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This study presents recent advances in photoswitchable chiral organocatalysts and their applications in the photomodulation of enantioselective reactions. Under irradiation with an appropriate wavelength of light, the E/Z-photoisomerization of the photoresponsive units on the catalysts leads to the control of the catalytic activity and/or selectivity of the enantioselective reactions. Additionally, this study elucidates the design, synthesis, and catalytic application of the fabricated azobenzene BINOL-based photoswitchable chiral phase-transfer catalysts. This account will provide insights into the appropriate design of a photoswitchable chiral organocatalyst that can achieve both good enantioselectivity and photocontrol., (© 2023 The Chemical Society of Japan & Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

There is a paucity of research on the experiences of parents of children with trisomy X (47,XXX). Increased prenatal diagnoses associated with advances in noninvasive prenatal screening necessitate a better understanding of how trisomy X impacts family systems. This qualitative investigation aimed to describe the lived experience of parents of young daughters with prenatally identified trisomy X to guide genetic counseling. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted via teleconferencing with parents (n = 11) of girls with trisomy X, ages 6-44 months. A descriptive phenomenological approach was used to code transcripts for significant statements and reduce data into themes describing the experience of receiving a diagnosis of trisomy X and the experience of early parenting in this population. Participants described an emotional journey of adapting to prenatally identified trisomy X. Four descriptive themes included two related, yet distinct, life stages: Negative Diagnostic Experience and a Hopeful Early Childhood, as well as two ongoing experiences: Persistent Ambiguity and Coping with and Adapting to Uncertainty. Results suggest providers should carefully consider word choice and timing in delivery of diagnosis, and genetic counseling should provide expectant parents with current research specific to trisomy X, facilitate connections with other parents of young girls with trisomy X, introduce developmental monitoring approaches, and be prepared to support families with a range of emotional responses to the diagnosis and decisions regarding disclosure., (© 2023 National Society of Genetic Counselors.)

Enantiomerically enriched five- and six-membered benzo oxygen heterocycles are privileged architectures in functional organic molecules. Over the last several years, many effective methods have been established to access these compounds. However, comprehensive documents cover updated methodologies still in highly demand. In this review, recent transition metal catalyzed transformations lead to chiral five- and six-membered benzo oxygen heterocycles are presented. The mechanism and chirality transfer or control processes are also discussed in details., (© 2023 The Chemical Society of Japan & Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Indoles are one of the most ubiquitous subclass of N-heterocycles and are increasingly incorporated to design new axially chiral scaffolds. The rich profile of reactivity and N-H functionality allow chemical derivatization for enhanced medicinal, material and catalytic properties. Although asymmetric C-C coupling of two arenes gives the most direct access of axially chiral biaryl scaffolds, this chemistry has been the remit of metal catalysis and works efficiently on limited substrates. Our group has devoted special interest in devising novel organocatalytic arylation reactions to fabricate biaryl atropisomers. In this realm, indoles and derivatives have been reliably used as the arylation partners in combination with azoarenes, nitrosonapthalenes and quinone derivatives. Their efficient interaction with chiral phosphoric acid catalyst as well as the tunability of electronics and sterics have enabled excellent control of stereo-, chemo- and regioselectivity to furnish diverse scaffolds. In addition, indoles could act as nucleophiles in desymmetrization of 1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diones. This account provides a succinct illustration of these developments., (© 2023 The Chemical Society of Japan & Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Many non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) platforms screen for sex chromosome aneuploidy (SCA) and SCA analysis is generally included in Australia where NIPT is available as a self-funded test. Little is known about the experience of receiving an NIPT result indicating an increased chance of SCA. This study aimed to explore the experiences of people who received this result and their perspectives on the information, care, and support they received from healthcare practitioners (HCPs). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with people who received an NIPT result indicating an increased chance of SCA and continued their pregnancy. Most participants only had contact with a genetic counselor after receiving their result. Transcribed data were analyzed using rigorous thematic analysis to identify important patterns and themes. Participants (18 women, 2 male partners) described embarking on NIPT, primarily based on advice from their HCP and without much consideration. Consequently, participants expressed feeling unprepared for the unanticipated complexity of their NIPT result and were faced with making a time-sensitive decision about a condition they had not previously considered. While more pre-test information was desired, timely access to genetic counseling post-test assisted with adjustment to the result. These findings suggest that routinization of NIPT may be compromising informed decision-making, resulting in unpreparedness for an increased chance result. Given the increasing uptake and expanding scope of NIPT, resources should be dedicated to educating HCPs offering NIPT and ensuring timely access to genetic counseling post-result. With appropriate funding, genetics services may be able to play a central role in offering information and support to both people who undertake NIPT and their HCPs ordering the testing. Implementing a publicly funded screening program in Australia could assist with standardizing prenatal screening care pathways and consequently better access to appropriate resources., (© 2022 National Society of Genetic Counselors.)

This work proposes an experimentally validated numerical approach for a systematic a priori evaluation of the energy storage and stress-strain characteristics of a prosthetic foot during the stance phase of walking. Boundary conditions replicating the rocker based inverted pendulum model were incorporated. The mechanically complex Ottobock Solid Ankle Cushioned Heel (SACH) foot was opted as the test device. A non-linear finite element (FE) model of the device was developed inclusive of its sources of non-linearity. A custom rig was fabricated to investigate the prosthetic foot's mechanics in a gait analysis facility and experimentally validate the finite element approach. The numerical and experimental outcomes showed fair agreement, with the centre of pressure at the foot-floor interface deviating by 1.56 mm at the instance of highest strain. The magnitude and the distribution of the energy stored and a series of stress and strain parameters were analyzed for the test device using the proposed approach. The novel methodology proposed may act as an effective tool for the design, analysis, and prescription of energy storage and return prosthetic feet., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are one of the most common and severe knee injuries across sports. As such, ACL injury prevention has been a focus of research and sports medicine practice for the past three-plus decades. Examining the current research and identifying both clinical strategies and research gaps, the aim of this review is to empower clinicians and researchers with knowledge of where the ACL injury prevention literature is currently and where it is going in the future. This paper examines the mechanism of ACL injury prevention, screening, implementation, compliance, adherence, coronavirus, and areas of future research. Clinical significance: The time lag between research and practical implementation in general healthcare settings can be as long as 17 years; however, athletes playing sports today are unable to wait that long. With effective programs already established, implementation and adherence to these programs is essential. Strategies such as coaching education, increasing awareness of free programs, identifying barriers, and overcoming implementation obstacles through creative collaboration are just a few ways that could help improve both ACL injury prevention implementation and adherence., (© 2021 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Changes in body representations (body image and/or body schema) have been reported in several chronic musculoskeletal pain syndromes, but rarely in patients with neuropathic pain and never in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI)-related pain., Methods: We used implicit motor imagery (the laterality judgement task and visuospatial body perception tests) in 56 patients with thoracic SCI with (n = 32) or without (n = 24) pain below the level of the injury, and in a group of matched healthy controls (n = 37). We compared the participants' reaction time and the accuracy with which they identified the laterality of hands and feet presented in various orientations. Visuospatial body perception was assessed with a series of tests referred to as the 'horizontal subjective body midline', and the umbilicus-reaching task (URT), in which participants were asked to estimate the location of the umbilicus under different experimental conditions., Results: Both groups of patients had longer reaction times for the identification of laterality for the feet than for the hands, but with no difference in accuracy. This longer reaction time was not correlated with spinal lesion severity, but was directly related to both average pain intensity and specific neuropathic pain components. The URT was affected in both groups of patients, with no effect of pain intensity. By contrast, the horizontal subjective body midline task was unaffected., Conclusion: These results suggest an interplay between lower body scheme distortions and pain in patients with SCI., Significance: Spinal cord injury is associated with alterations of lower body scheme as assessed with the laterality judgement task, which are directly related to pain intensity in patients with below-level neuropathic pain., (© 2020 European Pain Federation - EFIC®.)