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46 results on '"Pekár, Stano"'

3. The evolution and ecology of multiple antipredator defences

Author

Kikuchi, David W., primary, Allen, William L., additional, Arbuckle, Kevin, additional, Aubier, Thomas G., additional, Briolat, Emmanuelle S., additional, Burdfield‐Steel, Emily R., additional, Cheney, Karen L., additional, Daňková, Klára, additional, Elias, Marianne, additional, Hämäläinen, Liisa, additional, Herberstein, Marie E., additional, Hossie, Thomas J., additional, Joron, Mathieu, additional, Kunte, Krushnamegh, additional, Leavell, Brian C., additional, Lindstedt, Carita, additional, Lorioux‐Chevalier, Ugo, additional, McClure, Melanie, additional, McLellan, Callum F., additional, Medina, Iliana, additional, Nawge, Viraj, additional, Páez, Erika, additional, Pal, Arka, additional, Pekár, Stano, additional, Penacchio, Olivier, additional, Raška, Jan, additional, Reader, Tom, additional, Rojas, Bibiana, additional, Rönkä, Katja H., additional, Rößler, Daniela C., additional, Rowe, Candy, additional, Rowland, Hannah M., additional, Roy, Arlety, additional, Schaal, Kaitlin A., additional, Sherratt, Thomas N., additional, Skelhorn, John, additional, Smart, Hannah R., additional, Stankowich, Ted, additional, Stefan, Amanda M., additional, Summers, Kyle, additional, Taylor, Christopher H., additional, Thorogood, Rose, additional, Umbers, Kate, additional, Winters, Anne E., additional, Yeager, Justin, additional, and Exnerová, Alice, additional

Published
2023
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4. The evolution and ecology of multiple antipredator defences

Author

Kikuchi, David W., Allen, William L., Arbuckle, Kevin, Aubier, Thomas G., Briolat, Emmanuelle S., Burdfield‐steel, Emily R., Cheney, Karen L., Daňková, Klára, Elias, Marianne, Hämäläinen, Liisa, Herberstein, Marie E., Hossie, Thomas J., Joron, Mathieu, Kunte, Krushnamegh, Leavell, Brian C., Lindstedt, Carita, Lorioux‐chevalier, Ugo, Mcclure, Melanie, Mclellan, Callum F., Medina, Iliana, Nawge, Viraj, Páez, Erika, Pal, Arka, Pekár, Stano, Penacchio, Olivier, Raška, Jan, Reader, Tom, Rojas, Bibiana, Rönkä, Katja H., Rößler, Daniela C., Rowe, Candy, Rowland, Hannah M., Roy, Arlety, Schaal, Kaitlin A., Sherratt, Thomas N., Skelhorn, John, Smart, Hannah R., Stankowich, Ted, Stefan, Amanda M., Summers, Kyle, Taylor, Christopher H., Thorogood, Rose, Umbers, Kate, Winters, Anne E., Yeager, Justin, Exnerová, Alice, Kikuchi, David W., Allen, William L., Arbuckle, Kevin, Aubier, Thomas G., Briolat, Emmanuelle S., Burdfield‐steel, Emily R., Cheney, Karen L., Daňková, Klára, Elias, Marianne, Hämäläinen, Liisa, Herberstein, Marie E., Hossie, Thomas J., Joron, Mathieu, Kunte, Krushnamegh, Leavell, Brian C., Lindstedt, Carita, Lorioux‐chevalier, Ugo, Mcclure, Melanie, Mclellan, Callum F., Medina, Iliana, Nawge, Viraj, Páez, Erika, Pal, Arka, Pekár, Stano, Penacchio, Olivier, Raška, Jan, Reader, Tom, Rojas, Bibiana, Rönkä, Katja H., Rößler, Daniela C., Rowe, Candy, Rowland, Hannah M., Roy, Arlety, Schaal, Kaitlin A., Sherratt, Thomas N., Skelhorn, John, Smart, Hannah R., Stankowich, Ted, Stefan, Amanda M., Summers, Kyle, Taylor, Christopher H., Thorogood, Rose, Umbers, Kate, Winters, Anne E., Yeager, Justin, and Exnerová, Alice

Abstract

Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of multiple defences in a prey. However, a prey may use multiple defences to protect itself during a single predator encounter. Such “defence portfolios” that defend prey against a single instance of predation are distributed across and within successive stages of the predation sequence (encounter, detection, identification, approach (attack), subjugation and consumption). We contend that at present, our understanding of defence portfolio evolution is incomplete, and seen from the fragmentary perspective of specific sensory systems (e.g., visual) or specific types of defences (especially aposematism). In this review, we aim to build a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing the evolution of multiple prey defences, beginning with hypotheses for the evolution of multiple defences in general, and defence portfolios in particular. We then examine idealized models of resource trade-offs and functional interactions between traits, along with evidence supporting them. We find that defence portfolios are constrained by resource allocation to other aspects of life history, as well as functional incompatibilities between different defences. We also find that selection is likely to favour combinations of defences that have synergistic effects on predator behaviour and prey survival. Next, we examine specific aspects of prey ecology, genetics and development, and predator cognition that modify the predictions of current hypotheses or introduce competing hypotheses. We outline schema for gathering data on the distribution of prey defences across species and geography, determining how multiple defences are produced, and testing the proximate mechanisms by which multiple prey defences impact predator behaviour. Adopting these approaches will strengthen our understanding of multiple defensive strateg

Published
2023
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20. One generalist or several specialist species? Wide host range and diverse manipulations of the hosts’ web-building behaviour in the true spider parasitoidZatypota kauros(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Author

Korenko, Stanislav, primary, Spasojevic, Tamara, additional, Pekár, Stano, additional, Walter, Gimme H., additional, Korenková, Vlasta, additional, Hamouzová, Kateřina, additional, Kolářová, Michaela, additional, Kysilková, Kristýna, additional, and Klopfstein, Seraina, additional

Published
2018
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25. Long-term changes in communities of native coccinellids: population fluctuations and the effect of competition from an invasive non-native species

Author

Honek, Alois, Martinkova, Zdenka, Dixon, Anthony F.G., Roy, Helen E., Pekár, Stano, Honek, Alois, Martinkova, Zdenka, Dixon, Anthony F.G., Roy, Helen E., and Pekár, Stano

Abstract

1. We assessed the changes in abundance and community composition of native species of coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on deciduous trees that occurred between 1970s and 2010s, in the Czech Republic. 2. As the composition of adult communities varies with host plant and season, coccinellids were sampled in May–June from Acer, Betula and Tilia trees using a standardised sweeping method. This was done before (1976–1986) and after (2011–2014) the arrival of Harmonia axyridis in 2006, with interim samples from a period immediately before it arrived in the Czech Republic (2002–2006). 3. Twenty-one native species were identified in the total sample of 2674 adults. The abundance of Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella quinquepunctata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata decreased over the whole period sampled. Declines in abundance of these species were already evident prior to the arrival of H.axyridis. Recent declines in Adalia decempunctata and Calvia quatuordecimguttata followed the arrival H. axyridis. Their abundance was increasing prior to the arrival of H. axyridis, but decreased following its invasion and the latter species might have affected their decline. The abundance of only one species, Calvia decemguttata, increased. Although the abundance of many species decreased and the frequency of some species varied, the diversity of native coccinellid populations (Shannon index) was similar over the 40 years of this study. 4. The changes in species composition can in part be attributed to H. axyridis, the role of other factors (e.g. climate change, habitat degradation) in the long-term fluctuations in abundance of coccinellids should be considered in future assessments.

Published
2016

26. Marginal Models Via GLS: A Convenient Yet Neglected Tool for the Analysis of Correlated Data in the Behavioural Sciences

Author

Pekár, Stano, Brabec, Marek, Bshary, R., Pekár, Stano, Brabec, Marek, and Bshary, R.

Abstract

Behavioural research often produces data that have a complicated structure. For instance, data can represent repeated observations of the same individual and suffer from heteroscedasticity as well as other technical snags. The regression analysis of such data is often complicated by the fact that the observations (response variables) are mutually correlated. The correlation structure can be quite complex and might or might not be of direct interest to the user. In any case, one needs to take correlations into account (e.g. by means of random‐effect specification) in order to arrive at correct statistical inference (e.g. for construction of the appropriate test or confidence intervals). Over the last decade, such data have been more and more frequently analysed using repeated‐measures ANOVA and mixed‐effects models. Some researchers invoke the heavy machinery of mixed‐effects modelling to obtain the desired population‐level (marginal) inference, which can be achieved by using simpler tools – namely marginal models. This paper highlights marginal modelling (using generalized least squares [GLS] regression) as an alternative method. In various concrete situations, such marginal models can be based on fewer assumptions and directly generate estimates (population‐level parameters) which are of immediate interest to the behavioural researcher (such as population mean). Sometimes, they might be not only easier to interpret but also easier to specify than their competitors (e.g. mixed‐effects models). Using five examples from behavioural research, we demonstrate the use, advantages, limits and pitfalls of marginal and mixed‐effects models implemented within the functions of the ‘nlme’ package in R.

Published
2016
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