Search

We analyze insurance demand experiments conducted in two different settings: in-person at a university laboratory and online using Amazon's Mechanical Turk crowdworking platform ("MTurk"). Subject demographics differ significantly across the samples, but average insurance demand is similar. However, MTurk subjects have more variation in their demand and react less to changes in exogenous factors of the insurance situation. Applying filters to the MTurk population does not lead to more comparable demand between both samples. Additionally, while MTurk subjects pass comprehension questions at the same rate as in-person subjects, they show more random behavior in other questions. Based on our experiment, we outline the advantages and disadvantages of each platform, suggest some best practices for conducting insurance demand experiments using MTurk, and draw implications for future studies using this subject population.

Internet-based research is increasingly important for conservation science and has wide-ranging applications and contexts, including culturomics, illegal wildlife trade, and citizen science. However, online research methods pose a range of ethical and legal challenges. Online data may be protected by copyright, database rights, or contract law. Privacy rights may also restrict the use and access of data, as well as ethical requirements from institutions. Online data have real-world meaning, and the ethical treatment of individuals and communities must not be marginalized when conducting internet-based research. As ethics frameworks originally developed for biomedical applications are inadequate for these methods, we propose that research activities involving the analysis of preexisting online data be treated analogous to offline social science methods, in particular, nondeceptive covert observation. By treating internet users and their data with respect and due consideration, conservationists can uphold the public trust needed to effectively address real-world issues.Ética y Gestión para la Investigación Científica de la Conservación Basada en Internet Resumen La investigación basada en internet es cada vez más importante para las ciencias de la conservación, además de tener contextos y aplicaciones de gran alcance como el análisis de textos, el mercado ilegal de fauna y la ciencia ciudadana. Sin embargo, los métodos de investigación en línea representan una gama de retos éticos y legales pues los datos virtuales pueden estar protegidos por derechos de autor, derechos de base de datos o leyes contractuales. Además, los derechos de privacidad pueden restringir el uso y el acceso a los datos, así como también los requerimientos éticos impuestos por las instituciones. Los datos virtuales tienen valor en el mundo real y el tratamiento ético de los individuos y de las comunidades no se debe marginalizar cuando se realiza una investigación por internet. Ya que los marcos éticos desarrollados originalmente para aplicarse en temas biomédicos son inadecuados para estos métodos, proponemos que las actividades de investigación que involucran el análisis de los datos virtuales preexistentes sean tratadas como análogas a los métodos no virtuales de las ciencias sociales, especialmente la observación encubierta no engañosa. Si se trata a los usuarios del internet y a sus datos con respeto y la consideración debida, los conservacionistas pueden mantener la confianza pública necesaria para tratar efectivamente los asuntos del mundo real.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and perception of veterinary insurance among owners' at a small animal specialty hospital around a large urban city. MATERIALS AND METHODS A questionnaire evaluated the prevalence and perception of insurance among owners at a small animal specialty hospital over a 2 month period. Respondents provided demographic information including age, sex, educational level and household income. Respondents without insurance were asked reasons for not having insurance, approximate cost of insurance per month desired and percentage of coverage of medical expenses they would want insurance to provide. Respondents with insurance were asked how they chose their current plan, how it affects their medical decisions for their pet and their overall satisfaction. RESULTS Sixty-seven (28.5%) owners reporting having insurance for at least one pet. Owners most commonly selected their current insurance plan based on online research (27, 40.3%). Fifty-two respondents (77.6%) reported being satisfied with their insurance plan and 49 (73.2%) stated that would recommend their current insurance plan to a friend. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Insurance had a relatively high prevalence in this study group with most owners being satisfied with their current plan and would be likely to recommend it to a friend. The role of insurance in how it affects owner's medical decisions, care for their pet and interactions with veterinarians in companion animal medicine requires further evaluation.

To conduct an integrative review of empirical studies examining factors affecting trust in the healthcare provider (HCP) relationship among adolescents.An integrative review was conducted.The keywords adolescent, trust, healthcare provider and related words were searched in multiple online research databases. The results were limited to research published between 2004 and 2019. Seventeen primary sources were identified and synthesized in the final review.Guided by the Whittemore and Knafl integrative review method, a data-based convergent synthesis design was used to explore the key research question in both qualitative and quantitative research.This integrative review found that health care provider behaviours, such as confidentiality, honesty, respect, and empathy, promote adolescent's trust of the HCP. Notable gaps in the literature were also identified, including a lack of diversity among adolescent samples and HCP types and underdeveloped measures of adolescent trust of HCP.This integrative review informed the development of a new conceptual definition of adolescent trust of HCP, which embodies the key findings of the importance of HCP confidentiality, honesty, respect, and empathy. This definition can be used to develop instruments, interventions and policies that promote HCP trust among adolescents. Future research is needed to develop instruments to measure adolescents' trust of HCPs, evaluate trust of HCPs among diverse samples of adolescents and evaluate adolescent trust of HCPs with a variety of HCP types.The new conceptual definition of adolescent trust of HCP can be used to enhance nursing practice and design behavioural interventions to improve trust of HCP. To foster adolescent trust of HCP, policies should be enacted in healthcare institutions to explain confidentiality, provide notification of reporting mandates and formalize consent, assent and dissent for adolescents seeking health care.目的: 开展实证研究综合评估, 研究影响青少年与医疗服务提供者 (HCP) 关系信任度的因素。 设计: 开展综合评估。 数据来源: 在多个在线研究数据库中搜索关键词青少年、信任、医疗服务提供者和相关词汇。研究结果仅限于2004年至2019年间发表的研究。在最终评估中确定并综合了17个主要数据来源。 评估方法: 以Whittemore和Knafl综合评估方法为指导, 采用基于数据的收敛综合设计, 对定性和定量研究中的关键研究问题进行探讨。 结果: 本项综合评估发现, 医疗服务提供者的行为, 如保密、诚实、尊重和同理心, 促进了青少年对医疗服务提供者的信任。在文献中也发现了明显差距, 包括青少年样本和医疗服务提供者类型之间缺乏多样性, 以及青少年对医疗服务提供者的信任度不够。 结论: 本项综合评估为制定青少年对医疗服务提供者信任度的新概念定义提供了信息, 该定义体现了医疗服务提供者保密、诚实、尊重和同理心的重要性的关键结论。该定义可以用来开发促进青少年对医疗服务提供者信任的工具、干预和政策。未来研究需开发工具来衡量青少年对医疗服务提供者的信任度, 评估不同样本的青少年对医疗服务提供者的信任度, 并评估青少年对不同类型医疗服务提供者的信任度。 影响: 关于青少年对医疗服务提供者信任度的新概念定义可用于加强护理实践和设计行为干预, 以提高对医疗服务提供者的信任。为了促进青少年对医疗服务提供者的信任, 医疗服务提供者应制定政策, 解释保密性, 提供报告任务通知, 并使寻求医疗保健的青少年的同意、批准和异议正式化。.

Background Since phase III trials for the most prominent vaccines excluded immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients, data on safety and efficacy of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines for recipients of solid organ transplantations are scarce. Aims Our study offers a synthesis of expert opinions aligned with available data addressing key questions of the clinical management of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccinations for transplant patients. Method An online research was performed retrieving available recommendations by national and international transplantation organizations and state institutions on SARS‐CoV2 vaccination management for transplant recipients. Results Eleven key statements were identified from recommendations by 18 national and international societies, and consensus for the individual statements was evaluated by means of the Society Recommendation Consensus score. The highest consensus level (SRC A) was found for prioritized access to vaccination for transplant patients despite anticipation of a weakened immune response. All currently authorized vaccines can be considered safe for transplant patients (SRC A). The handling of immunosuppressive medication, the timely management of vaccines, and other aspects were aligned with available expert opinions. Conclusion Expert consensus can be determined for crucial aspects of the implementation of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination programs. We hereby offer a tool for immediate decision‐making until empirical data becomes available.

The COVID‐19 pandemic has impacted research around the globe and required shuttering of research programs and the implementation of procedural adjustments to ensure safety. This study sought to document COVID‐19's impact on eating disorders (ED) research, which may be particularly susceptible to such disruptions, given its focus on individuals who are physically and emotionally vulnerable. We invited ED researchers from editorial boards and scientific organizations to complete a quantitative/qualitative survey about: COVID‐19's current and future impact on ED research; areas of concern about research disruptions; and effective strategies for conducting and supporting research during and after COVID‐19. Among 187 participants, many had moved studies online and/or shutdown part of their research. Across position types (permanent, 52.7%; temporary, 47.3%), participants reported high concern about data collection, recruitment, and securing future funding. Those holding temporary positions reported significantly greater concern about COVID‐19's impact on their career and greater stress than participants in permanent positions. Strategies for dealing with research disruptions included: employing technology; reprioritizing goals/tasks; and encouraging collaboration. Results underscore the high levels of stress and disruption caused by COVID‐19. We echo calls by our respondents for support for early career scholars and advocacy for additional resources for research and scientists.

Author(s): Ashford, Miriam T; Neuhaus, John; Jin, Chengshi; Camacho, Monica R; Fockler, Juliet; Truran, Diana; Mackin, R Scott; Rabinovici, Gil D; Weiner, Michael W; Nosheny, Rachel L | Abstract: IntroductionThis study aimed to predict brain amyloid beta (Aβ) status in older adults using collected information from an online registry focused on cognitive aging.MethodsAβ positron emission tomography (PET) was obtained from multiple in-clinic studies. Using logistic regression, we predicted Aβ using self-report variables collected in the Brain Health Registry in 634 participants, as well as a subsample (Nn=n533) identified as either cognitively unimpaired (CU) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cross-validated area under the curve (cAUC) evaluated the predictive performance.ResultsThe best prediction model included age, sex, education, subjective memory concern, family history of Alzheimer's disease, Geriatric Depression Scale Short-Form, self-reported Everyday Cognition, and self-reported cognitive impairment. The cross-validated AUCs ranged from 0.62 to 0.66. This online model could help reduce between 15.2% and 23.7% of unnecessary Aβ PET scans in CU and MCI populations.DisucssionThe findings suggest that a novel, online approach could aid in Aβ prediction.

Mechanical Turk (MTurk), an online labor market run by Amazon, provides a web platform for conducting behavioral experiments; the site offers immediate and inexpensive access to a large subject pool. In this study, we review recent research about using MTurk for behavioral experiments and test the validity of using MTurk for experiments in behavioral operations management. We recruited subjects from MTurk to replicate the inventory management experiment from Bolton and Katok (), as well as the procurement auction experiment from Engelbrecht†Wiggans and Katok (), and the supply chain contracting experiment from Loch and Wu (). We successfully replicate individual biases in the inventory management and procurement auction experiments, but learning in the individual tasks occurs more slowly on MTurk compared to the original studies. Further, we find that social preference manipulations in the supply chain experiment are ineffective in changing the behavior of MTurk subjects, in contrast to the original study. We conducted an additional replication study of the supply chain contracting experiment using student subjects in a standard laboratory. Results from this laboratory replication also fail to replicate the original laboratory study, indicating that the effect of social preferences on supply chain contracting may not be robust to alternative subject pools. We conclude that factors potentially influencing the differences observed on MTurk are less related to the online environment, but more related to the diversity and characteristics of subject pool on MTurk. Overall, MTurk appears to be an important and relevant tool for researchers in behavioral operations, but we caution researchers about slower learning of the MTurk subjects and the use of social preference manipulations on MTurk.

This chapter describes practical uses of data about online learners and provides suggestions for using data to support their success.

Aim Health-care providers are crucial in maintaining parental confidence in vaccination. Health-care providers are the most commonly accessed resource by parents for vaccine-related information and are highly trusted. We investigated paediatricians’ (i) frequency of vaccine discussions; (ii) specific vaccine-related topics discussed; (iii) perceived role in childhood vaccination; (iv) challenges faced when having discussions; (v) confidence in vaccine-related knowledge and communication skills; and (vi) interest in online education and training. Methods We invited members of the Australian Paediatric Research Network to complete an online Research Electronic Data Capture survey in 2015–2016. Results Of 383 active Australian Paediatric Research Network members, 165 (43%) completed the online survey. A total of 61% reported ‘frequently’ or ‘almost always’ having vaccine-related discussions, with 15% ‘rarely’ having them. ‘Lack of time’ was the most commonly reported barrier to having vaccine discussions (54%). Vaccine necessity was most commonly discussed (33%), followed by vaccine safety (24%), general vaccine concerns (23%) and catch-up schedules (23%). While only 25% of paediatricians lacked confidence in their vaccine-related knowledge and 11% in their communication skills, most expressed interest in online training to address vaccine knowledge (62%) and communication skills (53%). Conclusion Paediatricians play a key role in maintaining public confidence in vaccination. However, opportunities to address concerns are not being maximised by Australian paediatricians. There is a need and desire for training and resources to increase vaccine knowledge and communication skills for paediatricians, to optimise the frequency and effectiveness of vaccine discussions with parents and to ensure ongoing high immunisation coverage rates in Australia.

Purpose Skepticism about the safety and effectiveness of certain generic drugs remains, particularly related to generic drugs that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) using product-specific bioequivalence studies that differ from the standard testing pathway. The current study was designed to assess patient knowledge and perceptions of the generic drug approval process. Methods We conducted a survey of patients with 10 different chronic diseases. We recruited survey participants from the CVS Advisor Panel, a proprietary database of 124 621 CVS customers pre-consented to participate in online research activities. We created a survey to collect data on patients' perceptions of the FDA's generic drug approval process, as well as their experiences with generic drugs approved using modified bioequivalence approaches used to treat their chronic medical conditions. Results Our survey of 753 patients with chronic diseases (65% response rate) showed that most (74%) expressed little familiarity with FDA's approval process for generic drugs, but nearly all (89%) believed that FDA approval ensures the safety and effectiveness of generic drugs. About one-fifth of respondents reported hearing concerns about their generic drugs, most commonly from physicians (35-36%) and the Internet (32-38%), but there were no differences in patients' reports of concerns about generic versions of the six study drugs approved using product-specific pathways versus comparator drugs. Conclusions Patients have little knowledge about the generic drug approval system, but positive belief in the safety and effectiveness of generic drugs. Patients do not appear to have greater concern about generic drugs approved via product-specific pathways. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article provides an introduction to the use of the Internet as a research tool. Methods for searching the Internet for secondary sources of information are explained and representative search tools and information resources are identified. Issues related to the evaluation of information obtained from the Internet are identified. The use of the Internet as a tool for gathering primary research data (Internet-mediated research: IMR) is also discussed. Issues related to the reliability of IMR methods, the validity of IMR data, and the ethical challenges that can arise are highlighted.

The Moscow street demonstrations of 2011–12 were the largest public gatherings in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union. They were also the largest-ever gathering of Russians on social media. While using the Internet to follow such large-scale social movements remotely, researchers experience social media as a context in which anthropology happens. They may think about “being there” in new ways that shift their focus to their own processes of memory making and sense of bodily presence. Experiencing and remembering social media in the body challenges the distinctions we might otherwise make between virtual and physical encounters. [body memory, protest, social media, digital anthropology, online research, Moscow, Russia] Московские уличные демонстрации 2011–12 стали наиболее многочисленными в России со времен распада Советского Союза. Они также объединили наибольшее число россиян в социальных сетях. Используя Интернет для изучения крупномасштабных социальных движений в удаленном доступе, исследователи одновременно рассматривают онлайн пространство социальных сетей как новое поле антропологии. Новые способы «присутствия» побуждают исследователей обратиться к своему собственному процессу производства памяти и собственному чувству телесности. Особые опыт и память телесности в социальных средствах коммуникации заставляют нас пересмотреть границы виртуального и физического опыта. [память тела, протест, социальные медиа, цифровая антропология, онлайн исследования, Москва, Россия;]

In recent years there has been widespread interest in the implementation of online courses in universities. While most studies about online learning environments primarily focus on technology-related issues or instructional methods, little attention has been given to online teachers and their teaching approaches. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of how teachers approach online teaching and the factors affecting individual teachers' approaches to teaching online, particularly in a fully online university. Nine hundred and sixty-five (965) online teachers belonging to the Open University of Catalonia were surveyed. The dependent variables include three approaches to teaching online: the Content Acquisition approach, the Collaborative Learning approach, and the Knowledge Building approach. The explanatory variables are socio-demographics, academic background, online teaching experience, studies taught, online teaching dedication, and teachers' roles in teaching online. Multiple regression analyses are used to make inferential judgements and test the effects of the independent variables. Findings suggest that age, academic background, online teaching dedication, and especially teachers' roles in teaching online are important predictors of the adoption of a particular approach to teaching online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This piece introduces a framework for how to envision Personal Digital Inquiry (PDI) in K-8 classrooms. To conceptualize what teaching and learning might look like in these classrooms, important practices are situated along a two-dimensional continuum of digital inquiry that varies in terms of levels of support and purposes of technology use. We then offer several examples of what teaching and learning within a PDI framework can look like; visions that move from teacher directed to student directed inquiry, always informed by purposeful choices about the role that technology plays along the way.

Background As the world becomes increasingly digital, advances in technology have changed how students access evidence-based information. Research suggests that students overestimate their ability to locate quality online research and lack the skills needed to evaluate the scientific literature. Clinical nurses report relying on personal experience to answer clinical questions rather than searching evidence-based sources. To address the problem, a web-based, evidence-based research (EBR) tool that is usable from a computer, smartphone, or iPad was developed and tested. The purpose of the EBR tool is to guide students through the basic steps needed to locate and critically appraise the online scientific literature while linking users to quality electronic resources to support evidence-based practice (EBP). Methods Testing of the tool took place in a mixed-method, quasi-experimental, and two-population randomized controlled trial (RCT) design in a U.S. and Middle East university. Results A statistically significant improvement in overall research skills was supported in the quasi-experimental nursing student group and RCT nutrition student group using the EBR tool. A statistically significant proportional difference was supported in the RCT nutrition and PharmD intervention groups in participants’ ability to distinguish the credibility of online source materials compared with controls. The majority of participants could correctly apply PICOTS to a case study when using the tool. Conclusions The data from this preliminary study suggests that the EBR tool enhanced student overall research skills and selected EBP skills while generating data for assessment of learning outcomes. Linking Evidence to Action The EBR tool places evidence-based resources at the fingertips of users by addressing some of the most commonly cited barriers to research utilization while exposing users to information and online literacy standards of practice, meeting a growing need within nursing curricula.

Prior studies have identified a need for engaging researchers in providing and curating their identity data. This poster reports preliminary findings of a qualitative study exploring how researchers use and engage in online research identity management (RIM) systems. The findings identify nine activity or task related motivations of using RIM systems. This study also identified three levels of participation in RIM systems: Readers, Personal Record Managers, and Community Members. Most participants of this study fell into the category of Personal Record Managers, who may maintain their own profiles in a RIM system. This suggests that a majority of researchers may be willing to maintain their research identity profiles. Institutional repository managers may consider recruiting researchers as not only research information and data providers, but also curators of their own research identity data.

The ability to access and process massive amounts of online information is required in many learning situations. In order to develop a better understanding of student online search process especially in academic contexts, an online tool ( SCOOP) is developed for tracking mouse behavior on the web to build a more extensive account of student web search processes. Over 100 university students' search activities with SCOOP were recorded as they searched for answers to assigned questions. The primary use of the SCOOP dataset is thus to provide the raw data for the development of online information search models. Further complications will arise because other personal and contextual factors affect the search process for different students with different personalities, learning styles or types of tasks. Hence, the dataset is also for testing the relationship between other factors and online search processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This piece is framed by questions we are often asked when we talk about online reading assessments and instruction with teachers. We begin with some of the lessons we have learned in our own experiences with designing measures of online reading comprehension. Then we share our thoughts about key design considerations as well as some of the biggest challenges of trying to capture online research and reading skills when online texts and authentic tasks are constantly changing. By sharing these perspectives, we hope to inspire new ways of tracking students’ progress that can help teachers design powerful literacy instruction that integrates digital texts and new technologies.

A recent study in Reading Research Quarterly provided evidence that an online reading achievement gap, based on income inequality, exists that is separate and independent from the well-known achievement gap in offline reading. This column briefly reviews the evidence and provides an initial set of instructional suggestions that may be used to help close the gap.

This poster elaborates a research technique---that of the guided tour---that has previously been used in qualitative research, including in some studies carried out by information scientists. The guided tour technique hybridizes visual and aural methods; it involves a researcher's relatively shortened, planned entry into a field site, a participant then leading him or her through a personally meaningful location therein while describing and explaining its features, thinking-aloud the ideas, thoughts, and feelings to which it gives rise, and responding to gentle, conversational inquiries (Thomson, 2015). In prior information science work, the technique has offered up-close, in-depth perspectives on information-rich settings, be these home collections, workplace archives, or public spaces like museums. After the technique is introduced, the second portion of this poster is devoted to a comparison of use of the guided tour technique in two research scenarios. The first of these involves guided tours during an in-person study, following the example laid out by prior researchers. The second involves examining data unobtrusively gathered online as a further guided tour adaptation. From these scenarios, it is possible for researchers to see how the guided tour technique can best be applied, its shortcomings, and ways in which it may accommodate research contingencies. The poster concludes by reiterating the value that guided tours can bring to information science work.

Given the limits of in-country and survey research in closed societies, the World Wide Web – in particular online forums - offers an alternative field for observing and understanding these societies and their development. However, the praise given to the Internet’s role in bringing about political change in Arab uprisings and the 2009 elections post protests has resulted in a tendency in the existing literature to focus on very narrow political discussions and behaviors on partisan online forums. Consequently, various areas of interest to Iranian users have been neglected or ignored. The aim of this review is to identify the major online spheres of the Iranian web, the most important online forums in each sphere, the issues being discussed, and the characteristics of the users of each sphere and forum. By doing so it recognizes the theoretical and methodological drawbacks of existing online research on the Iranian Web. This review concludes with some suggestions for further online social research in Iran.

Is there an achievement gap for online reading ability based on income inequality that is separate from the achievement gap in traditional, offline reading? This possibility was examined between students in two pseudonymous school districts: West Town (economically advantaged) and East Town (economically challenged; N = 256). Performance-based assessments were used within a simulation of the Internet developed as part of a larger project. Seventh graders completed two online research and comprehension assessments, which evaluated four skill areas (locate, evaluate, synthesize, and communicate) and two knowledge domains in science. Students also completed an assessment of prior domain knowledge and a short Internet use questionnaire. Standardized state reading and writing test scores served as measures of offline literacy skills. Results indicated that there was a significant achievement gap favoring West Town students in offline reading scores, offline writing scores, and online research and comprehension scores. A significant gap persisted for online research and comprehension after we conditioned on pretest differences in offline reading, offline writing, and prior knowledge scores. The results of the questionnaire indicated that West Town students had greater access to the Internet at home and were required to use the Internet more in school. These results suggest that a separate and independent achievement gap existed for online reading, based on income inequality. Current estimates of this gap, which rely solely on measures of offline reading, may underrepresent the true nature of the U.S. reading achievement gap in an online age. Policy implications are explored. Education and opportunity have long been linked to public policy in the United States ( Brown v. Board of Educ. , 1954 ; Mann, 1855 ; National Governors Association Center for Best Practices & Council of Chief State School Officers [NGA Center & CCSSO], 2010 ). Intertwined with this history, the ability to read at high levels has always been considered important, permitting an essential pathway to advancement for everyone, especially the least privileged (cf. Chall, 1967 ; Huey, 1908 ). Despite attempts at policy remedies, a substantial gap based on income inequality continues to exist in students’ reading achievement levels (National Center for Educational Statistics [NCES], 2011b , 2013 ), and evidence indicates that it is growing, over time (Reardon, 2013 ). In a society that professes egalitarian ideals and equal opportunity through education, a reading achievement gap based on income inequality should be a concern of every citizen. Reading has been shifting from page to screen (Goldman, Braasch, Wiley, Graesser, & Brodowinska, 2012 ; Hartman, Morsink, & Zheng, 2010 ), but analyses of reading achievement gaps have only evaluated Donald J. Leu

This study investigated multifamily housing consumer profiles among the US people age 55 and above based on their reasons for moving into current multifamily housing. A total of 431 samples were collected by an online research survey company using convenience sampling. The three reasons for moving were found from an exploratory factor analysis: the multifamily living reason, the nearby activities reason and the financial reason. A cluster analysis uncovered three groups of multifamily housing consumers: the neighbourhood seekers, the upscale housing seekers and the affordable housing seekers. The segmentation of older consumers living in multifamily housing provides insights into the characteristics of consumers who find multifamily housing appealing and/or needed. It also identifies features and factors about multifamily that will appeal to each segment of the market.

When educational research is conducted online, we sometimes promise our participants that they will be anonymous—but do we deliver on this promise? We have been warned since 1996 to be careful when using direct quotes in Internet research, as full-text web search engines make it easy to find chunks of text online. This paper details an empirical study into the prevalence of direct quotes from participants in a subset of the educational technology literature. Using basic web search techniques, the source of direct quotes could be found in 10 of 112 articles. Analysis of the articles revealed previously undiscussed threats from data triangulation and expert analysis/diagnosis. Issues of ethical obliviousness, obscurity and concern for future privacy-invasive technologies are also discussed. Recommendations for researchers, journals and institutional ethics review boards are made for how to better protect participants' anonymity against current and future threats.

Background The Consumo Alimentar e Atividade Fisica de Escolares (CAAFE) questionnaire is an online research tool that has been developed to enable the self-report of physical activity and diet by Brazilian schoolchildren aged 7–10 years. Formative research was conducted with nutritionists during the development of the web-based questionnaire. The suggestions and insights obtained were used to design a tool to monitor schoolchildren's food consumption based on the concept of healthy and unhealthy food indicators. The present study aimed to report the focus group discussions conducted with nutritionists concerning the CAAFE questionnaire. Methods Focus group discussions were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire, and these were then analysed thematically. Results Twenty-four nutritionists participated (four focus groups; average per group: six people); the majority (n = 22) had experience with 7–10-year-old children. Four themes emerged: (i) healthy and unhealthy food indicators; (ii) suggestions for the online instrument; (iii) potential applications; and (iv) challenges for its construction. Conclusions Comments made by nutritionists enabled the construction of an instrument that is able to answer questions related to food consumption in schools and at home.

Little research has examined the critical components of successful K-12 online schools, due in part to the theoretical focus of current frameworks on higher education rather than characteristics of K-12 online learners and environments. Using K-12 online research, this paper examined teaching presence as explained by the Community of Inquiry framework and identified additional teacher roles that needed stronger emphasis. We termed the new construct teacher engagement. Teacher engagement was shown to be helpful in describing and identifying effective teacher practices at the Open High School of Utah ( OHSU), a successful online charter school. Through a series of 22 interviews with over half of the OHSU faculty, it was found that teachers worked to improve student outcomes by (1) designing and organizing learning activities, (2) facilitating discourse with students and parents, (3) providing students with one-on-one instruction, (4) nurturing a safe and caring learning environment, (5) motivating students to engage in learning activities and (6) closely monitoring student behavior and learning. These six elements describe the core of teacher engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on work undertaken to ascertain how advances in medical research, funded by the charity Meningitis UK, could more effectively be communicated to donors through the charity's website to increase user engagement and future support. Current best practice in research communication through UK charities' websites was determined by a content analysis. It was found that most charities do not make full use of the opportunities the internet provides. The views and needs of website users were examined through an online survey and series of interviews. Supporters of Meningitis UK reported that features such as a glossary of terms, a vaccination summary and videos would greatly enhance the website. These results were used to inform the redevelopment of the charity's research website, which included the creation of a meningitis research timeline, vaccine game and glossary of terms along with video interviews with researchers who receive funding from Meningitis UK. The redeveloped section of the website was evaluated through a second online survey, showing significant improvements in user ratings for navigation, understanding, engagement and content. This study adds to the understanding of current practice in online research communication by UK charities which often have to communicate complex scientific issues. It also provides valuable insight into the views and expectations of website users and charity supporters, and shows how small changes in a charity's website design and content can have a significant impact on user satisfaction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The internet and the World Wide Web have changed the ways that we function. As technologies grow and adapt, there is a huge potential for the internet to affect drug research and development, as well as many other aspects of clinical pharmacology. We review some of the areas of interest to date and discuss some of the potential areas in which internet-based technology can be exploited. Information retrieval from the web by health-care professionals is common, and bringing evidence-based medicine to the bedside affects the care of patients. As a primary research tool the web can provide a vast array of information in generating new ideas or exploring previous research findings. This has facilitated systematic reviewing, for example. The content of the web has become a subject of research in its own right. The web is also widely used as a research facilitator, including enhancement of communication between collaborators, provision of online research tools (such as questionnaires, management of large scale multicentre trials, registration of clinical trials) and distribution of information. Problems include information overload, ignorance of early data that are not indexed in databases, difficulties in keeping web sites up to date and assessing the validity of information retrieved. Some web-based activities are viewed with suspicion, including analysis by pharmaceutical companies of drug information to facilitate direct-to-consumer advertising of novel pharmaceuticals. Use of these technologies will continue to expand in often unexpected ways. Clinical pharmacologists must embrace internet technology and include it as a key priority in their research agenda.

With the vast array of contextual factors, pedagogical approaches, models of implementation, and purposes of education and training related to online learning, educators, learners, and the general public alike are seeking answers regarding utility and effectiveness of online learning. This article identifies and responds to many of the challenges and issues related to the evaluation of online learning that will likely test evaluators in the years and decades to come. The author provides an early conceptualization of a comprehensive evaluation framework to focus evaluation on the many components of online learning rather than a narrow aspect. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association

Injury from causes such as falls, traffic accidents, or violence is a major public health issue globally. Injury prevention research aims to identify vulnerable populations and places by analyzing the spatial patterns of demographic and socio-economic risk factors associated with elevated injury rates. The stakeholders in injury prevention and control are often distributed across government and public health institutions, non-profits, and even the private sector (e.g. insurance firms). While this situation calls for distributed, online research tools, their implementation may conflict with health data confidentiality and license limitations for socio-economic data. In this paper, we present the Online Injury Atlas for Ontario, which was designed with the explicit goal to make use of, and contribute to, the Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure. We propose a service-based architecture that integrates publicly accessible map services with protected data layers. Thereby, we demonstrate the benefits of using spatial data infrastructures alongside private data at different levels of protection. In addition, we discuss the extensive data processing needs and specific cartographic design requirements of a Web atlas in the health and social sciences domain.

Evidence-based practice (EBP) requires that practitioners routinely access, appraise, and utilize thebest available research. We surveyed a representative sample of the Society of Clinical Psychology;549 psychologists (response rate546%) reported their frequency of engaging in EBP when offeringpsychological services, rated their current knowledge of 12 online research resources, and evaluatedtheir current knowledge of 12 research methods and designs. These psychologists reported, onaverage, using EBP in 73.1% of their psychological services. With the exception of PsycINFO andMEDLINE, clinical psychologists related low to moderate knowledge of online research resources.By contrast, these psychologists reported considerable knowledge of most research methods anddesigns, except for odds ratios and structural equation modeling. Psychologists’ theoretical orientation,clinical experience, and employment setting predicted knowledge of both online resources andresearch designs. We discuss the educational and practice ramifications of these results. & 2011 WileyPeriodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–11, 2011.Keywords: evidence-based practice; clinical psychology; clinical research; research designs; onlineresearch sources; online systems

A substantial number of consumers now have access to e-mail and the Internet. The growth in e-mail and Internet usage makes electronic surveying an appealing means for conducting research. Researchers and practitioners in the field of family and consumer sciences are increasingly using online surveys to collect data from a variety of target populations. The purpose of this article is to provide a guide to those interested in conducting surveys online and to highlight some of the potentials and pitfalls they can expect.

Faculty and librarians have been developing newer and better ways of imparting information literacy, recognizing that it is an important aspect of developing crucial critical skills in their students. We discuss how student learning is enhanced as the result of ongoing collaboration. Through what we call Dynamic Purposeful Learning (DPL) and the collaborative process, students learn dynamic information literacy and online research skills.

Objective To investigate to what extent and why new rheumatology patients access medical information online prior to first appointments and secondarily to ask whether they discuss information gained from the Internet with physicians. Methods Research was conducted in a teaching rheumatology clinic with a nonrandom sample of 120 English-speaking adults presenting for first appointments in rheumatology. Quantitative and qualitative data were gained in pre- and postappointment patient surveys and interviews, including online information gathering prior to first appointment, demographics, health status, information usage in patient-physician interactions, and satisfaction. Data were analyzed for significant relationships across variables and for qualitative insights into quantitative outcome measures. Results Of all patients, 87.5% looked up their symptoms or suspected condition prior to their first appointment and 62.5% of all patients sought that information on the Internet. Only 20% of online information seekers discussed that information with their physicians. Age and sex were significant predictors of Internet information seeking. Physician and patient appointment satisfaction was significantly higher when Internet information was discussed; however, most patients did not discuss their information seeking because they primarily feared being perceived as challenging their physician. Conclusion The majority of patients research their conditions online prior to initial appointments, but are unlikely to discuss that research with physicians even though discussion is related to higher satisfaction. Physicians may want to consider strategies for enabling communication about online research.

Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein Securities Limited, Authorised and regulated by the Financial Services Authority and a Member Firm of the London Stock Exchange PO Box 560, 20 Fenchurch Street, London EC3P 3DB. Telephone: +44 20 7623 8000 Telex: 916486 Registered in England No. 1767419 Registered Office: 20 Fenchurch Street, London EC3P 3DB. A Member of the Dresdner Bank Group. PLEASE REFER TO THE TEXT AT THE END OF THIS REPORT FOR OUR DISCLAIMER AND ALL RELEVANT DISCLOSURES. IN RESPECT OF ANY COMPENDIUM REPORT COVERING SIX OR MORE COMPANIES, ALL RELEVANT DISCLOSURES ARE AVAILABLE ON OUR WEBSITE www.drkwresearch.com/disclosures OR BY CONTACTING DRKW RESEARCH DEPARTMENT, 20 FENCHURCH STREET, LONDON, EC3P 3DB. Online research: www.drkwresearch.com Bloomberg: DRKW Global Investment Strategy

Online data collection in academic research might be replacing paper-and-pencil surveys or questionnaires in the near future. This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of online data collection, with particular reference to the conduct of two qualitative studies involving upper secondary school teachers and students in Iceland in 2002. Email was used for contacting the participants to ask them to visit a designated website in order to complete the questionnaire. Some problems arose with the use of an online web-based programme for data collection. Among them were the unreliability of the email address lists and the lack of willingness, particularly among students, to participate. The paper concludes that while online surveys can access large and geographically distributed populations and achieve quick returns, they may no longer be as universally appealing as was once believed. Reaching the population sample remains a problem in online as well as in traditional data collection.

The purpose of this study was to document typical use and configuration of 1:1 computing in twoschoolsfocusingontheaddedvalueanduniquechallengestheseusespresent.Aqualitative casestudydesignwasusedintwomiddleschools(sixth,seventhandeighthgrade)inthesoutheastern United States purposefully selected for their 1:1 computing programmes. Data were collected through formal and informal interviews, direct observations and site documents. Results indicated that online research, productivity tools, drill and practice, and eCommunications were the most frequent uses of computers in the 1:1 classroom. Moreover, the 1:1 classroom provided potentially transformative added value to these uses while simultaneously presenting unique management challenges to the teacher. In addition, the presence of 1:1 laptops did not automatically add value and their high financial costs underscore the need to provide teachers with high-quality professional development to ensure effective teaching. In order to create effective learning environments, teachers need opportunities to learn what instruction and assessment practices, curricular resources and classroom management skills work best in a 1:1 student to networked laptop classroom setting. Finally, researchers documentedwidevariationinfidelityto1:1computing,whichsuggeststheneedforfurtherresearch exploring the conditions under which this variation exists.

This chapter describes the overall planning process for using online surveys in your evaluation and how to choose survey software or a Web host for your evaluation project.

This discussion on assessment and evaluation in the online environment includes the use of different forms of rubrics.

This chapter describes the benefits and limitations of using online surveys and the conditions under which this data collection method may be appropriate for evaluation. It also covers how online surveys can be used during stages of the evaluation process as well as ethical considerations in using this methodology.

In this chapter we discuss how to download, clean, and transform online survey results in preparation for data analysis.