1,732 results on '"NITROUS oxide"'
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2. Balancing Non‐CO2 GHG Emissions and Soil Carbon Change in U.S. Rice Paddies: A Retrospective Meta‐Analysis and Agricultural Modeling Study
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Jingting Zhang, Hanqin Tian, Yongfa You, Xin‐Zhong Liang, Zutao Ouyang, Naiqing Pan, and Shufen Pan
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rice paddies ,methane ,nitrous oxide ,soil organic carbon (SOC) ,nature climate solution ,DLEM ,Geology ,QE1-996.5 ,Geophysics. Cosmic physics ,QC801-809 - Abstract
Abstract U.S. rice paddies, critical for food security, are increasingly contributing to non‐CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions like methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Yet, the full assessment of GHG balance, considering trade‐offs between soil organic carbon (SOC) change and non‐CO2 GHG emissions, is lacking. Integrating an improved agroecosystem model with a meta‐analysis of multiple field studies, we found that U.S. rice paddies were the rapidly growing net GHG emission sources, increased 138% from 3.7 ± 1.2 Tg CO2eq yr−1 in the 1960s to 8.9 ± 2.7 Tg CO2eq yr−1 in the 2010s. CH4, as the primary contributor, accounted for 10.1 ± 2.3 Tg CO2eq yr−1 in the 2010s, alongside a notable rise in N2O emissions by 0.21 ± 0.03 Tg CO2eq yr−1. SOC change could offset 14.0% (1.45 ± 0.46 Tg CO2eq yr−1) of the climate‐warming effects of soil non‐CO2 GHG emissions in the 2010s. This escalation in net GHG emissions is linked to intensified land use, increased atmospheric CO2, higher synthetic nitrogen fertilizer and manure application, and climate change. However, no/reduced tillage and non‐continuous irrigation could reduce net soil GHG emissions by approximately 10% and non‐CO2 GHG emissions by about 39%, respectively. Despite the rise in net GHG emissions, the cost of achieving higher rice yields has decreased over time, with an average of 0.84 ± 0.18 kg CO2eq ha−1 emitted per kilogram of rice produced in the 2010s. The study suggests the potential for significant GHG emission reductions to achieve climate‐friendly rice production in the U.S. through optimizing the ratio of synthetic N to manure fertilizer, reducing tillage, and implementing intermittent irrigation.
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- 2024
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3. Inland Waters can Act as Nitrous Oxide Sinks: Observation and Modeling Reveal that Nitrous Oxide Undersaturation May Partially Offset Emissions
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K. S. Aho, T. Maavara, K. M. Cawley, and P. A. Raymond
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nitrous oxide ,inland waters ,streams ,rivers ,lakes ,greenhouse gas ,Geophysics. Cosmic physics ,QC801-809 - Abstract
Abstract Inland waters are significant, yet highly uncertain, natural sources of nitrous oxide (N2O). Many emission models assume that N2O is only emitted from freshwaters, and that N2O sink behavior is negligible. However, observational studies have reported N2O undersaturation, suggesting that inland waters can act as N2O sinks due to net N2O consumption. This study leverages data from the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) and an existing global emission model to examine the prevalence of and controls on N2O undersaturation in streams, rivers, and lakes across scales and biomes. We find that N2O undersaturation is prevalent in the NEON data set (14%–30% of samples) and process‐based model outputs (38%), occurring across biomes and spatial scales. Failing to account for undersaturation in the NEON data set could result in an 100% overestimation of N2O emissions. These results show that consideration of N2O sink behavior is needed for accurate emission estimates.
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- 2023
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4. Impacts of monoculture cropland to alley cropping agroforestry conversion on soil N2O emissions
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Guodong Shao, Guntars O. Martinson, Marife D. Corre, Jie Luo, Dan Niu, Xenia Bischel, and Edzo Veldkamp
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alley cropping ,crop type ,cropland agroforestry ,cropland monoculture ,nitrogen fertilization ,nitrous oxide ,Renewable energy sources ,TJ807-830 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Abstract Monoculture croplands are a major source of global anthropogenic emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to ozone depletion. Agroforestry has the potential to reduce N2O emissions. Presently, there is no systematic comparison of soil N2O emissions between cropland agroforestry and monoculture systems in Central Europe. We investigated the effects of converting the monoculture cropland system into the alley cropping agroforestry system on soil N2O fluxes at three sites (each site has paired agroforestry and monoculture) in Germany, where agroforestry combined crop rows and poplar short‐rotation coppice (SRC). We measured soil N2O fluxes monthly over 2 years (March 2018–January 2020) using static vented chambers. Annual soil N2O emissions from agroforestry ranged from 0.21 to 2.73 kg N ha−1 year−1, whereas monoculture N2O emissions ranged from 0.34 to 3.00 kg N ha−1 year−1. During the rotation of corn crop, with high fertilization rates, agroforestry reduced soil N2O emissions by 9% to 56% compared to monocultures. This was mainly caused by low soil N2O emissions from the unfertilized agroforestry tree rows. Soil N2O fluxes were predominantly controlled by soil mineral N in both agroforestry and monoculture systems. Our findings suggest that optimized fertilizer input will further enhance the potential of agroforestry for mitigating N2O emissions.
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- 2023
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5. High Intra‐Seasonal Variability in Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Temperate Constructed Ponds
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Nicholas E. Ray and Meredith A. Holgerson
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pond ,methane ,carbon dioxide ,nitrous oxide ,ebullition ,diffusive flux ,Geophysics. Cosmic physics ,QC801-809 - Abstract
Abstract Inland waters play a major role in global greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets. The smallest of these systems (i.e., ponds) have a particularly large—but poorly constrained—emissions footprint at the global scale. Much of this uncertainty is due to a poor understanding of temporal variability in emissions. Here, we conducted high‐resolution temporal sampling to quantify GHG exchange between four temperate constructed ponds and the atmosphere on an annual basis. We show these ponds are a net source of GHGs to the atmosphere (564.4 g CO2‐eq m−2 yr−1), driven by highly temporally variable diffusive methane (CH4) emissions. Diffusive CH4 release to the atmosphere was twice as high during periods when the ponds had a stratified water column than when it was mixed. Ebullitive CH4 release was also higher during stratification. Building ponds to favor mixed conditions thus presents an opportunity to minimize the global GHG footprint of future pond construction.
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- 2023
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6. Recreational nitrous oxide‐induced injury to the soft palate
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Antonia C. Rowson, Matthew X. Yii, Hannah B. Tan, and Jessica Prasad
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inhalant injury ,nitrous oxide ,oropharyngeal frostbite ,volatile substance abuse ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Key Clinical Message Frostbite arising from nitrous oxide (N2O) inhalation is rare. As such, there is no consensus on best treatment for these injuries. In all published reports, judicious use of corticosteroids and antibiotics has resulted in positive clinical outcomes; we endorse these agents in our case of a young man with oropharyngeal burns.
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- 2023
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7. Acute pancreatitis after nitrous oxide abuse: A case report
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Shanshan Chen, Linjie Guo, and Yufang Wang
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abdominal pain ,acute pancreatitis ,nitrous oxide ,Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology ,RC799-869 - Abstract
Abstract The recreational use of nitrous oxide (N2O) is sharply increasing among young adults. N2O abuse can cause serious complications. However, the association between acute pancreatitis and N2O is rarely reported. Here we report a case of a young and previously healthy female with widespread cutaneous lesions, neurologic symptoms, and abdominal pain. Acute pancreatitis was the patient's primary diagnosis when she was admitted to the gastroenterology unit. We added the diagnosis of N2O intoxication after an additional inquiry into the patient's personal history revealed that she had abused N2O for 1 month. With the application of mecobalamin and other symptomatic treatments, the symptoms and laboratory indexes improved gradually. In this case, we highlight that acute pancreatitis may be a rare complication induced by N2O.
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- 2023
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8. Effect of straw incorporation and nitrification inhibitor on nitrous oxide emission in three cropland soils
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Ya‐Bo Zhang, Feng Liu, Jun‐Tao Wang, Hang‐Wei Hu, Ji‐Zheng He, and Li‐Mei Zhang
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denitrification ,denitrifiers ,nitrification inhibitor ,nitrous oxide ,straw incorporation ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Abstract Introduction Nitrification inhibitors and straw incorporation are used to reduce microbial mediated nitrogen (N) losses, thereby increasing N use efficiency (NUE) in cropland soil, but their effects on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission across different soil types and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain less understood. Materials and Methods In this study, we investigated how nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin and straw incorporation affected soil N balance, N2O emission, nitrifiers and denitrifiers in three cropland soils (black, fluvo‐aquic and red soils). Results Compared with fertilization‐only treatment (N), nitrapyrin addition increased ammonium, while it decreased nitrate concentration in all soils; however, the performance of straw incorporation was less significant. Nitrapyrin decreased N2O emission only in the fluvo‐aquic soil, while straw incorporation strongly increased N2O emission in the red soil. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that the denitrifier community was distinct across the three soils, but not strongly structured by nitrapyrin or straw incorporation. Compared with the N treatment, straw incorporation and nitrapyrin increased nosZ gene abundance only in the black soil. Structural equational modelling further confirmed that, after accounting for different soil properties, straw incorporation significantly increased N2O emission from black and red soils, and a decrease in nosZ gene abundance was the main biological factor for increased N2O emission in red soil. Conclusion Taken together, our work provides new knowledge that the performance of nitrification inhibitor and straw incorporation on N2O emission is soil type‐dependent, and management practices should be used as per soil type to balance NUE and N2O emission.
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- 2022
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9. Severe length‐dependent peripheral polyneuropathy in a patient with subacute combined spinal cord degeneration secondary to recreational nitrous oxide abuse: A case report and literature review
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Ventzislav Bonev, Mark Wyatt, Matthew J. Barton, and Michael A. Leitch
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myelopathy ,nanging ,nitrous oxide ,polyneuropathy ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Nitrous oxide abuse can have detrimental effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems. This case study report aims to demonstrate a combination of severe generalized sensorimotor polyneuropathy and cervical myelopathy related to vitamin B12 deficiency following nitrous oxide abuse. We present a clinical case study and literature review examining primary research—published between 2012 and 2022—reporting nitrous oxide abuse affecting the spinal cord (myelopathy) and peripheral nerves (polyneuropathy); 35 articles were included in the review with a total of 96 patients, where the mean “patients” age was 23.9 years and were in a 2:1 male/female ratio. Of the 96 cases, within the review, 56% of patients were diagnosed with polyneuropathy, most commonly impacting the nerves of the lower limb (62%), while 70% of patients were diagnosed with myelopathy, most commonly impacting the cervical region (78%) on the spinal cord. In our clinical case study, a 28‐year‐old male underwent a multitude of diagnostic investigations for bilateral “foot drop” and sense of lower limb stiffness as ongoing complications of a vitamin B12 deficiency secondary to recreational nitrous oxide abuse. Both the literature review and our case report emphasize the dangers of recreational nitrous oxide inhalation, colloquially termed “nanging” and the risks it presents to both the central and peripheral nervous systems, which is erroneously considered by many recreational drug users to be less harmful than other illicit substances.
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- 2023
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10. A grass–legume cover crop maintains nitrogen inputs and nitrous oxide fluxes from an organic agroecosystem
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Alison Bressler and Jennifer Blesh
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biological nitrogen fixation ,cover crops ,functional traits ,legume–grass mixture ,nitrogen mass balance ,nitrous oxide ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Abstract Legume cover crops are central to an ecological nutrient management approach that can reduce nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture. Diversifying cropping systems with a legume–grass cover crop mixture could further reduce N losses by increasing soil N assimilation and synchronizing N mineralization with N uptake by the following crop. We established four winter cover crop treatments (crimson clover, cereal rye, clover–rye mixture, and weedy fallow control) in an organic grain agroecosystem that had been managed for 30 years with a legume cover crop as the only external N source. We hypothesized that the legume–grass mixture would provide similar inputs of biologically fixed N2 compared with the sole legume, while reducing N2O emissions during decomposition following tillage. We measured cover crop aboveground biomass C:N and clover N2 fixation, soil inorganic N and N2O fluxes throughout the corn growing season following cover crop tillage, and corn N assimilation at harvest. Even with a reduced clover seeding rate in mixture, the clover and mixture treatments had similar fixed N inputs, litter N and C:N, and no differences in cumulative N2O emissions. During the first peak flux, N2O emissions were 2–5 times higher in clover and mixture relative to rye and fallow, with no differences between clover and mixture. There were no treatment differences at the second N2O peak, which followed the first major rain event. We contextualized these findings by calculating a 6‐year partial N mass balance for this agroecosystem, which was slightly negative (−6.8 ± 0.8 kg N ha−1 year−1) when accounting for historical mean annual N2O emissions and nitrate leaching. Overall, N inputs and harvested N exports were approximately in balance for this legume‐based crop rotation, suggesting that the legacy of ecological nutrient management has promoted efficient N cycling. However, results from our field experiment indicate that short‐term N2O flux rates following cover crop incorporation can be high even for a legume–grass mixture. Additional strategies to reduce soil disturbance are therefore needed to further tighten N cycling in organic grain agroecosystems.
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- 2023
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11. Recreational nitrous oxide induced subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord: A case report
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Kaitlyn Simpson and Amit Mukherji
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neuropathy ,nitrous oxide ,subacute combined degeneration ,vitamin B12 deficiency ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Nitrous oxide is a gas frequently used in the medical/dental field for anesthesia and analgesic purposes and in the food industry as a spray propellant or foaming agent. Overexposure can lead to subacute combined degeneration (SACD) of the spinal cord through the mechanism of vitamin B12 deficiency. Because this drug is easily accessible, relatively inexpensive, and legal to possess, it has potential to be abused for recreational purposes. The number of published cases of nitrous oxide abuse has been increasing since 2010. Large‐scale and long‐term use of nitrous oxide have been found to cause nerve damage from vitamin B12 deficiency, thromboembolic phenomenon from elevated homocysteine levels, and even death from hypoxia. A 44‐year‐old male patient with past medical history of recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes, on Metformin, presented for 1 month of worsening bilateral upper and lower extremity weakness. On initial physical examination, he demonstrated pertinent abnormal findings of 2/5 hand strength bilaterally, 4/5 strength in his left upper extremity and right lower extremity, impaired coordination, ataxic gait, rigidity, and decreased but symmetrical reflexes. He reported using 50–100 canisters of nitrous oxide per day to obtain a feeling of relaxation and euphoria. Blood work revealed vitamin B12 deficiency, and abnormalities were seen on MRI. He was treated with 1000 μg of intramuscular vitamin B12 every other day for 3 doses, followed by 500 μg oral cyanocobalamin daily. He demonstrated a great amount of improvement in his neuropathy during his stay. However, he was still dependent in basic transfers, activities of daily living, and mobility and was discharged to acute rehabilitation. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to subacute combined degeneration, which presents with sensory deficits, weakness, ataxia, spasticity, and gait abnormalities. Treatment for SACD should be aggressive and rapid to prevent irreversible neurological deficits. Amid an opioid epidemic, practitioners can easily overlook the use of nitrous oxide and patients may consider this drug to be relatively harmless. This case demonstrates the importance of thorough history taking, patient education, and early recognition and treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency and the deleterious effects that may result without intervention.
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- 2023
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12. Factors affecting the topography of nitrous oxide-induced neurological complications.
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Cruz ES, Fortanier E, Hilezian F, Maarouf A, Boutière C, Demortière S, Rico A, Delmont E, Pelletier J, Attarian S, and Audoin B
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- Humans, Male, Female, Middle Aged, Aged, Prospective Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neural Conduction drug effects, Neural Conduction physiology, Adult, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases chemically induced, Nitrous Oxide adverse effects, Spinal Cord Diseases chemically induced, Spinal Cord Diseases diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
Background: The factors underlying the topography of nitrous oxide (N
2 O)-induced neurological complications are unknown., Methods: We included all consecutive patients admitted to the university hospital of Marseille for N2 O-induced neurological complications in a prospective observational study. Patients underwent neurological examination, spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging, and nerve conduction studies within the first 4 weeks after admission., Results: In total, 61 patients were included: 45% with myeloneuropathy, 34% with isolated myelopathy, and 21% with isolated neuropathy. On multivariable analysis, the odds of myelopathy were associated with the amount of weekly N2 O consumption (~600 g cylinder per week, odds ratio [OR] = 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.001-1.24). The extent of the myelopathy (number of vertebral segments) was correlated with the number of ~600-g cylinders consumed weekly (ρ = 0.40, p < 0.005). The odds of neuropathy were associated with the duration of consumption (per month; OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.05-1.58). Mean lower-limb motor nerve amplitude was correlated with the duration of consumption (in months; ρ = -0.34, p < 0.05)., Conclusions: The odds of myelopathy increased with the amount of N2 O consumption, and the odds of neuropathy increased with the duration of N2 O exposure, which suggests distinct pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these two neurological complications., (© 2024 The Authors. European Journal of Neurology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Academy of Neurology.)- Published
- 2024
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13. Combination of nitrous oxide and the modified inflation‐deflation method for identifying the intersegmental plane in segmentectomy: A randomized controlled trial
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Wenjing Yang, Zicheng Liu, Chun Yang, Shijiang Liu, Minna Guo, Wei Wen, Jun Wang, Cunming Liu, and Quan Zhu
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intersegmental plane ,lung segmentectomy ,nitrous oxide ,Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,RC254-282 - Abstract
Abstract Background During thoracoscopic segmentectomy, accurately and rapidly identifying the intersegmental plane (ISP) is of great importance. This study aimed to investigate the effect and safety of a nitrous oxide (N2O)/oxygen (O2) inspired mixture on the appearance time of the ISP (TISP) via the modified inflation‐deflation method. Methods A total of 65 participants who underwent segmentectomy were randomized into three groups: 75% N2O (n = 24), 50% N2O (n = 23) or 0% N2O (n = 18). The 75% N2O group received a gas mixture of N2O/O2 (Fio2 = 0.25), the 50% N2O group received N2O/O2 (Fio2 = 0.5), and the 0% N2O group received 100% oxygen during lung expansion. The appearance time of satisfactory and ideal planes was recorded. Furthermore, arterial blood gas at breathing room air, one‐lung ventilation (OLV) before lung expansion, 5 and 15 min after lung expansion were also recorded. Results TISP was significantly shorter in the 75% N2O group (320.2 ± 65.9 s) compared with that of the 50% N2O group (552.4 ± 88.9 s, p
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- 2021
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14. Analysis of clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in 110 patients with nitrous oxide abuse
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Miao Yu, Yue Qiao, Weishuai Li, Xiuying Fang, Han Gao, Dongming Zheng, and Ying Ma
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clinical characteristics ,nitrous oxide ,outcomes ,peripheral neuropathy ,vitamin B12 deficiency ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Abstract Purpose To review the clinical symptoms, auxiliary examination findings, and outcomes of patients with nitrous oxide (N2O) abuse, and analyze the factors that affect outcomes. Methods Patients with N2O abuse treated in the Department of Neurology between January 2018 and December 2020 were included. The clinical data of these patients were collected, and follow‐up was conducted to determine the outcomes. Results The average age of the 110 patients with N2O abuse was 21.4 ± 4.2 years (range: 14–33 years). Clinical presentation primarily included neurological symptoms, such as limb numbness and/or weakness (97%), psychiatric symptoms, changes in appetite, and skin hyperpigmentation. Laboratory test results were characterized by vitamin B12 deficiency (60%, 34 out of 57 cases) and high homocysteine level (69%, 31 out of 45 cases). Electromyography indicated mixed axonal and demyelination injury (92%, 80 out of 87 cases). Motor and sensory nerves were simultaneously involved, and injury primarily involved the lower limbs. One hundred and seven (97%) patients were clinically diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, of whom 26 (24%) exhibited spinal abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging, supporting a diagnosis of subacute combined degeneration. Treatment included N2O withdrawal and vitamin B12 supplementation. Reexamination of six patients indicated that treatment was effective. Follow‐up was completed for 51 patients. Thirty‐four patients (67%) recovered completely, 17 patients (33%) had residual limb numbness, and only one patient experienced relapse. Sex was an independent prognostic factor; the outcomes of female patients were better than that of male patients. Conclusion The recreational use of N2O has largely expanded among youth in recent decades, which has become a growing public health concern in China. It highlights the importance of the recognition of various clinical symptoms, particularly limb numbness and/or weakness related to the cases of N2O abuse. The therapeutic administration of vitamin B12 supplementation and N2O withdrawal can make the overall prognosis good, especially for female patients.
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- 2022
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15. Legacy effects override soil properties for CO2 and N2O but not CH4 emissions following digestate application to soil
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Maria Chiara Rosace, Fabio Veronesi, Stephen Briggs, Laura M. Cardenas, and Simon Jeffery
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carbon dioxide ,digestate ,legacy effects ,methane ,nitrous oxide ,soil gas flux ,Renewable energy sources ,TJ807-830 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Abstract The application of organic materials to soil can recycle nutrients and increase organic matter in agricultural lands. Digestate can be used as a nutrient source for crop production but it has also been shown to stimulate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from amended soils. While edaphic factors, such as soil texture and pH, have been shown to be strong determinants of soil GHG fluxes, the impact of the legacy of previous management practices is less well understood. Here we aim to investigate the impact of such legacy effects and to contrast them against soil properties to identify the key determinants of soil GHG fluxes following digestate application. Soil from an already established field experiment was used to set up a pot experiment, to evaluate N2O, CH4 and CO2 fluxes from cattle‐slurry‐digestate amended soils. The soil had been treated with farmyard manure, green manure or synthetic N‐fertilizer, 18 months before the pot experiment was set up. Following homogenization and a preincubation stage, digestate was added at a concentration of 250 kg total N/ha eq. Soil GHG fluxes were then sampled over a 64 day period. The digestate stimulated emissions of the three GHGs compared to controls. The legacy of previous soil management was found to be a key determinant of CO2 and N2O flux while edaphic variables did not have a significant effect across the range of variables included in this experiment. Conversely, edaphic variables, in particular texture, were the main determinant of CH4 flux from soil following digestate application. Results demonstrate that edaphic factors and current soil management regime alone are not effective predictors of soil GHG flux response following digestate application. Knowledge of the site management in terms of organic amendments is required to make robust predictions of the likely soil GHG flux response following digestate application to soil.
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- 2020
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16. Effects of silicate application on CH4 and N2O emissions and global warming potentials in paddy soil under enhanced UV‐B radiation
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Yunsheng Lou, Lixuan Ren, Sidi Zhao, Yifan Shi, Yiwei Zhang, and Huaiwei Zhu
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methane ,nitrous oxide ,rice ,silicate application ,UV‐B radiation ,Technology ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Enhanced ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation is induced by the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Silicate is beneficial to rice growth and can increase the resistance of rice plant to UV‐B radiation, but so far few reports have been available on whether silicate application can reduce CH4 and N2O emissions from paddy soils under enhanced UV‐B radiation. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of silicate application on CH4 and N2O emissions and global warming potentials (GWPs) under enhanced UV‐B radiation in a paddy soil. The experiment with rice was designed with two UV‐B radiation levels, that is, ambient UV‐B (A, ambient) and enhanced UV‐B radiation (E, enhanced by 20%); and two silicate application levels, that is, control (Si0, 0 kg SiO2·ha−1) and silicate application (Si1, 200 kg SiO2·ha−1). CH4 and N2O fluxes were determined by closed chamber method at one‐week interval during rice growth period. The results show that, compared with ambient UV‐B radiation, enhanced UV‐B radiation clearly decreased the dry matter weights of shoot, root, and whole plant by 13.12%, 53.31%, and 25.85%, respectively, in the treatment without silicate application, and by 1.47%, 34.49%, and 11.12%, respectively, in the treatment with silicate application. Enhanced UV‐B radiation significantly increased the flux and cumulative emission of N2O and stimulated the GWPs of CH4 and N2O. Silicate application significantly reduced flux and cumulative emission of CH4, promoted the flux and cumulative emission of N2O, and reduced the GWPs of CH4 and N2O. This study suggests that silicate application can reduce the contribution of enhanced UV‐B radiation to global warming potentials.
- Published
- 2019
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17. Nitrous oxide‐related neurological disorders: Clinical, laboratory, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological findings
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Jiwei Jiang, Xiuli Shang, Xiaoting Wang, Hanze Chen, Wenyi Li, Yanli Wang, and Jun Xu
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homocysteine ,magnetic resonance imaging ,nitrous oxide ,subacute combined degeneration ,vitamin B12 deficiency ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Abstract Background Recreational N2O abuse is an important etiology of neurological impairment in young patients, which may easily be ignored clinically. Few current studies have investigated the characteristics or the effects experienced by its users. We aimed to explore any correlation between the clinical severity and biomarkers and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities, identify independent factors associated with spinal MRI abnormalities, and ascertain factors affecting depression/anxiety in patients with N2O‐related neurological disorders. Methods Patients with N2O‐related neurological disorders were enrolled retrospectively between February 2017 and July 2020. Their demographic, clinical, laboratory, neuroimaging, electrophysiological, and neuropsychological findings were analyzed. Correlation analyses were conducted using Spearman's or Pearson's correlation and linear regression analysis. Independent factors associated with spinal MRI abnormalities were identified using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results The principal clinical manifestations of N2O‐related neurological disorders (n = 63; 38 men, 25 women; mean age ± SD: 22.60 ± 4.46 years) were sensory disturbance, followed by gait disturbance and pyramidal tract damage. A significant negative correlation existed between serum vitamin B12 levels and clinical severity (r = −0.309, p = .014), which disappeared after linear regression. An interval of less than 6 months between initial N2O abuse and hospitalization was independently associated with spinal MRI abnormalities (39.47% vs. 72.00%, respectively; χ2 = 6.40, p = .01). Thirty‐eight (60.32%) and 40 (63.49%) patients experienced anxiety and depression, respectively. Moreover, the higher the clinical scores/serum homocysteine levels, the greater the severity of anxiety/depression (r = 0.442, p
- Published
- 2021
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18. Clinical epidemiological characteristics of nitrous oxide abusers: A single‐center experience in a hospital in China
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Yueyue Li, Jing Dong, Ran Xu, Fanfan Feng, Weihao Kan, Hongmei Ding, Xiaolong Wang, Yujie Chen, Xin Wang, Shiguang Zhu, and Ruiguo Dong
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epidemiology ,neuropathy ,nitrous oxide ,public health ,subacute combined degeneration ,vitamin B12 ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Abstract Purpose This study investigated the clinical epidemiological characteristics of nitrous oxide (N2O) abusers in a hospital in China, which have not been systematically reported. Methods The characteristics of patients abusing N2O who were examined and treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from January 2017 to December 2020 were analyzed. Results A total of 61 patients (average age: 21.7 ± 3.2 years; 42 male and 19 female) were enrolled; 60.7% of the patients had an education level of high school or lower, and most (59.0%) had no stable occupation. The mean exposure time was 8.5 ± 7.7 months (range: 1–36 months). Only 52.5% of the abusers reported the physician of the relevant exposure history at the first time of visiting the doctor. The main clinical type was mixed (49.2%). The most common clinical manifestation was distal limb numbness (80.3%). The most frequent outcome was peripheral neuropathy (59%) and subacute combined degeneration (36%). Serum homocysteine level was elevated in 67.5% (27/40) of the patients, while 44.4% (20/45) showed reduced vitamin B12. Note that 61% (22/36) showed abnormal signals in the posterior or lateral funiculus of the spinal cord, and 97% (31/32) of the patients showed peripheral nerve damage by electromyography. In all cases, symptoms were alleviated after halting N2O intake and receiving nutritional neurotherapy. Conclusions N2O abuse can lead to nervous system damage, especially peripheral nerve and spinal cord damage. A full understanding of its clinical epidemiological characteristics is helpful for clinicians to make a timely and clear diagnosis.
- Published
- 2021
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19. Longitudinal follow-up and prognostic factors in nitrous oxide-induced neuropathy.
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Fortanier E, Delmont E, Corazza G, Kouton L, Micallef J, and Attarian S
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- Humans, Male, Female, Adult, Young Adult, Retrospective Studies, Prognosis, Longitudinal Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Adolescent, Neural Conduction physiology, Neural Conduction drug effects, Nitrous Oxide adverse effects, Nitrous Oxide administration & dosage, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases chemically induced, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases physiopathology, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases diagnosis
- Abstract
Background and Aim: Recreational use of nitrous oxide (N
2 O) has been associated with the development of severe nitrous oxide-induced neuropathy (N2 On). Follow-up of these patients poses challenges, and their clinical progression remains largely unknown. The identification of prognostic factors is made difficult by the lack of standardized longitudinal assessments in most studies. The objective was to document the course of neuropathy through systematic follow-up assessments in N2 On patients to identify prognostic factors for persistent disability after 6 months., Methods: We gathered demographic, clinical, biological, and electrophysiological data from N2 On patients hospitalized in the Referral center in Marseille, both at baseline and during a standardized follow-up assessment at 6 months., Results: We retrospectively included 26 N2 On patients (mean age 22.6 ± 4.4). Significant improvements were observed in all main clinical scores including Rankin, ONLS, and MRC testing (p < .01). Electrophysiological studies (EDX) revealed a predominantly motor neuropathy with marked reduction in CMAP in the lower limbs at baseline, and no significant improvement in motor parameters (p = .543). Rankin score at 6 months correlated with the initial weekly N2 O consumption (r = .43, p = .03) and the CMAP sum score in the lower limbs at the first EDX (r = -.47, p = .02). Patients with and without myelitis showed similar Rankin and ONLS score after 6 months., Interpretation: The clinical course generally improved favorably at 6 months with notable amelioration in the primary disability scores, sensory deficits, and ataxia. However, distal motor impairment associated with peripheral neuropathy persisted, with distal axonal loss emerging as the main prognostic factor for long-term disability in these young patients., (© 2024 Peripheral Nerve Society.)- Published
- 2024
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20. Nitrous Oxide Use for Pain in Labor, Conversion to Neuraxial Anesthesia and Birth Outcome.
- Author
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DeJoy S, Killeen C, Jackson-Köhlin D, Psaltis A, and Knee A
- Abstract
Introduction: A variety of labor pain management options is essential to patients and their care providers. Inhaled, patient controlled nitrous oxide (N
2 O) is a valuable addition to these options. The purpose of this study was to examine laboring patient, newborn, and provider characteristics associated with N2 O use for pain relief in labor and to examine the association between N2 O, conversion to neuraxial analgesia, and cesarean birth., Methods: This was a retrospective observational cohort study of the first year of N2 O use in one large academic medical center. Patients at least 37 weeks' gestation who were admitted for labor with intended vaginal birth from August 1, 2018, to June 30, 2019, were included (N = 2605). Laboring patient and newborn factors and their relationship to N2 O use were calculated as unadjusted and adjusted relative risks (RRs). Poisson regression was used to model the association between N2 O use and subsequent use of neuraxial analgesia and type of birth for both nulliparous and multiparous patients., Results: Overall, 20.2% of patients used N2 O during labor. Multiparous patients were 24% less likely to use N2 O than nulliparous patients (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.69-0.84). Use of N2 O did not differ significantly between patients cared for by midwives compared with patients cared for by physicians (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90-1.00). In multivariable modeling, N2 O use in multiparous patients was associated with a 17% decrease in use of neuraxial analgesia (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73-0.94). There was no association between N2 O use and use of neuraxial analgesia in nulliparous patients (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.93-1.06). N2 O use was not associated with cesarean birth in either group., Discussion: N2 O is an important pain management option for laboring patients and those who care for them. Study results may assist midwives, physicians, and nurses in counseling patients about analgesia options., (© 2024 by the American College of Nurse‐Midwives.)- Published
- 2024
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21. Soil greenhouse gas emissions from inorganic fertilizers and recycled oil palm waste products from Indonesian oil palm plantations
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Niharika Rahman, Thilde Bech Bruun, Ken E. Giller, Jakob Magid, Gerrie W. J. van deVen, and Andreas deNeergaard
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methane ,nitrogen fertilizer ,nitrous oxide ,nutrient management ,organic amendment ,plant residue ,Renewable energy sources ,TJ807-830 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Abstract A continuous rise in the global demand for palm oil has resulted in the large‐scale expansion of oil palm plantations and generated environmental controversy. Efforts to increase the sustainability of oil palm cultivation include the recycling of oil mill and pruning residues in the field, but this may increase soil methane (CH4) emissions. This study reports the results of yearlong field‐based measurements of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and CH4 emissions from commercial plantations in North Sumatra, Indonesia. One experiment investigated the effects of soil‐water saturation on N2O and CH4 emissions from inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments by simulating 25 mm rainfall per day for 21 days. Three additional experiments focused on emissions from (a) inorganic fertilizer (urea), (b) combination of enriched mulch with urea and (c) organic amendments (empty fruit bunches, enriched mulch and pruned oil palm fronds) applied in different doses and spatial layouts (placed in inter‐row zones, piles, patches or bands) for a full year. The higher dose of urea led to a significantly higher N2O emissions with the emission factors ranging from 2.4% to 2.7% in the long‐term experiment, which is considerably higher than the IPCC standard of 1%. Organic amendments were a significant source of both N2O and CH4 emissions, but N2O emissions from organic amendments were 66%–86% lower than those from inorganic fertilizers. Organic amendments applied in piles emitted 63% and 71% more N2O and CH4, respectively, than when spread out. With twice the dose of organic amendments, cumulative emissions were up to three times greater. The (simulated) rainwater experiment showed that the increase in precipitation led to a significant increase in N2O emissions significantly, suggesting that the time of fertilization is a critical management option for reducing emissions. The results from this study could therefore help guide residue and nutrient management practices to reduce emissions while ensuring better nutrient recycling for sustainable oil palm production systems.
- Published
- 2019
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22. Environmental factors function as constraints on soil nitrous oxide fluxes in bioenergy feedstock cropping systems
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David S. Duncan, Lawrence G. Oates, Ilya Gelfand, Neville Millar, G. Philip Robertson, and Randall D. Jackson
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bioenergy ,biogeochemical cycling ,cropping systems ,greenhouse gas ,hot moments ,nitrous oxide ,Renewable energy sources ,TJ807-830 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Abstract Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and major component of the net global warming potential of bioenergy feedstock cropping systems. Numerous environmental factors influence soil N2O production, making direct correlation difficult to any one factor of N2O fluxes under field conditions. We instead employed quantile regression to evaluate whether soil temperature, water‐filled pore space (WFPS), and concentrations of soil nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) determined upper bounds for soil N2O flux magnitudes. We collected data over 6 years from a range of bioenergy feedstock cropping systems including no‐till grain crops, perennial warm‐season grasses, hybrid poplar, and polycultures of tallgrass prairie species each with and without nitrogen (N) addition grown at two sites. The upper bounds for soil N2O fluxes had a significant and positive correlation with all four environmental factors, although relatively large fluxes were still possible at minimal values for nearly all factors. The correlation with NH4+ was generally weaker, suggesting it is less important than NO3− in driving large fluxes. Quantile regression slopes were generally lower for unfertilized perennials than for other systems, but this may have resulted from a perpetual state of nitrogen limitation, which prevented other factors from being clear constraints. This framework suggests efforts to reduce concentrations of NO3− in the soil may be effective at reducing high‐intensity periods—”hot moments”—of N2O production.
- Published
- 2019
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23. Urbanization can accelerate climate change by increasing soil <scp> N 2 O </scp> emission while reducing <scp> CH 4 </scp> uptake
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Yang Zhan, Zhisheng Yao, Peter M. Groffman, Junfei Xie, Yan Wang, Guangtao Li, Xunhua Zheng, and Klaus Butterbach‐Bahl
- Subjects
emission factor ,Global and Planetary Change ,nitrous oxide ,Ecology ,methane ,Climate Change ,Urbanization ,greenspace ,Methane/analysis ,Forests ,lawn ,Carbon Dioxide/analysis ,Environmental Chemistry ,Nitrous Oxide/analysis ,urban forest ,Ecosystem ,Soil/chemistry ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Urban land-use change has the potential to affect local to global biogeochemical carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. We conducted a meta-analysis to (1) assess the effects of urbanization-induced land-use conversion on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes, (2) quantify direct N2O emission factors (EFd) of fertilized urban soils used, for example, as lawns or forests, and (3) identify the key drivers leading to flux changes associated with urbanization. On average, urbanization increases soil N2O emissions by 153%, to 3.0 kg N ha−1 year−1, while rates of soil CH4 uptake are reduced by 50%, to 2.0 kg C ha−1 year−1. The global mean annual N2O EFd of fertilized lawns and urban forests is 1.4%, suggesting that urban soils can be regional hotspots of N2O emissions. On a global basis, conversion of land to urban greenspaces has increased soil N2O emission by 0.46 Tg N2O-N year−1 and decreased soil CH4 uptake by 0.58 Tg CH4-C year−1. Urbanization driven changes in soil N2O emission and CH4 uptake are associated with changes in soil properties (bulk density, pH, total N content, and C/N ratio), increased temperature, and management practices, especially fertilizer use. Overall, our meta-analysis shows that urbanization increases soil N2O emissions and reduces the role of soils as a sink for atmospheric CH4. These effects can be mitigated by avoiding soil compaction, reducing fertilization of lawns, and by restoring native ecosystems in urban landscapes.
- Published
- 2023
24. Nitrous oxide improves cardiovascular, respiratory, and thermal stability during prolonged isoflurane anesthesia in juvenile guinea pigs
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Ryan P. Sixtus, Clint Gray, Mary J. Berry, and Rebecca M. Dyson
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cardiorespiratory stability ,guinea pig ,isoflurane ,nitrous oxide ,noninvasive monitoring ,thermoregulation ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
Abstract Anesthesia is frequently used to facilitate physiological monitoring during interventional animal studies. However, its use may induce cardiovascular (central and peripheral), respiratory, and thermoregulatory depression, confounding results in anesthetized animals. Despite the wide utility of guinea pigs as a translational platform, anesthetic protocols remain unstandardized for extended physiological studies in this species. Therefore, optimizing an anesthetic protocol that balances stable anesthesia with intact cardiorespiratory and metabolic function is crucial. To achieve this, 12 age and sex‐matched juvenile Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs underwent extended anesthesia (≤150 min) with either (a) isoflurane (ISO: 1.5%), or (b) isoflurane + N2O (ISO+ N2O: 0.8% +70%), in this randomized cross‐over designed study. Cardiovascular (HR, SBP, peripheral microvascular blood flow), respiratory (respiratory rate, SpO2), and thermal (Tre and Tsk) measures were recorded continuously throughout anesthesia. Blood gas measures pre‐ and post‐ anesthesia were performed. Incorporation of 70% N2O allowed for significant reductions in isoflurane (to 0.8%) while maintaining an effective anesthetic depth for prolonged noninvasive physiological examination in guinea pigs. ISO+N2O maintained heart rate, peripheral blood flow, respiratory rate, and thermoregulatory function at levels closest to those of conscious animals, especially in females; however, it did not fully rescue anesthesia‐induced hypotension. These results suggest that for studies requiring prolonged physiological examination (≤150 min) in guinea pigs, 0.8% isoflurane with a 70% N2O adjuvant provides adequate anesthesia, while minimizing associated cardiorespiratory depression. The preservation of cardiorespiratory status is most marked throughout the first hour of anesthesia.
- Published
- 2021
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25. Oxytetracycline, copper, and zinc effects on nitrification processes and microbial activity in two soil types
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Quan Tang, Longlong Xia, Chaopu Ti, Wei Zhou, Luke Fountain, Jun Shan, and Xiaoyuan Yan
- Subjects
ammonia‐oxidizing microorganisms ,antibiotics ,heavy metals ,microbial activity ,nitrification ,nitrous oxide ,Agriculture ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
Abstract The distribution, fate, and effects of antibiotics and heavy metal residues in agricultural soil caused by long‐term application of organic fertilizers are of increasing concern. However, the ecotoxic effects of the interaction between antibiotics and heavy metals vary with the physicochemical properties of the soil, and it is still unclear how these substances interact with soil microbial functions. A short‐term microcosm experiment was conducted to investigate effects of the typical antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) with heavy metals (zinc [Zn] and copper [Cu]) alone or in combination on nitrification process and soil microbial activity in two different types of soil (FQ: sandy loam soil and NB: clay loamy soil). Results indicated that soil types influenced the toxic effects of antibiotics and heavy metals. Zn and Cu alone and when combined with OTC inhibited and retarded nitrification processes and reduced nitrous oxide emissions, which were mainly attributed to the inhibitory effects on ammonia‐oxidizing microorganisms. Moreover, Zn and Cu alone or combined with OTC increased soil respiration, but decreased the abundances of bacteria and fungi. In contrast, OTC alone had no significant effect on soil respiration but increased the abundance of fungi in both soils. Together, our results suggest that the widespread occurrence of antibiotics and heavy metals in agriculture soils may pose significant eco‐environmental risks by altering nitrification process and soil microbial activity.
- Published
- 2020
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26. Quantifying On‐Farm Nitrous Oxide Emission Reductions in Food Supply Chains
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A. J. Eagle, E. L. McLellan, E. M. Brawner, M. H. Chantigny, E. A. Davidson, J. B. Dickey, B. A. Linquist, T. M. Maaz, D. E. Pelster, C. M. Pittelkow, C. vanKessel, T. J. Vyn, and K. G. Cassman
- Subjects
nitrogen balance ,nitrous oxide ,sustainability ,agriculture ,cropland ,metrics and indicators ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Abstract Reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agriculture is critical to limiting future global warming. In response, a growing number of food retailers and manufacturers have committed to reducing N2O emissions from their vast networks of farmer suppliers by providing technical assistance and financial incentives. A key challenge for such companies is demonstrating that their efforts are leading to meaningful progress toward their climate mitigation commitments. We show that a simplified version of soil surface nitrogen (N) balance—or partial N balance—the difference between N inputs to and outputs from a farm field (fertilizer N minus crop N), is a robust indicator of direct N2O emissions from fields with maize and other major rainfed temperate‐region crops. Furthermore, we present a generalized environmental model that will allow food‐supply‐chain companies to translate aggregated and anonymized changes in average N balance across their supplying farms into aggregated changes in N2O emissions. This research is an important first step, based on currently available science, in helping companies demonstrate the impact of their sustainability efforts.
- Published
- 2020
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27. Reply to letter on What biological markers could be used for diagnosis and monitoring of nitrous oxide abuse.
- Author
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Fortanier E, Berling E, Zanin A, Le Guillou A, Micaleff J, Nicolas G, Lozeron P, and Attarian S
- Subjects
- Humans, Biomarkers, Nitrous Oxide
- Published
- 2024
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28. What biological markers could be used for diagnosis and monitoring of nitrous oxide abuse?
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Gernez E, Lucas A, Niguet JP, Bennis A, Diesnis R, Noyce AJ, and Grzych G
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- Humans, Biomarkers, Nitrous Oxide
- Published
- 2024
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29. Nitrous-oxide-induced polyneuropathy and subacute combined degeneration of the spine: clinical and diagnostic characteristics in 70 patients, with focus on electrodiagnostic studies.
- Author
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Hassing LT, Jiang FY, Zutt R, and Arends S
- Subjects
- Humans, Nitrous Oxide adverse effects, Retrospective Studies, Subacute Combined Degeneration diagnosis, Subacute Combined Degeneration chemically induced, Subacute Combined Degeneration complications, Polyneuropathies chemically induced, Polyneuropathies diagnosis, Polyneuropathies complications, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease complications
- Abstract
Background and Purpose: Nitrous oxide (N
2 O) induced neurological symptoms are increasingly encountered. Our aim is to provide clinical and diagnostic characteristics with a focus on electrodiagnostic studies., Methods: Patients with neurological sequelae due to N2 O presenting in our hospital between November 2018 and December 2021 reporting clinical and diagnostic data were retrospectively reviewed., Results: Seventy patients (median 22 years) were included. Median N2 O usage was 4 kg/week during 12 months. Patients' history revealed a higher rate of sensory symptoms compared to motor (97% vs. 57%) and 77% walking difficulties. Clinical diagnosis was polyneuropathy (PNP) in 44%, subacute combined degeneration (SCD) of the spine in 19%, both in 37%. Median vitamin B12 level was low (159 pmol/L), normal in 16%. The median methylmalonic acid was increased (2.66 μmol/L). Electrodiagnostic abnormalities were observed in 91%, with 72% fulfilling axonal PNP criteria, 20% showing mild to intermediate slowing. One patient fulfilled demyelinating PNP criteria not related to N2 O abuse (Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1a). More prominent motor nerve conduction abnormalities were found; lower limbs were more affected. In 64% with normal conduction, myography showed signs of axonal loss. Magnetic resonance imaging showed cervical myelopathy in 58% involving generally five to six segments., Conclusions: Nitrous oxide (N2 O) leads to neurological symptoms by causing PNP and/or SCD primarily involving the legs. Distinguishing PNP and SCD clinically was shown to be insufficient. Electrodiagnostic studies showed axonal PNP. Demyelinating PNP due to N2 O abuse was not present in our cohort. Therefore, further diagnostic work-up is warranted if demyelinating features are present., (© 2023 The Authors. European Journal of Neurology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Academy of Neurology.)- Published
- 2024
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30. Phenotyping of Urochloa humidicola grass hybrids for agronomic and environmental performance in the Piedmont region of the Orinoquian savannas of Colombia
- Author
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Daniel M. Villegas, Ashly Arévalo, Mauricio Sotelo, Jonathan Nuñez, Danilo Moreta, Idupulapati Rao, Manabu Ishitani, Guntur V. Subbarao, and Jacobo Arango
- Subjects
forage breeding ,nitrous oxide ,N uptake ,acid soil ,forage quality ,Brachiaria ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,nitrification ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
In the low fertility acid soils of the Orinoquian savannas of Colombia, Urochloa humidicola cv. Tully or Humidicola is one of the most widely planted tropical forage grasses for improving livestock productivity. Low nutritional quality of this grass limits sustainable livestock production in this region. In this study, we conducted a phenotypic evaluation under field and greenhouse conditions of one of the first hybrid populations of U. humidicola generated from the forage breeding program of CIAT. Our objective was to identify a set of new hybrids of U. humidicola that combine improved productivity and nutritional quality plus the biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) trait/ability to reduce nitrogen (N) losses via leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. To this end, we tested 118 hybrids (planted in pots) in the greenhouse for over 6 months and measured potential nitrification rates (NR) using soil microcosm incubation. NR values observed ranged from 0.27 to 5.75 mg N-NO3- kg soil(-1) day(-1). Later, 12 hybrids with different levels of NR were selected and field-tested in the Orinoquia region over a 4 years period (2013-2017) for dry matter production, nutrition quality (crude protein, in vitro digestibility and fibres content) and NR in each year. In the rainy season of 2018, two hybrids with superior agronomic performance and contrasting field level NR (Uh08/1149 and 0450) were subjected to analysis of soil-borne N2O emissions after fertilization during 13 days. The NR values recorded were not directly correlated with the forage quality parameters evaluated, however, the two grasses with the lowest NR values were among those with the highest biomass production, crude protein content, and N uptake. The grass hybrid Uh08/1149 and the germplasm accession CIAT 16888 were found as materials with superior forage value, with production of 14.1 and 14.6 tons dry matter ha(-1) year(-1) (up to 8% higher than the cv. Tully), crude protein of 11.5 and 9.1% per cut (up to 20% higher than the cv. Tully), and N uptake of 31.6 and 25.7 kg N ha(-1) cut(-1) (up to 30% higher than the cv. Tully). Additionally, these two grasses are likely to exhibit high-BNI ability, with potential to improve N use efficiency in managed pastures., Grass and Forage Science, 78 (1), ISSN:0142-5242, ISSN:1365-2494
- Published
- 2022
31. Indirect nitrous oxide emission factors of fluvial networks can be predicted by dissolved organic carbon and nitrate from local to global scales
- Author
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Junfeng Wang, Gongqin Wang, Sibo Zhang, Yuan Xin, Chenrun Jiang, Shaoda Liu, Xiaojia He, William H. McDowell, and Xinghui Xia
- Subjects
Global and Planetary Change ,Nitrates ,Rivers ,Ecology ,Nitrous Oxide ,Environmental Chemistry ,Dissolved Organic Matter ,Environmental Monitoring ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Streams and rivers are important sources of nitrous oxide (N
- Published
- 2022
32. Winter emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O from temperate agricultural dams: fluxes, sources, and processes
- Author
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Quinn R. Ollivier, Damien T. Maher, Chris Pitfield, and Peter I. Macreadie
- Subjects
agriculture ,carbon dioxide ,dam ,emissions ,methane ,nitrous oxide ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Abstract Through the microbial breakdown of organic matter and production of greenhouse gases (GHGs), small agricultural dams or ponds have recently been shown to make a relatively large contribution to freshwater ecosystem carbon cycling. However, current estimates of their total carbon dioxide‐equivalent (CO2‐e) emissions lack inclusion of both seasonal and diel fluctuations. In addition, the atmospheric emissions of nitrous oxide from these often eutrophic systems have yet to be established. Here, we quantified the diffusive winter emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from 12 small agricultural dams within southeast Australia over a 24‐h period. The winter CO2‐e emissions of small agricultural water bodies were ~92% lower than previous summer estimates, at 1.02 g·m−2·d−1, while N2O contributed just 3.2% of this total. We also show that diel cycles do not significantly affect winter CO2, CH4, or N2O emission rates, and we discuss the likely carbon sources to these systems, through analyses of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C). The results from this study fill key gaps in our knowledge of agricultural dam GHG production and global atmospheric emissions, aiding their inclusion into future GHG budgets.
- Published
- 2019
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33. Responses of soil greenhouse gas emissions to land use conversion and reversion—A global meta‐analysis
- Author
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Zhaohui Feng, Lingqing Wang, Xiaoming Wan, Jun Yang, Qin Peng, Tao Liang, Yazhu Wang, Buqing Zhong, and Jörg Rinklebe
- Subjects
Greenhouse Gases ,Soil ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,Nitrogen ,Nitrous Oxide ,Environmental Chemistry ,Carbon Dioxide ,Methane ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Exploring the responses of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to land use conversion or reversion is significant for taking effective land use measures to alleviate global warming. A global meta-analysis was conducted to analyze the responses of carbon dioxide (CO
- Published
- 2022
34. Induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane in children: Curiosities and controversies
- Author
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Jerrold Lerman
- Subjects
Methyl Ethers ,Sevoflurane ,Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine ,Anesthetics, Inhalation ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Exploratory Behavior ,Nitrous Oxide ,Humans ,Anesthesia, General ,Anesthesia, Inhalation ,Child - Abstract
Inhalational inductions with sevoflurane (up to 8% inspired concentration) have been the standard for inducing anesthesia in children for over three decades. However, when sevoflurane was first introduced, clinicians reported isolated cases of unexpected myoclonic jerking movements during the induction in children without epilepsy. These cases raised concerns regarding the widespread use of sevoflurane particularly after reports of seizures and epileptiform electroencephalographic (EEG) discharges surfaced. The latter reports prompted recommendations to reduce the concentration of sevoflurane during induction of anesthesia. More recently, a shift away from the use of nitrous oxide has prompted some to question whether sevoflurane has a role as an induction agent in children. The preponderance of evidence supports the practice of safely inducing anesthesia with 8% sevoflurane with or without nitrous oxide in children but recommended strategies to mitigate against epileptiform discharges may be more harmful than beneficial.
- Published
- 2022
35. Agroforestry perennials reduce nitrous oxide emissions and their live and dead trees increase ecosystem carbon storage
- Author
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Cole D. Gross, Edward W. Bork, Cameron N. Carlyle, and Scott X. Chang
- Subjects
Carbon Sequestration ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,Nitrous Oxide ,Agriculture ,Plants ,Carbon ,Alberta ,Trees ,Greenhouse Gases ,Soil ,Environmental Chemistry ,Ecosystem ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Agroforestry systems (AFS) contribute to carbon (C) sequestration and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural lands. However, previously understudied differences among AFS may underestimate their climate change mitigation potential. In this 3-year field study, we assessed various C stocks and greenhouse gas emissions across two common AFS (hedgerows and shelterbelts) and their component land uses: perennial vegetated areas with and without trees (woodland and grassland, respectively), newly planted saplings in grassland, and adjacent annual cropland in central Alberta, Canada. Between 2018 and 2020 (~April-October), nitrous oxide emissions were 89% lower under perennial vegetation relative to the cropland (0.02 and 0.18 g N m
- Published
- 2022
36. Review and update of a Nutrient Transfer model used for estimating nitrous oxide emissions from complex grazed landscapes, and implications for nationwide accounting
- Author
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Ronaldo Vibart, Donna Giltrap, Surinder Saggar, Alec Mackay, Keith Betteridge, Des Costall, Mike Rollo, and Ina Draganova
- Subjects
Soil ,Environmental Engineering ,Nitrogen ,Nitrous Oxide ,Animals ,Agriculture ,Nutrients ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Pollution ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
In New Zealand, nitrous oxide emissions from grazed hill pastures are estimated using different emission factors for urine and dung deposited on different slope classes. Allocation of urine and dung to each slope class needs to consider the distribution of slope classes within a landscape and animal behavior. The Nutrient Transfer (NT) model has recently been incorporated into the New Zealand Agricultural GHG Inventory Model to account for the allocation of excretal nitrogen (N) to each slope class. In this study, the predictive ability of the transfer function within the NT model was explored using urine deposition datasets collected with urine sensor and GPS tracker technology. Data were collected from three paddocks that had areas in low (12°), medium (12-24°), and high slopes (24°). The NT model showed a good overall predictive ability for two of the three datasets. However, if the urine emission factors (% of urine N emitted as NThe Nutrient Transfer model allocates urine from grazing livestock to different slope classes. The predictive ability of the model was explored using urine sensor and tracker data of grazing livestock. The model showed a good overall predictive ability for two of the three datasets explored. There is a need for more geospatial urine deposition and animal location data on complex land.
- Published
- 2022
37. Efficacy of a vermifilter at mitigating greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions from dairy wastewater
- Author
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Gilbert J. Miito, Pius M. Ndegwa, Femi P. Alege, Sifolo S. Coulibaly, and Joe Harrison
- Subjects
Greenhouse Gases ,Environmental Engineering ,Ammonia ,Nitrous Oxide ,Gases ,Carbon Dioxide ,Wastewater ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Methane ,Pollution ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Dairy effluent is a potential source of gaseous pollutants associated with global warming and soil acidification. Mitigating such emissions during handling and storage requires substantial financial and labor input. This study evaluated a low-cost technology for mitigating gaseous emissions from dairy wastewater. For 9 mo, a pilot-scale vermifilter system installed on a commercial dairy farm was studied. Bimonthly samples of the dairy wastewater influent and effluent from the vermifilter system were collected. These samples' potential gas emissions (ammonia [NH
- Published
- 2022
38. Non‐native plant invasion can accelerate global climate change by increasing wetland methane and terrestrial nitrous oxide emissions
- Author
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Bahilu Bezabih Beyene, Junjie Li, Junji Yuan, Yanhong Dong, Deyan Liu, Zengming Chen, Jinhyun Kim, Hojeong Kang, Chris Freeman, and Weixin Ding
- Subjects
Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,Nitrogen ,Climate Change ,Nitrous Oxide ,Carbon Dioxide ,Carbon ,Greenhouse Gases ,Soil ,Wetlands ,Environmental Chemistry ,Introduced Species ,Methane ,Ecosystem ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Approximately 17% of the land worldwide is considered highly vulnerable to non-native plant invasion, which can dramatically alter nutrient cycles and influence greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in terrestrial and wetland ecosystems. However, a systematic investigation of the impact of non-native plant invasion on GHG dynamics at a global scale has not yet been conducted, making it impossible to predict the exact biological feedback of non-native plant invasion to global climate change. Here, we compiled 273 paired observational cases from 94 peer-reviewed articles to evaluate the effects of plant invasion on GHG emissions and to identify the associated key drivers. Non-native plant invasion significantly increased methane (CH
- Published
- 2022
39. Review article: Clinical manifestations and outcomes of chronic nitrous oxide misuse: A systematic review
- Author
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Pierce Marsden, Aakriti A Sharma, and Joe‐Anthony Rotella
- Subjects
Vitamin B 12 ,Nitrous Oxide ,Emergency Medicine ,Humans ,Vitamin B 12 Deficiency ,Prospective Studies ,Homocysteine ,Methylmalonic Acid - Abstract
Recreational nitrous oxide (N
- Published
- 2022
40. Fencing farm dams to exclude livestock halves methane emissions and improves water quality
- Author
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Martino E. Malerba, David B. Lindenmayer, Ben C. Scheele, Pawel Waryszak, I. Noyan Yilmaz, Lukas Schuster, and Peter I. Macreadie
- Subjects
Global and Planetary Change ,Farms ,Livestock ,Ecology ,Nitrous Oxide ,Carbon Dioxide ,Oxygen ,Greenhouse Gases ,Water Quality ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Methane ,Ecosystem ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Agricultural practices have created tens of millions of small artificial water bodies ("farm dams" or "agricultural ponds") to provide water for domestic livestock worldwide. Among freshwater ecosystems, farm dams have some of the highest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per m
- Published
- 2022
41. Myeloneuropathy induced by recreational nitrous oxide use with variable exposure levels
- Author
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Bérenger Largeau, Arnaud Karam, Camille Potey, Anne‐Sylvie Caous, Céline Tard, Louise Carton, Grégory Kuchcinski, Sophie Gautier, Sylvie Deheul, and Régis Bordet
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Nitrous Oxide ,Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ,Vitamin B 12 ,Young Adult ,Neurology ,Humans ,Ataxia ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,Nervous System Diseases - Abstract
Although several case series have described nitrous-oxide-associated neurological disorders, a comprehensive assessment of exposure characteristics (e.g., time to onset, level of exposure) in substance abusers has not been performed. The aim of this study was to describe the onset patterns of recreational use of nitrous-oxide-induced neurological disorders.All cases of neurological disorders related to nitrous oxide recreational use reported to the Hauts-de-France addictovigilance center between January 2019 and August 2020 were selected. Only cases requiring hospitalization with informative data to perform the nitrous oxide causality assessment were included.A total of 20 cases from five hospitals were included. The male-to-female ratio was 6:1 and the median age was 19 years (range 16-34). The neurological presentation (myeloneuropathy 64%, 7/11; sensorimotor neuropathy 36%, 4/11) included for all patients gait disorders due to proprioceptive ataxia and limb hypoesthesia. The median dose used per occasion was 100 cartridges (range 5-960; n = 19). The median time from the start of nitrous oxide use to the onset of neurological symptoms was 6 months (range 0.7-54; n = 16). The cumulative dose was significantly higher in patients with damage to all four limbs than in patients with lower limb symptoms only (p = 0.042).A low intermittent exposure may be sufficient to cause neurological damage in some subjects, suggesting that, at the population level, there is no safe exposure to nitrous oxide in recreational settings. The severity of neurological impairment could increase once used at high doses and for prolonged durations of nitrous oxide.
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- 2022
42. Global methane and nitrous oxide emissions from inland waters and estuaries
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Yajing Zheng, Shuang Wu, Shuqi Xiao, Kai Yu, Xiantao Fang, Longlong Xia, Jinyang Wang, Shuwei Liu, Chris Freeman, and Jianwen Zou
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Greenhouse Gases ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,Nitrous Oxide ,Environmental Chemistry ,Carbon Dioxide ,Estuaries ,Methane ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Inland waters (rivers, reservoirs, lakes, ponds, streams) and estuaries are significant emitters of methane (CH
- Published
- 2022
43. Nitrous <scp>oxide‐induced</scp> neurological disorders: an increasing public health concern
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Belinda Cruse, Jessica Redmond, and L. Kiers
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,Adolescent ,Referral ,Substance-Related Disorders ,business.industry ,Public health ,Nitrous Oxide ,Vitamin B 12 Deficiency ,Vitamins ,medicine.disease ,Mental illness ,Sensorimotor axonal neuropathy ,Young Adult ,Myelopathy ,Sensory ataxia ,Internal Medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,Subacute Combined Degeneration ,Public Health ,Nervous System Diseases ,Young adult ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurologic presentations resulting from nitrous oxide (N2 O) abuse are increasing in Australia and worldwide. Despite known neuropsychiatric sequelae nitrous oxide canisters remain readily available and its use unregulated. AIMS To examine the demographics, clinical and electrophysiological findings of patients presenting with neurological complications of N2 O abuse, and thus inform clinicians and public health decision makers of the significant public health concerns of this increasing practice. METHODS Consecutive patients presenting to a tertiary referral, metropolitan hospital were included in this series. Patients were identified by a search of discharge summaries of patients admitted with acute or subacute neuropathy or myelopathy and a history of N2 O abuse, and from the electrophysiology database. RESULTS Thirteen patients were identified, most presenting with subacute paraesthesia, sensory ataxia and lower limb weakness. Eleven had low serum vitamin B12 . Spinal magnetic resonance imaging was consistent with subacute combined degeneration (SACD) in 8. Nerve conduction studies revealed a motor or sensorimotor axonal neuropathy (3 with motor predominance). There was a bimodal demographic distribution consisting of socially isolated, international university students and local residents with a history of mental illness and polydrug abuse. CONCLUSIONS Recreational N2 O use is an emerging health problem in Australia. International university students and patients with pre-existing mental illness or polydrug use appear to be at increased risk. A severe motor neuropathy may emerge following Vitamin B12 replacement. Public health measures are required to limit the availability of N2 O and to educate adolescents and young adults about the potential for significant harm. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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- 2022
44. Response of nitrous oxide emissions to individual rain events and future changes in precipitation
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Lee T. Miller, Timothy John Griffis, Matthew Dean Erickson, Peter August Turner, Malte Julian Deventer, Zichong Chen, Zhongjie Yu, Rodney T. Venterea, John M. Baker, and Alexander L. Frie
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Soil ,Environmental Engineering ,Nitrogen ,Rain ,Nitrous Oxide ,Water ,Agriculture ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Zea mays ,Pollution ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Changing precipitation has the potential to alter nitrous oxide (N
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- 2022
45. Nitrous oxide for the treatment of psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of the clinical trial landscape
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Helen Liu, Jaimie Kerzner, Ilya Demchenko, Duminda N. Wijeysundera, Sidney H. Kennedy, Karim S. Ladha, and Venkat Bhat
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Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,Depressive Disorder, Major ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Bipolar Disorder ,Nitrous Oxide ,Humans - Abstract
To systematically review published research studies and ongoing clinical trials investigating nitrous oxide (NA comprehensive literature search was conducted for studies published until June 2021 using the OVID databases (MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycInfo) and the clinical trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov, ICTRP).In total, five relevant published articles were identified, among which four investigated NPreliminary studies support the feasibility of administering N
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- 2022
46. Intermittent flooding of organic‐rich soil promotes the formation of denitrification hot moments and hot spots
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Abigail A. Tomasek, Miki Hondzo, Jessica L. Kozarek, Christopher Staley, Ping Wang, Nicole Lurndahl, and Michael J. Sadowsky
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denitrification ,gene abundances ,inundation ,nitrous oxide ,quantitative PCR ,soil type ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Abstract Anthropogenic activities have altered the nitrogen cycle, necessitating management on the landscape level. Isolated time periods and areas, termed hot moments and hot spots, respectively, frequently account for a large percentage of nitrate removal in aquatic ecosystems. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the effect of hydrologic connectivity on denitrification rates, gene abundances, and nitrous oxide fluxes. Experimental areas were divided into flooded (always inundated), floodzone (intermittently inundated), and nonfloodzone (not inundated) locations in low‐organic and organic‐rich soil. Our results demonstrate that intermittent flood events enhance denitrification rates from days to weeks after flooding, depending on the inundation period. Microbial analysis demonstrated that short‐term flood events did not lead to increases in denitrifying gene abundances. Enhanced denitrification rates did not have a corresponding increase in the ratio of incomplete to complete denitrification. Incomplete to complete denitrification ratios were high in always‐inundated low‐organic sandy soil, peaking at 40%. Our results suggest that management strategies that promote hydrologic connectivity and intermittent flooding of organic‐rich floodplain soils promote the formation of denitrification hot moments and hot spots, with relatively low incomplete denitrification (
- Published
- 2019
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47. How to distinguish Guillain-Barré syndrome from nitrous oxide-induced neuropathy: A 2-year, multicentric, retrospective study.
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Fortanier E, Berling E, Zanin A, Guillou AL, Micaleff J, Nicolas G, Lozeron P, and Attarian S
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- Humans, Retrospective Studies, Nitrous Oxide adverse effects, Biomarkers, Vitamin B 12, Guillain-Barre Syndrome chemically induced, Guillain-Barre Syndrome diagnosis
- Abstract
Background: Recreational use of nitrous oxide (N
2 O) has dramatically increased in recent years, resulting in numerous cases of acute sensorimotor tetraparesis secondary to nitrous oxide-induced neuropathy (N2 On). Challenging clinical features can mimic Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), the main differential diagnosis upon admission. The most sensitive biomarkers for distinguishing between these two conditions remain to be determined., Methods: Fifty-eight N2 On patients from three referral centers were retrospectively included over a 2-year period and compared to GBS patients hospitalized during the same timeframe (47 patients). Collected demographic, clinical, biological, and electrophysiological data were compared between the two groups., Results: The typical N2 On clinical pattern included distal sensorimotor deficit in lower limbs with absent reflexes, proprioceptive ataxia, and no cranial involvement (56.7% of our cohort). Misleading GBS-like presentations were found in 14 N2 On patients (24.1%), and 13 patients (22.4%) did not report N2 O use during initial interview. Only half the N2 On patients presented with reduced vitamin B12 serum levels upon admission. A slightly increased cut-off (<200 pmol/L) demonstrated 85.1% sensitivity and 84.5% specificity in distinguishing N2 On from GBS. Only 6.9% of N2 On patients met the criteria for primary demyelination (p < 0.01), with only one presenting conduction blocks. A diagnostic algorithm combining these two biomarkers successfully classified all GBS-like N2 On patients., Conclusions: Vitamin B12 serum level < 200 pmol/L cut-off and conduction blocks in initial electrophysiological study are the two most sensitive biomarkers for rapidly distinguishing N2 On from GBS patients. These two parameters are particularly useful in clinically atypical N2 On with GBS-like presentation., (© 2023 European Academy of Neurology.)- Published
- 2023
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48. Reduction of Nitrous Oxide by Light Alcohols Catalysed by a Low‐Valent Ruthenium Diazadiene Complex
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Jonas Bösken, Rafael E. Rodríguez‐Lugo, Sven Nappen, Monica Trincado, and Hansjörg Grützmacher
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light alcohols ,ruthenium complex ,nitrous oxide ,catalysis ,reduction ,Organic Chemistry ,General Chemistry ,Catalysis - Abstract
Decomposition of the environmentally harmful gas nitrous oxide (N2O) is usually performed thermally or catalytically. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is currently the most promising technology for N2O mitigation, a multicomponent heterogeneous catalytic system that employs reducing agents such as ammonia, hydrogen, hydrocarbons, or a combination thereof. This study reports the first homogenous catalyst that performs the reduction of nitrous oxide employing readily available and cheap light alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol derivatives. During the reaction, these alcohols are transformed in a dehydrogenative coupling reaction to carboxylate derivatives, while N2O is converted to N-2 and H2O, later entering the reaction as substrate. The reaction is catalysed by the low-valent dinuclear ruthenium complex [Ru2H(mu-H)(Me(2)dad)(dbcot)(2)] that carries a diazabutadiene, Me(2)dad, and two rigid dienes, dbcot, as ligands. The reduction of nitrous oxide proceeds with low catalyst loadings under relatively mild conditions (65-80 degrees C, 1.4 bar N2O) achieving turnover numbers of up to 480 and turnover frequencies of up to 56 h(-1)., Chemistry - A European Journal, 29 (20), ISSN:0947-6539, ISSN:1521-3765
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- 2023
49. Psychoactive substance use among students: A cross‐sectional analysis
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Justine Perino, Marie Tournier, Clément Mathieu, Louis Letinier, Alexandre Peyré, Garance Perret, Edwige Pereira, Annie Fourrier‐Réglat, Clothilde Pollet, Mélina Fatseas, Christophe Tzourio, and Amélie Daveluy
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Adult ,Male ,Pharmacology ,Adolescent ,Ethanol ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Nitrous Oxide ,Binge Drinking ,Young Adult ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Female ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Students ,Cannabis - Abstract
Little is known about psychoactive substance use in students, apart from tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis. This study investigated the prevalence of substance use and overlap between various psychoactive substances in students. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 066 students included in the i-Share cohort between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2017. The baseline questionnaire was the key source of information. Psychoactive substances of interest (PSI) were cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, nitrous oxide, poppers, and MDMA. Their patterns of use were categorized as lifetime, past year, and current use. The use of other psychoactive substances including alcohol and tobacco was described in PSI users and non-users. Most participants were female (75%), and their average age was 21 years. Lifetime use of at least one PSI was reported by 65.5% of participants. Cannabis was the most frequently used substance both over lifetime (57% of students) and past year (35%), followed by poppers and nitrous oxide (28% and 26% of students over lifetime, respectively). Among polydrug users (n = 1242), 65% used only nitrous oxide and poppers, showing a strong link between these two substances. Regular alcohol use, binge drinking, and current tobacco use were higher in PSI users than in non-users. Substance use was higher than previously found in both French and European studies in young people. Nitrous oxide use was particularly high. Regular alcohol use, binge drinking, and tobacco use could be used as markers to identify students at risk of PSI use to be targeted by prevention programs.
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- 2022
50. The relationship between nitrous oxide sedation and psychosocial factors in the pediatric outpatient setting
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Mohammad Moharrami, Samina Ali, Bruce D. Dick, Fardad Moeinvaziri, and Maryam Amin
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Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine ,Heart Rate ,Anesthesia, Dental ,Anesthetics, Inhalation ,Outpatients ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Conscious Sedation ,Nitrous Oxide ,Child Behavior ,Humans ,Child - Abstract
Moderate sedation using nitrous oxide (NThis study aimed to examine pediatric dental patients' behaviors while undergoing NIn this within-subject observational study, participants received 40% NIn 80 children with a mean age of 7.2 (2.2) years, administration of NIn children sedated with N
- Published
- 2022
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