbage attributes were related to lamb performance reported previously. Lamb output was positively correlated with intake of digestible organic matter. Differences between the three varieties in herbage characteristics were greater as grass/clover than as grass-only swards, reflecting their compatibility with white clover. In this respect Meltra was the best and S23 the poorest variety.

The effectiveness of compartmentalization following wounding was tested in red spruce trees at two locations in the northeastern United States. The test provided a basis to rank the two forest stands on the basis of the effectiveness of compartmentalization.

Ode Against Predatory PublicationWhere should you share?Oh, please beware!There are so many traps out there.You must take care!The world's not fair.You mustn't share just anywhere!S. GennaroPredatory publishing is such a large problem in nursing science that the International Association of Nurse Editors (INANE) has asked all editors to write their first editorial in 2015 about this threat. All of the editorials will be available on the INANE website at www.nursingeditors.com. As nurse editors, we want to warn you about some of the questionable and even unethical practices that are now occurring on an increasingly regular basis. We want to make sure that you know the dangers of sharing your research with publishers who do not have your best interests at heart.What is predatory publication? Predatory publication is characterized by little to no peer review; large fees for publication that are often not made known to authors until after manuscripts are accepted; solicitation for manuscripts with promises of quick, almost immediate, publication (only possible with no peer review); poor production quality; and limited dissemination.As new models for publishing arise, such as open access journals, there are new dangers for authors, such as predatory publication. Predatory publishers have exploited open access journals, with some "journals" being founded not to disseminate research but to make quick money with little expense. There are, of course, highquality open access journals, but authors need to know what quality indicators they should look for before submitting a manuscript to any journal.Predatory journals charge large fees for publication without the quality indicators we have come to expect in publishing. Much like vanity publishing, authors are paying to have their work disseminated, but they are finding that their work is not disseminated widely and that the quality of the journal is poor. Thus, in predatory publications the fees are not in line with the services being delivered.Jeffrey Beall is a librarian who has been very involved in providing information about predatory publication (Beall, 2012) and you might wish to look at his website, Scholarly Access, to check his list of predatory publishers. You need to be informed because you have spent a lot of time doing research, and now you want as many people as possible to benefit from your research. …

Homogeneity between the chromosome lines of an aneuploid set is necessary to avoid supplemental effects of the genetic background. The objective of this study was to determine the homogeneity of the Wihita' (WI) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) monosomic set for grain quality and agronomic traits. Disomics were produced from 20 chromosome lines of the WI monosomic set and 2B disomics from Cheyenne' monosomic 2B (...)

Obtaining kernel discoloration (KD) resistance in malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important breeding objective in the midwestern USA. This study was undertaken to evaluate a cyclic breeding procedure for transferring quantitative KD resistance across a wide genetic gap, and to obtain parental germplasm or a new cultivar having KD resistance combined with good agronomic performance and malting quality. Six cycles of crossing and selection were done beginning in 1970 to incorporate KD resistance genes from Chevron' and CI 9539 into Minnesota barley lines(.)

Process engineering to assure reproducible quality in production. This paper presents an hierarchically structured process control concept in which product quality is regarded as the central orientation factor. The application of control engineering methods is intended to assure maintenance of the product quality specifications. The second part of the article briefly considers the present state of the art of quality assurance. Fundamental considerations concerning a well-defined quality concept as a basis for process control are presented in the third part, prior to explanation of the process control concept and its illustration with the aid of an example.

Recent advances in crop management have enabled the production of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in most of the Canadian prairies. The agronomic performance of dominant hard red winter and high-quality hard red spring wheat cultivars was compared in semiarid and dry subhumid regions of Saskatchewan. In 15 trials, winter wheat (WW) outyielded spring wheat (SW) by an average 36%, and in three trials, Norstar' WW yielded 26% higher than the high-yielding semidwarf SW, HY 320'(...)

A broad spectrum of rapeseed (rape) lines as well as resynthesized (resyn) genotypes of B. napus were analyzed for their contents of sinapoyl esters. In the rape material the concentrations varied between 17.8 and 71.9 μmol/g defatted seed meal and exhibited a heritability of h 2 =0.6. The resyn genotypes showed an even smaller variation but had a similar heritability. Therefore, no additional, immediately usable, genotypes with low sinapoyl ester concentration could be created by a resynthesis