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International audience; Increasing temperature and drought can result in leaf dehydration and defoliation even in drought-adapted tree species such as the Mediterranean evergreen Quercus ilex L. The stomatal regulation of leaf water potential plays a central role in avoiding this phenomenon and is constrained by a suite of leaf traits including hydraulic conductance and vulnerability, hydraulic capacitance, minimum conductance to water vapour, osmotic potential and cell wall elasticity. We investigated whether the plasticity in these traits may improve leaf tolerance to drought in two long-term rainfall exclusion experiments in Mediterranean forests. Osmotic adjustment was observed to lower the water potential at turgor loss in the rainfall-exclusion treatments, thus suggesting a stomatal closure at more negative water potentials and a more anisohydric behaviour in drier conditions. Conversely, leaf hydraulic conductance and vulnerability did not exhibit any plasticity between treatments so the hydraulic safety margins were narrower in the rainfall-exclusion treatments. The sequence of leaf responses to seasonal drought and dehydration was conserved among treatments and sites but trees were more likely to suffer losses of turgor and hydraulic functioning in the rainfall-exclusion treatments. We conclude that leaf plasticity might help the trees to tolerate moderate drought but not to resist severe water stress.

The FDI World Dental Federation suggests that "dentistry, as a profession, should integrate Sustainable Development Goals into daily practice and support a shift to a green economy in the pursuit of healthy lives and wellbeing for all, through all stages of life." This article reports on the recent activity of the Association for Dental Education in Europe Special Interest Group for Sustainability in Dentistry. Following on from the group's previous activities, which explored current educational practice, this work aimed to reach a pan-European consensus on a number of learning outcomes for environmental sustainability, in order to (i) support institutions in designing and delivering their curriculum, and (ii) to further harmonise the delivery of oral health professional education across Europe. This article presents specific learning outcomes relating to environmental sustainability and recommendations relating to curriculum development, including methods of teaching and assessment.

International audience; Background & aims: Secondary to tumour necrosis factor-alpha induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) mutations, A20 haploinsufficiency (HA20) is a recently described autoinflammatory disease with clinical features similar to those of Behçet's and Crohn's diseases but with a constantly expanding clinical spectrum. Here, we describe HA20 liver involvement in three new patients from the same family.Methods: We retrospectively assessed clinical, biological and/or histological findings for eight patients over three generations of the same family with heterozygous mutations in the TNFAIP3 gene (c.259C > T, p.Arg87*).Results: The eight patients exhibited the following: aphthous ulcers (8/8, bipolar in 7), autoimmune features (6/8, including 5 with definitive autoimmune disease diagnoses, ie, type I diabetes, Hashimoto thyroiditis, pernicious anaemia, and/or 5 with antinuclear antibodies ≥320), pustulosis/folliculitis (5/8), abdominal pain (4/8), arthralgia (3/8), enlarged cervical lymph nodes (3/8) and pericarditis (1/8). In addition, three patients (twin sisters and their grandmother aged 23 and 70 years, respectively) exhibited persistent mild hepatic cytolysis associated with splenomegaly (n = 3), hepatomegaly (n = 1) and/or liver atrophy (n = 1) on echography. We could not detect any other causes of chronic liver diseases. Liver biopsies from three patients displayed hepatic fibrosis, hepatocyte injury and/or CD4+ /CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration, and patterns of inflammatory cells and NLRP3 or NF-κB immunostaining differed from the predominant neutrophil infiltration observed in skin or some digestive tract biopsies.Conclusions: This study reinforces the dual involvement of innate and adaptive immunity in HA20 according to both acute and chronic injury and the organ involved and widens its clinical spectrum to include chronic hepatic involvement.

Introduction\ud \ud Virtual reality (VR) dental simulators are gaining momentum as a useful tool to educate dental students. To date, no VR dental simulator exercise has been designed which is capable of reliably providing validated, meaningful clinical feedback to dental students. This study aims to measure the concurrent validity of the assessment, and the provision of qualitative feedback, pertaining to cavity preparations by VR dental simulators.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud \ud A cavity preparation exercise was created on a VR dental simulator, and assessment criteria for cavity preparations were developed. The exercise was performed 10 times in order to demonstrate a range of performances and for each, the simulator feedback was recorded. The exercises were subsequently three‐dimensionally printed and 12 clinical teachers were asked to assess the preparations according to the same criteria. Inter‐rater reliability (IRR) between clinical teachers was measured using a free‐marginal multirater kappa value. Clinical teacher assessment responses were compared with the VR simulator responses and percentage agreements calculated.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud IRR values for each exercise ranged from 0.39‐0.77 (69.39‐88.48%). The assessment of smoothness (κfree0.58, 78.79%) and ability to follow the outline (κfree0.56, 77.88%) demonstrated highest agreement between clinical teachers, whilst the assessment of undercut (κfree0.15, 57.58%) and depth (κfree 0.28, 64.09%) had the lowest agreement. The modal percentage agreement between clinical teachers and the VR simulator was, on average, 78% across all exercises.\ud \ud \ud Conclusion\ud \ud The results of this study demonstrate that it is possible to provide reliable and clinically relevant qualitative feedback via a VR dental simulator. Further research should look to employ this technique across a broader range of exercises that help to develop other complex operative dental skills.

UMR BFP - Equipe Mollicutes; International audience; We report on the formation of surfactant-based complex catanionic coacervate droplets in mixtures of decanoic acid and cetylpyridinium chloride or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. We show that coacervation occurs over a broad range of composition, pH, and ionic strength. The catanionic coacervates consist of elongated micelles, sequester a wide range of solutes including water-soluble organic dyes, polysaccharides, proteins, enzymes, and DNA, and can be structurally stabilized by sodium alginate or gelatin-based hydrogelation. These results suggest that catanionic coacervates could be exploited as a novel surfactant-based membrane- free protocell model.

Aims In human-dominated ecosystems, the presence of a given species is the result of both the ecological suitability of the site and human impacts such as land-use choices. The influence of land-use choices on the predictions of species distribution models (SDMs) has, however, been often neglected. Here, we provide a theoretical analysis of the land-use selection bias affecting classical SDMs in the case of either presence-only or presence–absence datasets. Land-use selection bias in the predictions of SDMs is then quantified for four widespread European tree species. Location Continental France. Methods We describe a bivariate selection model (BSM) that estimates simultaneously the economics of land-use choices and species responses to bioclimatic variables. The land-use equation, based on an econometric model of landowner choices, is joined to an equation of species responses to bioclimatic variables. Results We found a significant land-use selection bias in all the species studied. The sign and the magnitude of the bias varied among species and were strongly related to the type of dataset used in the SDM calibration (presence-only or presence–absence). In addition, the BSM estimates the spatial covariance between the probability of presence and the presence of compatible land use. We found that, depending on the species, sites with high ecological suitability could present a high probability of compatible land use (positive covariance) or a low probability (negative covariance). Main conclusion We showed that the use of classical SDMs in human-dominated areas can lead to strong miss-estimations of actual species distributions and could therefore prevents sound projections of the effects of climate change. The proposed BSM represents a crucial step to account for the economic forces shaping species distribution in anthropized areas and paves the way for a direct assessment of trade-offs and opportunities that may arise in a context of global change.

Objective Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) represents a therapeutic alternative in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitides (AAV), but its efficacy has been evaluated in only 2 small prospective trials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of IVIG in patients with AAV. Methods We conducted a nationwide retrospective study of patients who received IVIG as immunomodulatory therapy for AAV. Results A total of 92 patients (mean age 51 years) presenting with either granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (68%), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss) (22%), or microscopic polyangiitis (10%) received at least 1 course of IVIG. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were present in 72% during the flare that required IVIG, as determined by immunofluorescence assay. IVIG was initiated because of relapsing disease in 83% of cases. IVIG was given for a median of 6 months (range 1–156 months) and in combination with corticosteroids in 21% of the patients or with other immunosuppressive agents in 77%. Efficacy of IVIG was assessed in the entire population and in a subset of 34 patients with unmodified background therapy. Remission rates at 6 months were 56% in the entire population and 58% in the unmodified background therapy group. Refractory disease and treatment failure at 6 months were observed in 7% and 18% in the whole population and 3% and 21% in the unmodified background therapy group, respectively. Adverse events (AEs) occurred in 33%, including serious AEs in 12% and AEs leading to discontinuation of IVIG in 7%. Conclusion This large study shows the clinical benefit of IVIG as adjunctive therapy, with an acceptable tolerance profile, and thus supports its use in AAV patients with refractory or relapsing disease.

The physiological mechanisms underlying local adaptation in natural populations of animals, and whether the same mechanisms contribute to adaptation and acclimation, are largely unknown. Therefore, we tested for evolutionary divergence in aerobic exercise physiology in laboratory bred, size-matched crosses of ancestral, benthic, normal Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and derived, limnetic, more actively swimming "dwarf" ecotypes. We acclimated fish to constant swimming (emulating limnetic foraging) and control conditions (emulating normal activity levels) to simultaneously study phenotypic plasticity. We found extensive divergence between ecotypes: dwarf fish generally had constitutively higher values of traits related to oxygen transport (ventricle size) and use by skeletal muscle (percent oxidative muscle, mitochondrial content), and also evolved differential plasticity of mitochondrial function (Complex I activity and flux through Complexes I-IV and IV). The effects of swim training were less pronounced than differences among ecotypes and the traits which had a significant training effect (ventricle protein content, ventricle malate dehydrogenase activity, and muscle Complex V activity) did not differ among ecotypes. Only one trait, ventricle mass, varied in a similar manner with acclimation and adaptation and followed a pattern consistent with genetic accommodation. Overall, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying acclimation and adaptation to swimming activity in Lake Whitefish differ.

Although dietary lipid quality markedly affects fatty acid (FA) composition of mitochondrial membranes from rainbow trout red muscle (Oncorhynchus mykiss), mitochondrial processes are relatively unchanged. As certain classes of phospholipids interact more intimately with membrane proteins than others, we examined whether specific phospholipid classes from these muscle mitochondria were more affected by dietary FA composition than others. To test this hypothesis, we fed trout with two diets differing only in their FA composition: Diet 1 had higher levels of 18:1n-9and18:2n-6thanDiet2,while22:6n-3and22:5n-6werevirtuallyabsentfromDiet1and high in Diet 2. After 5 months, trout fed Diet 2 had higher proportions of phosphatidylcholine (PC) andlessphosphatidylethanolamine(PE) inmitochondrialmembranesthanthosefedDiet 1.TheFA composition of PC, PE and cardiolipin (CL) showed clear evidence of regulated incorporation of dietary FA. For trout fed Diet 2, 22:6n-3 was the most abundant FA in PC, PE and CL. The n- 6F A were consistently higher in all phospholipid classes of trout fed Diet 1, with shorter n-6 FA being favoured in CL than in PC and PE. Despite these marked changes in individual FA levels with diet, general characteristics such as total polyunsaturated FA, total monounsaturated FA and total saturatedFAwereconservedinPEandCL,confirmingdifferentialregulationoftheFAcomposition of PC, PE and CL. The regulated changes of phospholipid classes presumably maintain critical membranecharacteristicsdespitevaryingnutritionalquality.Wepostulatethatthesechangesaim to protect mitochondrial function.J. Exp. Zool. 9999A: XX-XX, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. How to cite this article: Martin N, Kraffe E, Le Grand F, Marty Y, Bureau DP, Guderley H, 2014. Dietary fatty acid composition and the homeostatic regulation of mitochondrial phospholipid classes in red muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Exp. Zool. 9999:1-12.

Development optimists in South Asia have argued that electoral politics and the reduced role of villages as centres of economic activity have largely put an end to exploitation by dominant castes. Although the political arrangements that have emerged out of these changes fall short of the idealized standards of civil society, various commentators have argued that they nevertheless benefit subordinate classes. Partha Chatterjee even argues that the ad hoc and extra-legal nature of these political arrangements – which he terms ‘political society’ – actually serve popular enfranchisement better than the law-bound activities of civil society, which he sees as captive to capital. On the basis of village ethnography from the Pakistani Punjab, I argue that political society is in fact integral to processes that dispossess people of their rights and to the reproduction of elite power. The paper illustrates how it is not the cold rationality of the state and the rule of law that disenfranchise subordinate classes, but their absence.

Aim To assess the potential of gingival fibroblasts to attach in a predetermined linear orientation to a nano-topography of aligned fibres on titanium surfaces and determine the ability of such cells to deposit aligned collagen fibre matrix. Materials and Methods smooth glass and rough titanium substrates were coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nano-fibres. Ammonia plasma treatment was used to modify the surface chemistry. Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured on substrates and orientation and collagen deposition was assessed. Results Straight, unidirectional, parallel PTFE nano-fibres were deposited over the titanium features. By 7 days, the majority of cells were observed to orient to untreated fibres despite the presence of competing titanium surface features. On plasma-treated fibre-coated titanium substrates, cell orientation was mixed. On uncoated substrates, the majority of cells oriented to the titanium surface features. On fibre-coated glass substrates, cells oriented themselves with untreated and plasma-treated fibres and secreted collagen in the same direction after 1 week. On uncoated glass substrates, there was no preferred direction of collagen orientation. Conclusion Polytetrafluoroethylene nano-fibres induced cell and collagen orientation. Surface chemistry appeared only to affect cell behaviour at early time points. An implant surface that controls cell orientation may also influence the orientation of collagen, providing improved gingival support.

Regioselective intramolecular alkenylation of cycloalkenyl bromides offers a unique route to hexahydroindole derivatives.

Introduction: Following concerns expressed regarding recently expanded dental education, a survey was conducted on United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland clinical educators’ perceptions of their work and the educational experiences they provide in clinical restorative dentistry. Many of the challenges facing dental education are common to all countries, and it would be of interest to note if the views reported are representative of the greater European perspective. The results of this survey represent a European regional picture. Methods and Materials: This is a survey of clinical staff in restorative dentistry departments across all of the fully established UK and ROI dental schools. The survey covered factors affecting the quality of undergraduate learning in restorative dentistry and the implications of these for programme delivery. Thematic analysis was applied to qualitative responses. Results: One hundred and eighty-eight responses were received across the gamut of clinical educators’ roles and across 15 of the 16 schools. Themes identified were personal workload, teaching effectiveness, students’ clinical experiences, provision of teaching, departmental organisation and job satisfaction. Discussion: The survey findings had many parallels with other recent reports but also suggested some developments. Conclusion: The survey provided an accurate snapshot of staff views on the quality of undergraduate clinical training in restorative dentistry. Despite experiencing difficulties in many areas of their work resulting in poor morale, staff considered teaching rewarding although undervalued by others. A number of recommendations are made for the development of undergraduate teaching.

In the present article, the relationships between oxidation processes, surface strains and the microstructure of duplex stainless steels were investigated. Specimens were oxidized at 500 °C under secondary vacuum for 1 h to form a thin oxide film (thickness in the range of 20-50 nm). Such specimens were considered as the model system for developing novel methods of analysis in understanding the behavior of passive films. The interfacial strain field after oxidation was measured experimentally at the microscale using the point grid method. On the other hand, the chemical composition of the oxide film was determined at the submicroscopic scale by means of local scanning Auger spectroscopy (with a spot diameter of 50 nm). Local variations of the chemical composition of the oxide film were analyzed according to the specimen microstructure and the strain field.

Fifteen perovskite manganites Sr1-xPrxMnO3 with x = 0.1—0.6 in steps of 0.025 are prepared by solid state methods and their crystal structures are determined by synchrotron powder XRD.

Regioselective intramolecular alkenylation of cycloalkenyl bromides offers a unique route to hexahydroindole derivatives.

International audience; ScFv antibody fragments are a promising alternative to full-length antibodies for both therapeutic and diagnosis applications. They can be overexpressed in bacteria, which enables easy large scale production. Since scFv are artificial constructs, they are poorly soluble and prone to aggregation, which makes them difficult to manipulate and to refold. Here, stabilization and refolding of scFv fragments from urea-unfolded solutions are reported based on the use of micromolar amounts of polymers playing the role of artificial chaperons. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, the size and aggregation number of complexes of scFv with unmodified or hydrophobically modified poly(sodium acrylate) are determined. The evolution of the secondary structure along the refolding procedure, in the presence or absence of 0.4 m l-arginine at scFv:polymer < 1:5 (w/w), is determined by high-sensitivity synchrotron-radiation circular dichroism. Measurements reveal that refolding in the presence of polymers yields native-like secondary structure, though a different folding pathway can be followed compared to refolding in the absence of polymer. This is the first report on the use of macromolecular additives to assist refolding of a multidomain protein of therapeutic interest.

All C-H bonds are not equal: The intramolecular arylation of unactivated C(sp(3))-H bonds in the presence of a chiral Pd/binepine catalyst allows the synthesis of fused cyclopentanes efficiently and in an diastereo- and enantioselective manner (see scheme).

In the case of silylated alkynes like (V), desilylation takes place giving 2-substituted pyrroles such as (VI).

A site-specific oxidation/1,2-insertion cascade offers access to functionalized α,β-unsaturated carboxylic ester and imide derivatives as well as vinylogous amides.