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Growth language mindsets (i.e., beliefs that language ability can be improved) are found to sustain learners? motivation and resilience in challenging situations. Considering that migrants who are speakers of languages other than the dominant ones often face challenging daily communications, we examined important but understudied questions of ?how? and ?when? growth language mindsets predict migrants? language experiences, including language anxiety, language use, and perceived English proficiency. In 3 studies, we surveyed 2,163 foreign-born university students in Canada who indicated English as their second language. We found that growth language mindsets positively predicted self-assessed English proficiency, even 4 months after the initial assessment of mindsets. Answering ?how,? we found that migrants with stronger growth mindsets were less anxious, were more likely to use English, and reported higher proficiency, even after accounting for baseline proficiency. Concerning ?when,? we found that mindsets have significant and moderate association with language use, anxiety, and perceived proficiency for only more recently arrived students (who lived in the receiving country for less than 7 years). Although newly arrived migrants are more anxious about using English and less likely to use English, they are resilient when they envision growth in their new language. Growth mindsets may help English as a second language (ESL) students thrive in intercultural communication and succeed in language development.

Summary A new issue of the satellite telecommand synchronization and channel coding sublayer protocol includes LDPC‐coded communication link transmission units (CLTUs) that contain a 64‐bit start s...

Summary Compliant with the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) set of protocols, we explore enhancing the availability service for space links. In particular, we consider specific...

Summary Modelling the entire ductile fracture process remains a challenge. On the one hand, continuous damage models succeed in capturing the initial diffuse damage stage but are not able to represent discontinuities or cracks. On the other hand, discontinuous methods, as the cohesive zones, which model the crack propagation behaviour, are suited to represent the localised damaging process. However, they are unable to represent diffuse damage. Moreover, most of the cohesive models do not capture triaxiality effect. In this paper, the advantages of the two approaches are combined in a single damage to crack transition framework. In a small deformation setting, a non-local elastic damage model is associated with a cohesive model in a discontinuous Galerkin finite element framework. A cohesive band model is used to naturally introduce a triaxiality-dependent behaviour inside the cohesive law. Practically, a numerical thickness is introduced to recover a 3D-state, mandatory to incorporate the in-plane stretch effects. This thickness is evaluated to ensure the energy consistency of the method and is not a new numerical parameter. The traction-separation law is then built from the underlying damage model. The method is numerically shown to capture the stress triaxiality effect on the crack initiation and propagation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Some people ascribe successful language learning to an innate aptitude that cannot be further developed, at least after a certain young age (i.e., an entity mindset), while other people believe that language learning ability can be improved (i.e., an incremental mindset). The purpose of this research is to (a) introduce the Language Mindsets Inventory (LMI), and (b) test the mindsets--goals--responses model, which maintains that learners' mindsets predict the goals that they set for language learning, and that these goals in turn affect how they respond to difficult academic and communication episodes. Correlational and factor analyses provided evidence of the LMI's valid and reliable use in research with university-level language students. Path analyses showed that regardless of their competence level, greater endorsement of an incremental mindset was associated with the goal of learning more about the language, and this learning goal in turn predicted greater mastery and less helpless responses in failure situations. Greater endorsement of an entity mindset predicted the goal of demonstrating competence (i.e., performance approach goals) when students believed that they had stronger language skills. The use of the LMI in future research and the importance of supporting incremental mindsets for language education are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This paper aims at accounting for the uncertainties because of material structure and surface topology of micro-beams in a stochastic multi-scale model. For micro-resonators made of anisotropic polycrystalline materials, micro-scale uncertainties exist because of the grain size, grain orientation, and the surface profile. First, micro-scale realizations of stochastic volume elements are obtained based on experimental measurements. To account for the surface roughness, the stochastic volume elements are defined as a volume element having the same thickness as the microelectromechanical system (MEMS), with a view to the use of a plate model at the structural scale. The uncertainties are then propagated up to an intermediate scale, the meso-scale, through a second-order homogenization procedure. From the meso-scale plate-resultant material property realizations, a spatially correlated random field of the in-plane, out-of-plane, and cross-resultant material tensors can be characterized. Owing to this characterized random field, realizations of MEMS-scale problems can be defined on a plate finite element model. Samples of the macro-scale quantity of interest can then be computed by relying on a Monte Carlo simulation procedure. As a case study, the resonance frequency of MEMS micro-beams is investigated for different uncertainty cases, such as grain-preferred orientations and surface roughness effects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

After a short introduction describing the whys and wherefores of the recent and growing interaction between Milky Way physicists, stellar evolution physicists, chemical abundances physicists, and asteroseismologists, which forms the ground of this workshop, we address some important points affecting the levels of accuracy on global stellar parameters, such as mass, radius, and age, which were raised during the final discussion of the workshop. We recall how asteroseismic parameters, especially when coupled with spectroscopy and photometry, greatly help to reduce uncertainties. We show how poorly known physical aspects, such as diffusion, rotation, and outer physical conditions, must however be kept in mind when assessing these uncertainties. We then summarise the huge advance in terms of spectroscopic follow-up of seismic targets that took place in the last couple of years opening the doors for the first results in Galactic Archaeology making use of seismic distances, masses, radii, and ages. We conclude by presenting two tables: (1) an update of the table of uncertainties built at the Sesto workshop in 2013, and (2) a similar table with what should be reached for Galactic Archaeology purposes.

Recent research points to Chinese people's elevated tendency to make positive self-evaluations, despite the general claim that East Asians do not self-enhance. We present three studies in support of a novel prediction that sociocultural change in China plays an important role in augmenting self-enhancement. We operationalized self-enhancement primarily in terms of the better-than-average effect (BTAE) and accounted for trait desirability or importance. We found that: (i) compared with Chinese Canadians, Chinese showed a stronger BTAE; (ii) within the Chinese, identification with contemporary Chinese culture uniquely predicted a stronger BTAE; and (iii) priming contemporary (vs. traditional) Chinese culture led to a stronger BTAE. Finally, we provided further evidence that motivation, in part, underlies the rising Chinese BTAE. We conclude by discussing the importance of both socioeconomic and cultural perspectives for understanding how and when of self-enhancement in contemporary China and other societies undergoing social change.

For more than two decades, self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2017) has been an important conceptual framework for understanding motivation across diverse domains, including foreign and second language (L2) learning (e.g., Noels, 2001; Noels, Chaffee, Lou, & Dincer, 2016; Noels, Pelletier, Clement, & Vallerand, 2000). SDT posits that learners’ sense of autonomy is critical for their motivation and well-being, as do many other L2 theories (for overviews, see Benson, 2013; Littlewood, 1999; Oxford, 2015), Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Grant Number: SRG 410‐2011‐1177

This study examined whether the acculturation of ethnic identity is first evident in more public situations with greater opportunity for intercultural interaction and eventually penetrates more intimate situations. It also investigated whether situational variations in identity are associated with cross-cultural adaptation. First-generation (G1), second-generation (G2) and mixed-parentage second-generation (G2.5) young adult Canadians (n = 137, n = 169, and n = 91, respectively) completed a questionnaire assessing their heritage and Canadian identities across four situational domains (family, friends, university and community), global heritage identity and cross-cultural adaptation. Consistent with the acculturation penetration hypothesis, the results showed Canadian identity was stronger than heritage identity in public domains, but the converse was true in the family domain; moreover, the difference between the identities in the family domain was attenuated in later generations. Situational variability indicated better adaptation for the G1 cohort, but poorer adaptation for the G2.5 cohort. For the G2 cohort, facets of global identity moderated the relation, such that those with a weaker global identity experienced greater difficulties and hassles with greater identity variability but those with a stronger identity did not. These results are interpreted in light of potential interpersonal issues implied by situational variation for each generation cohort.

Sociolinguists and social psychologists have long been interested in how language variation is associated with social psychological variables, including people's beliefs about and attitudes toward languages and their speakers, as well as their feelings of affiliation with ethnolinguistic groups, and there is a growing interest in archiving such information along with sociolinguistic data for subsequent research. With this end in mind, we suggest some brief, quantitative indices that might be appropriate and useful for documenting social psychological variables for contemporary and future purposes. The first construct considered is ethnolinguistic vitality, which refers to those characteristics that make a language group likely to behave as an active collective entity in language contact situations. The second is language attitudes,1 which refer to the feelings and beliefs that people hold with regard to their own and others' languages and the associated language community/ies. The third is ethnolinguistic identity, which refers to the manner and extent to which individuals define themselves as members of an ethnolinguistic group. Although we maintain that more extensive, detailed coding should be included in sociolinguistic archives, we suggest that these three sets of indices should be minimally included in a battery to assess a speaker's ethnolinguistic orientation.

Deciphering the assembly history of the Milky Way is a formidable task, which becomes possible only if one can produce high-resolution chrono-chemo-kinematical maps of the Galaxy. Data from large-scale astrometric and spectroscopic surveys will soon provide us with a well-defined view of the current chemo-kinematical structure of the Milky Way, but it will only enable a blurred view on the temporal sequence that led to the present-day Galaxy. As demonstrated by the (ongoing) exploitation of data from the pioneering photometric missions CoRoT, Kepler, and K2, asteroseismology provides the way forward: solar-like oscillating giants are excellent evolutionary clocks thanks to the availability of seismic constraints on their mass and to the tight age–initial mass relation they adhere to. In this paper we identify five key outstanding questions relating to the formation and evolution of the Milky Way that will need precise and accurate ages for large samples of stars to be addressed, and we identify the requirements in terms of number of targets and the precision on the stellar properties that are needed to tackle such questions. By quantifying the asteroseismic yields expected from PLATO for red giant stars, we demonstrate that these requirements are within the capabilities of the current instrument design, provided that observations are sufficiently long to identify the evolutionary state and allow robust and precise determination of acoustic-mode frequencies. This will allow us to harvest data of sufficient quality to reach a 10% precision in age. This is a fundamental prerequisite to then reach the more ambitious goal of a similar level of accuracy, which will be possible only if we have at hand a careful appraisal of systematic uncertainties on age deriving from our limited understanding of stellar physics, a goal that conveniently falls within the main aims of PLATO's core science. We therefore strongly endorse PLATO's current design and proposed observational strategy, and conclude that PLATO, as it is, will be a legacy mission for Galactic archaeology., International Space Science Institute (ISSI), European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme, DFG, CH1188/2-1. COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), ChETEC COST Action, CA16117. The Danish National Research Foundation, DNRF106. UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), PRIN INAF 2014 – CRA 1.05.01.94.05, European Union FP7 program, ERC, 320360. Australian Research Council, DP150100250; FT160100402. NASA, NNX16AI09G. FCT; UID/FIS/04434/2013; FEDER (COMPETE); IF/00894/2012/; POPH/FSE (EC), CNES, DLR; NYUAD Institute, G1502. “Programme National de Physique Stellaire” (PNPS), “Programme National Cosmologie et Galaxies” (CNRS/INSU, France), CNES Fellowship, Swedish National Space Board (SNSB/Rymdstyrelsen), NASA, NNX16AJ17G. ERC Consolidator (STARKEY), 615604). Belspo (PRODEX PLATO), Australian Research Council Future Fellowship, FT1400147. ESP2015-66134-R (MINECO), VILLUM FONDEN, 10118.

We assessed 93 international students' reports of their expected and feared possible selves in terms of their thematic content and configuration, and examined the relations between possible selves and cultural adjustment in Canada. The results showed that international students mostly envisioned possible selves in career, education, intrapersonal, and interpersonal domains, and reported more balanced configurations than matched configurations of possible selves. Balanced possible selves in the educational domain were associated with better psychological well-being, but balanced selves in the intrapersonal domains were linked with more frequent sociocultural difficulties. The findings suggest that the content of international students' possible selves reflects not only their academic-focused and career-inspired sojourn, but also their intercultural experiences with various ethnic groups in the Canadian multicultural society. As well, they speak to the motivational significance of possible selves, particularly the balanced possible selves, for supporting international students' motivation to pursue an international education and for facilitating a successful cross-cultural sojourn.