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Multivariate spatial data, where multiple responses are simultaneously recorded across spatially indexed observational units, are routinely collected in a wide variety of disciplines. For example, the Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder survey collects records of zooplankton communities in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, with the aim of identifying and quantifying spatial patterns in biodiversity in response to environmental change. One increasingly popular method for modeling such data is spatial generalized linear latent variable models (GLLVMs), where the correlation across sites is captured by a spatial covariance function in the latent variables. However, little is known about the impact of misspecifying the latent variable correlation structure on inference of various parameters in such models. To address this gap in the literature, we investigate how misspecifying and assuming independence for the latent variables' correlation structure impacts estimation and inference in spatial GLLVMs. Through both theory and numerical studies, we show that performance of maximum likelihood estimation and inference on regression coefficients under misspecification depends on a combination of the response type, the magnitude of true regression coefficient, and the corresponding loadings, and, most importantly, whether the corresponding covariate is (also) spatially correlated. On the other hand, estimation and inference of truly nonzero loadings and prediction of latent variables is consistently not robust to misspecification of the latent variable correlation structure.

Areas that contain ecologically distinct biological content, called bioregions, are a central component to spatial and ecosystem‐based management. We review and describe a variety of commonly used and newly developed statistical approaches for quantitatively determining bioregions. Statistical approaches to bioregionalization can broadly be classified as two‐stage approaches that either ‘Group First, then Predict’ or ‘Predict First, then Group’, or a newer class of one‐stage approaches that simultaneously analyse biological data with reference to environmental data to generate bioregions. We demonstrate these approaches using a selection of methods applied to simulated data and real data on demersal fish. The methods are assessed against their ability to answer several common scientific or management questions. The true number of simulated bioregions was only identified by both of the one‐stage methods and one two‐stage method. When the number of bioregions was known, many of the methods, but not all, could adequately infer the species, environmental and spatial characteristics of bioregions. One‐stage approaches, however, do so directly via a single model without the need for separate post‐hoc analyses and additionally provide an appropriate characterization of uncertainty. One‐stage approaches provide a comprehensive and consistent method for objectively identifying and characterizing bioregions using both biological and environmental data. Potential avenues of future development in one‐stage methods include incorporating presence‐only and multiple data types as well as considering functional aspects of bioregions.

New methods for species distribution models (SDMs) utilise presence–absence (PA) data to correct the sampling bias of presence‐only (PO) data in a spatial point process setting. These have been shown to improve species estimates when both datasets are large and dense. However, is a PA dataset that is smaller and patchier than hitherto examined able to do the same? Furthermore, when both datasets are relatively small, is there enough information contained within them to produce a useful estimate of species’ distributions? These attributes are common in many applications. A stochastic simulation was conducted to assess the ability of a pooled data SDM to estimate the distribution of species from increasingly sparser and patchier datasets. The simulated datasets were varied by changing the number of presence–absence sample locations, the degree of patchiness of these locations, the number of PO observations, and the level of sampling bias within the PO observations. The performance of the pooled data SDM was compared to a PA SDM and a PO SDM to assess the strengths and limitations of each SDM. The pooled data SDM successfully removed the sampling bias from the PO observations even when the presence–absence data were sparse and patchy, and the PO observations formed the majority of the data. The pooled data SDM was, in general, more accurate and more precise than either the PA SDM or the PO SDM. All SDMs were more precise for the species responses than they were for the covariate coefficients. The emerging SDM methodology that pools PO and PA data will facilitate more certainty around species’ distribution estimates, which in turn will allow more relevant and concise management and policy decisions to be enacted. This work shows that it is possible to achieve this result even in relatively data‐poor regions.

Characterising the spatial distribution and variation of species communities and validating these characteristics with data from the field are key elements for an ecosystem‐based approach to management. However, models of species distributions that yield community structure are usually not linked to models of community dynamics, constraining understanding and management of the ecosystem, particularly in data‐poor regions. Here we use a qualitative network model to predict changes in Antarctic benthic community structure between major marine habitats characterised largely by seafloor depth and slope, and use multivariate mixture models of species distributions to validate the community dynamics. Further, we then assess how future increases in primary production associated with anticipated loss of sea‐ice may affect the ecosystem. Our study shows how both spatial and structural features of ecosystems in data‐poor regions can be analysed and possible futures assessed, with direct relevance for ecosystem‐based management.

Monitoring the impacts of pressures, such as climate change, on marine benthic ecosystems is of high conservation priority. Novel imaging technologies, such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and towed systems, now give researchers the ability to monitor benthic ecosystems over large spatial and temporal scales. The design of monitoring programmes that use such technologies is currently hindered by a lack of information about the typical abundance and spatial distributions of target indicators and the level of sampling required to detect changes. A further complicating factor is that these sampling platforms are often not able to be exactly relocated when conducting repeat surveys. How the spatial properties of benthic organisms influence the estimates of cover, given alternative designs that vary in the geolocation precision of transects and the sampling intensity of images, is explored. A geostatistical modelling approach is used to quantify the spatial distribution of 20 key deep‐water invertebrate species at a long‐term monitoring site. The parameter estimates from these models are then used to simulate repeat transects with geolocation error and different levels of sampling. Results suggest that species with short effective ranges (i.e. those with strong spatial dependence over relatively short distances) and large spatial variance, which suggests strong spatial dependence effects, will require greater sampling effort to achieve a given standard of precision. Spatial offsets of 2 m, typical of an AUV, are unlikely to have dramatic impacts on the precision of estimates when sufficient images are sampled, but offsets of 10 m that are typical of towed systems may require a prohibitively high sampling effort for some species. These findings have important implications for benthic monitoring programmes, and highlight the importance of considering the interactions between sampling design, the technical limitations of survey equipment, and the spatial properties of indicator species.

Aim: Quantifying biological assemblages and their environment is a fundamental, yet statistically challenging task in conservation ecology. Here, we use a recently developed approach called Regions of Common Profile (RCP) to quantify and map the distribution of demersal fish assemblages in an ecologically significant region of the Southern Ocean to (1) gain ecological and management insights and (2) evaluate the utility of the new method for ecoregionalization. Location: Northern Kerguelen Plateau, Subantarctic Islands, Southern Ocean. Methods: The RCP approach is a multispecies, model‐based approach that can overcome many limitations of traditional distance‐based approaches. It simultaneously groups sites with a similar composition of species and describes the patterns of variation in assemblages using environmental data, allowing the prediction of assemblages across the study region. We apply RCP to a unique dataset of demersal fish occurrences across the northern Kerguelen Plateau to model and map the distribution of assemblages and examine the representativeness of the Heard Island and McDonald Island marine reserve. Results: We demonstrate that the RCP approach allows a direct and quantitative interpretation of the composition of assemblages as well as their environment. Further, the model reasonably predicts the occurrence of individual species across the plateau as well as the species composition of sites. We distinguish and map seven assemblages defined by depth, surface temperature and chlorophyll a. Shallow‐water assemblages contain a high proportion of endemic species, while deep‐water assemblages contain more cosmopolitan species. With the exception of one deep‐water assemblage, assemblages were well represented within the current Heard and McDonald Islands marine reserve. Main conclusions: The RCP is a valuable tool for classifying biological regions with a range of ecological and conservation management applications. Our results extend current ecological and biogeographic knowledge for the northern Kerguelen Plateau, and maps of the distribution of assemblages will be useful for ongoing spatial management.

We examined nitrate processing in headwater stream reaches downstream of two wastewater treatment plant outfalls during low streamflow. Our objectives were to quantify nitrate mass flux before and after effluent discharge and to use field and laboratory techniques to assess the mechanism of nitrate uptake. Microcosm experiments were utilized to determine the location of nitrate processing, and molecular biomarkers were used to detect and quantify microbial denitrification. At one site, downstream nitrate mass flux was significantly (p = 0.01) lower than sum of upstream and wastewater effluent fluxes, indicating rapid stream assimilation of incoming nitrate in the vicinity of the point source. Microcosm experiments supported the theory that nitrate processing occurs in sediments. Molecular assays for denitrifcation-associated functional genes nosZ, nirS, and nirK, provided evidence that effluent contained enriched denitrifying communities relative to ambient stream water. Nitrate loss at the site with greater uptake was correlated with sulfate loss (p

This article explored counselor development within the entry transition into counselor education programs using 4 interviews and interpretive dialogues with 8 beginning counselors. Six categories resulted from the authors' grounded theory analysis: Anticipation, Evolving Identity, Growth and Learning, Coping, Choosing to Trust the Process, and Interacting With Feedback.

Species' ranges are shifting globally in response to climate warming, with substantial variability among taxa, even within regions. Relationships between range dynamics and intrinsic species traits may be particularly apparent in the ocean, where temperature more directly shapes species' distributions. Here, we test for a role of species traits and climate velocity in driving range extensions in the ocean-warming hotspot of southeast Australia. Climate velocity explained some variation in range shifts, however, including species traits more than doubled the variation explained. Swimming ability, omnivory and latitudinal range size all had positive relationships with range extension rate, supporting hypotheses that increased dispersal capacity and ecological generalism promote extensions. We find independent support for the hypothesis that species with narrow latitudinal ranges are limited by factors other than climate. Our findings suggest that small-ranging species are in double jeopardy, with limited ability to escape warming and greater intrinsic vulnerability to stochastic disturbances.

Despite counseling's increased focus on issues of multiculturalism and social justice, the d/Deaf population continues to be underrecognized and underserved. (For the purposes of this article, the term d/Deaf is used to denote individuals who have an auditory loss as well as individuals with an auditory loss who also identify with Deaf culture.) The Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (2006) estimated that approximately 8.6% of individuals 3 years and older in the United States report having hearing problems. Furthermore, it was estimated that there are over 5 million people who are deaf in the United States who are in need of mental health treatment every year; of these 5 million individuals, only about 2% receive appropriate treatment for their mental illness. The discrepancy between mental health need and effective service provision requires counselors to be more competent in meeting the needs of clients who are d/Deaf. The lack of attention to the Deaf culture in our professional standards, research, training programs, and supervision contributes to the inequities d/Deaf individuals experience in receiving mental health services. A review of the research showed that d/Deaf individuals appeared to have more mental health concerns than hearing persons (Peters, 2007) and that d/Deaf children were two to three times more likely to experience physical and sexual abuse than their hearing peers (Critchfield, 2002). Thus, there is a paramount need for qualified professionals who are knowledgeable in the area of counseling services as well as in the area of Deaf culture and sign language fluency. Most counselors and supervisors in mental health professions are not fluent in sign language and are also unaware of Deaf culture, thus leading to possible misunderstandings and frustrations for the d/Deaf consumer and mental health professional (Peters, 2007). One way of alleviating some of the misunderstandings and lack of cultural awareness is to hire a qualified interpreter to assist in the counseling and supervision process. Another strategy to alleviate potential misunderstandings is to prepare counselor trainees who are d/Deaf. Both strategies for addressing the gap in services require counselor educators and supervisors to be more cognizant and knowledgeable about the interplay between themselves, a d/Deaf counselor trainee, and a sign language interpreter. The unique supervision situation of a hearing supervisor working with a d/Deaf counselor trainee, by way of a sign language interpreter, has gone unexamined in the supervision literature. Although there have been multiple research studies, professional writings, and professional journals focused on supervision in general (Bernard & Goodyear, 2013; Fuertes, 2004; Hird, Cavalieri, Dulko, Felice, & Ho, 2001; Magnuson, Norem, & Wilcoxon, 2000) and some research and literature focused on issues relating to deafness (de Bruin & Brugmans, 2006; Feldman, Kluwin, & McCrone, 2005; Freeman & Conoley, 1986; Haley & Dowd, 1988; Peters, 2007; Porter, 1999; Roe & Roe, 1991), we found no research exploring the unique interplay of supervisory dynamics with counselors who are d/Deaf. This qualitative case study begins to address the dearth of research and professional knowledge in the realm of supervision with a d/Deaf counselor trainee. The Need for d/Deaf Counselor Trainees As a result of legislative events such as Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, mental health counseling has become more feasible and available to individuals who are d/Deaf (Roe & Roe, 1991). Researchers have found a clear preference by d/Deaf clients in counseling to have a counselor who is also d/Deaf (Freeman & Conoley, 1986; Peters, 2007; Steinberg, Sullivan, & Loew, 1998). Because of this desire to find a counselor similar to the d/Deaf individual seeking counseling services, the need for d/Deaf counselors becomes apparent, especially given the higher rates of disorders among the d/Deaf population (Pollard, 1996). …

Job satisfaction based on familial and institutional factors was explored for 157 female counselor educators. Results indicate that female associate professors had lower levels of intrinsic rewards domain after controlling for institutional type. Parental responsibility and partnership status were equivocal, with significant interaction effects after controlling for Carnegie Classification.

The authors present the argument that professional counseling is philosophically grounded in humanism. As evidence, 5 major presuppositions of professional counseling--relationality, development, empowerment, wellness, and social justice--are situated as fundamental to the understanding of humanism. These tenets are presented as a foundation to ground professional counselor identity as humanistic, and thus position humanism as synonymic with professional counseling. Keywords: humanism, humanistic, professional counseling ********** Historically, scholars and theorists have positioned the humanistic philosophy as the third force of counseling, situated between behaviorism and multicultural counseling. However, humanism can arguably be best understood as a metaparadigmatic framework that guides the identity and the enactment of the professional values of counselors. The synonymic nature of professional counseling and humanism emerges from the emphasis counselors place on relationality, development, empowerment, wellness, and social justice. These five tenets of professional counseling ground our professional identity in humanism and provide the foundation for presuppositions that guide our work as counselors. Across this article, the aforementioned five presuppositions will be presented to elucidate how humanism is a metaparadigm that is synonymous with the values of professional counseling. Essential to a professional counseling identity is the value of relationships, a developmental perspective of growth and change, a holistic wellness paradigm, and a commitment to client empowerment through social justice (Carney, 2007; Chung & Bemak, 2012; Day-Vines & Holcomb-McCoy, 2007; Myers & Sweeney, 2005; Perepiczka & Scholl, 2012; Seccombe, 2002). Therefore, professional counselors can be seen as nurturers of relationships, wellness, development, and social justice, and as contributing to the foundational aspects of the existence that emerges through the enactment of humanism. Humanism has often been presented as a way of being (Rogers, 1961) and as a way of becoming--or evolving--into one's ideal self. At its core, professional counseling is grounded in a humanistic paradigm. While introducing us to the I and thou, Buber (1970) extrapolated the difference in personal attitude toward the individual versus an object. In doing so, he revealed a fundamental value of professional counseling: a foundational attitude toward individuals as a relation between, and to things as a connection with objects. According to Buber, these attitudes represent the basic twofold situation of human life, in which the relation to thou knows no bounds, whereas a relation to it or to object has bounds. From a professional counseling viewpoint, a comprehensive understanding of human behavior involves consideration of growth and developmental transitions. According to Vontress (1996), people, including professional counselors, are trying to make sense of life and in this quest develop a philosophy of existence. Within the philosophy of the professional counselor, the ideal is to assist the client in making meaning of existence in the context of growth and developmental transitions. The counseling profession's emphasis on human growth and development is demonstrated through action, education and training, and scholarship. In terms of action, professional counselors view growth and development as a normative process in which each individual engages via social, contextual, and ecological environments, which are grounded in culture, history, and experience; these aspects relate to, and provide the rationale for, social justice as an important aspect of both humanism and counseling. Professional counseling is grounded in two critical tenets of humanism: the individual is always in a fluid state of development, and the awareness that we as humans cannot be reduced to a series of parts (M. …

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV), which collect images of marine habitats, are now an established sampling tool. The use of AUVs is becoming more widespread as they offer a non-destructive method to survey substantial spatial areas. The design of AUV surveys has historically been based on expert knowledge andAUVspecific considerations, such as reducing geolocation error. The expert knowledge encompasses intuition, previous surveying experiences and holistic knowledge of the study region. 2. We investigate the statistical aspects to AUV survey design for estimation of percentage cover of key benthic biota. We investigate the presence of spatial autocorrelation in AUV data using model-based geostatistics and examine the effect of autocorrelation on survey design by examining different design strategies – methods for placing AUV transects. The design strategies are assessed by inspecting the expected bias and the expected standard deviation ofmodel predictions, where the model depends on the choice of design. 3. The AUV data exhibited a wide range of autocorrelation, from non-existent to substantial. The design strategies varied in their statistical performance and nearly all strategies had shortcomings. Design strategies that were consistently poor performers had (i) transects placed in parallel in a single spatial dimension and (ii) made no attempt to spread out the transects in space. The superior design types had more transect-to-transect separation (but not toomuch) and effectively spanned important covariates. 4. The results give guidelines to researchers designing AUV surveys for biological mapping and for monitoring. In particular, we demonstrate that any spatial design should seek spatial balance, such as would be introduced by a systematic or stratified component within a randomized design. Knowledge of the system under study should be incorporated and, if possible, should be done so in a formalmanner that is objective and repeatable.

In higher education, occupational satisfaction is influenced by the environment as well as by the dispositional variables explored for occupational satisfaction in general. Within the context of counselor education, there are no empirical studies that explore the occupational satisfaction of counselor educators. This article provides an overview of the empirical research exploring group differences based on gender, tenure status, and minority status in occupational stress, coping strategies, and personal strain ratings for counselor educators. Implications for counselor education and future research are discussed.

Counselors in the 21st century must not only respond to the pressures of managed care but also support the best interests of their clients. Criticism from consumers and professionals about the lack of empirical evidence of the efficacy of counseling as well as pressure from managed care companies have prompted a focus on evaluating treatment outcomes. This article provides a framework for developing standards of care by highlighting issues in outcome research in general and by reviewing treatment outcomes for obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Current Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Eduational Programs (CACREP; 2001) standards promote the use of triadic supervision by counselor educators and supervisors. However, conceptual models of triadic supervision do not presently exist in the supervision literature. This article describes the process and structure of 1 model of triadic supervision (D. M. Kleist & N. R. Hill, 2003). This model provides a vehicle for implementing triadic supervision in response to changes in the CACREP standards and adds to the literature on triadic supervision. Implications for counselor educators and supervisors, as well as future research, are conceptualized.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the perceptions of expectations and practices that contribute to decisions regarding promotion and tenure for counselor educators. Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs liaisons for 74 counselor education programs responded to an Internet-based survey about perceptions of promotion and tenure practices in their programs and institutions. The responses indicate that relatively equal emphasis is placed on teaching, scholarship, and service. Implications for defining promotion and tenure criteria are discussed, and recommendations for further research are provided.

Women in higher education encounter unique challenges that influence their occupational satisfaction and quality of life (J. Mirsa, I. Kennelly, & M. Karides, 1999; J. Oleck & R. McNatt, 1999; S. M. Park, 1996; M. D. Sorcinelli, 1994; J. A. Winkler, 2000). This article reports data from a national survey of female counselor educators. The data illustrate factors that may encourage or discourage female counselor educators from remaining in professorial roles. Implications for the counseling profession are also presented.

Pretenured faculty members experience unique challenges as they respond to the demands and opportunities of an academic appointment (A. E. Austin & R. E. Rice, 1998; M. D. Sorcinelli, 1994). Given the emphasis on wellness within the counseling framework, it is imperative to identify and address the experiences of pretenured counselor educators. This article offers an overview of some of the challenges that pretenured faculty members encounter and provides recommendations for promoting their wellness and success in academia.

A national survey of 230 counselor educators was conducted to examine issues that encourage or discourage these educators to continue as faculty members. Three of the 5 factors (Organizational Control, Internal Control and Rewards, and Time and Effort Management) identified in a factor analysis of the 91-item, author-developed questionnaire (Pluses and Minuses of Being a Counselor Educator) were found to be correlated (p < .01) with the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (M. J. Stones & A. Kozma, 1994). The factors and their relationship to counselor educators' sense of well-being are discussed in relation to potential actions for institutions and individuals.

The author discusses the rationale for counselor education programs' promotion of the development of multicultural counseling competence in counselor trainees. The current status of multicultural counseling competence is discussed, and recommendations are made regarding how counselor education programs and faculty can enhance multicultural competence. An Appendix provides specific action-based recommendations.