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Many animals use acoustic signals for communication, implying that the properties of these signals can be under strong selection. The acoustic adaptation hypothesis predicts that species living in dense habitats emit lower-frequency sounds than those in open areas, because low-frequency sounds generally propagate further in denser vegetation. Signal frequency may also be under sexual selection, because it correlates with body size and lower-frequency sounds are perceived as more intimidating. Here, we evaluate these hypotheses by analysing variation in peak song frequency across 5,085 passerine species (Passeriformes). A phylogenetically-informed analysis revealed that song frequency decreases with increasing body mass and with male-biased sexual size dimorphism. However, we found no support for the predicted relationship between frequency and habitat. Our results suggest that the global variation in passerine song frequency is mostly driven by natural and sexual selection causing evolutionary shifts in body size rather than by habitat-related selection on sound propagation.Statement of authorshipTA and PM conceived and designed the study with input from all authors. TA and BK coordinated the study. PM collected the song data. MV performed the statistical analyses with input from WF. MB made the figures with help from MV and PM. TP and HB provided bioacoustic expertise. PM drafted the first version of the manuscript. TA, BK and PM revised and finalized the manuscript with input from all authors.Data availability statementThe data used in this study were collected from publicly available databases. All data and computer code used to generate the results, as well as supplementary figures and tables will be freely available at https://osf.io/fa9ky/.

Background The data on the clinical utility of the quantitative assessment of immunophenotypes in distinguishing mature CD5-positive B-cell neoplasms is limited. The study aim was to assess the diagnostic value of the quantitative assessment of a panel of 18 markers and to identify the most informative ones. Methods The immunophenotype of the neoplastic population was determined in diagnostic specimens from 188 patients. BD FACSCanto II flow cytometer and FACSDiva software were used to analyze the positivity/negativity and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the surface expression of 18 markers. Advanced data mining methods were used to define the key differential diagnostic features of CLL/SLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma), MCL (mantle cell lymphoma), and CD5+ MZL (marginal zone lymphoma). Results The most informative markers for the distinction of CLL/SLL, MCL, CD5+ MZL, including atypical cases, were the MFI values of CD79b, CD20, CD23, CD43, CD38, CD11c, FMC7, CD200, kappa light chain, and their combinations. CD23 and CD200 were the most discriminant between CLL/SLL and MCL and CD23 plus CD79b between CLL/SLL and CD5+ MZL. The quantitative analysis of the most informative markers failed to accurately distinguish MCL and CD5+ MZL. The study highlights the data mining methods for the analysis and selection of the most informative immunophenotypic markers and for the design of a predictive model (diagnostic classifier), minimizing the subjectivity of expert-based assessment. Conclusions Our data confirmed that the quantification of the expression of informative markers increases the diagnostic value of immunophenotyping in mature CD5+ B-cell neoplasms. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society.

1: Predation is an important selective pressure that can influence prey species in numerous ways. Predator–prey relationships are, however, poorly understood in taxa not typically associated with these interactions; this is especially the case when bats (Chiroptera) are the prey. 2: The main aim here is to review and synthesise global information on the predation of bats by birds of prey (Accipitriformes and Falconiformes) and other diurnal bird groups. #: We compiled data on incidences of predation of bats by diurnal birds, through an extensive multilingual study of bibliographic and Internet‐based sources. Scientific papers were found mainly via the Thomson Reuters (Web of Science and Zoological Record) and Scopus databases, Google Scholar, and Google Books. Additional data were found through Internet searches of trip reports, images and videos carried by Google, Google Images, Flickr, and YouTube. 4: In total, more than 1500 cases of bats being attacked by diurnal predatory birds were obtained. Reports were documented from every continent (except Antarctica) and from 109 countries, and were thus distributed globally between 70°N and 43°S. Overall, we found evidence for predation of bats by 143 species of diurnal raptors (Accipitriformes 107 spp. and Falconiformes 36 spp.) and by 94 non‐raptor bird species from 28 families. At least 124 and 50 bat species were taken as prey by raptors and by other diurnal bird species, respectively. 5: Attacks on bats by diurnal raptors were found to be distributed globally and were present in the majority of extant raptor lineages. Attacks on bats by other diurnal birds were also occasionally recorded. Furthermore, the majority of extant bat families featured as prey. These results strongly suggest that predation by birds may act as a major factor affecting the scarcity of daytime activity in bats and as a driver in the evolution of bat nocturnality.