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1. A circumpolar study unveils a positive non‐linear effect of temperature on arctic arthropod availability that may reduce the risk of warming‐induced trophic mismatch for breeding shorebirds

Author

Chagnon‐Lafortune, Aurélie, primary, Duchesne, Éliane, additional, Legagneux, Pierre, additional, McKinnon, Laura, additional, Reneerkens, Jeroen, additional, Casajus, Nicolas, additional, Abraham, Kenneth F., additional, Bolduc, Élise, additional, Brown, Glen S., additional, Brown, Stephen C., additional, Gates, H. River, additional, Gilg, Olivier, additional, Giroux, Marie‐Andrée, additional, Gurney, Kirsty, additional, Kendall, Steve, additional, Kwon, Eunbi, additional, Lanctot, Richard B., additional, Lank, David B., additional, Lecomte, Nicolas, additional, Leung, Maria, additional, Liebezeit, Joseph R., additional, Morrison, R. I. Guy, additional, Nol, Erica, additional, Payer, David C., additional, Reid, Donald, additional, Ruthrauff, Daniel, additional, Saalfeld, Sarah T., additional, Sandercock, Brett K., additional, Smith, Paul A., additional, Schmidt, Niels Martin, additional, Tulp, Ingrid, additional, Ward, David H., additional, Høye, Toke T., additional, Berteaux, Dominique, additional, and Bêty, Joël, additional

Published
2024
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2. Low risk management intervention: limited impact of remedial tillage on net ecosystem carbon balance at a commercial Miscanthus plantation

Author

Rowe, R.L., Cooper, H.M., Hastings, A., Mabey, A., Keith, A.M., McNamara, N.P., Morrison, R., Rowe, R.L., Cooper, H.M., Hastings, A., Mabey, A., Keith, A.M., McNamara, N.P., and Morrison, R.

Abstract

Perennial bioenergy crops are a key tool in decarbonizing global energy systems, but to ensure the efficient use of land resources, it is essential that yields and crop longevity are maximized. Remedial shallow surface tillage is being explored in commercial Miscanthus plantations as an approach to reinvigorate older crops and to rectify poor establishment, improving yields. There are posited links, however, between tillage and losses in soil carbon (C) via increased ecosystem C fluxes to the atmosphere. As Miscanthus is utilized as an energy crop, changes in field C fluxes need to be assessed as part of the C balance of the crop. Here, for the first time, we quantify the C impacts of remedial tillage at a mature commercial Miscanthus plantation in Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. Net ecosystem C production based on eddy covariance flux observations and exported yield totalled 12.16 Mg C ha−1 over the 4.6 year period after tillage, showing the site functioned as a net sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). There was no indication of negative tillage induced impacts on soil C stocks, with no difference 3 years post tillage in the surface (0–30 cm) or deep (0–70 cm) soil C stocks between the tilled Miscanthus field and an adjacent paired untilled Miscanthus field. Comparison to historic samples showed surface soil C stocks increased by 11.16 ± 3.91 Mg C ha−1 between pre (October 2011) and post tillage sampling (November 2016). Within the period of the study, however, the tillage did not result in the increased yields necessary to “pay back” the tillage induced yield loss. Rather the crop was effectively re-established, with progressive yield increases over the study period, mirroring expectations of newly planted sites. The overall impacts of remedial tillage will depend therefore, on the longer-term impacts on crop longevity and yields.

Published
2024

3. Maize grown for bioenergy on peat emits twice as much carbon as when grown on mineral soil

Author

Lloyd, I.L., Morrison, R., Grayson, R.P., Cumming, A.M.J., D'Acunha, Brenda, Galdos, M.V., Evans, C.D., Chapman, P.J., Lloyd, I.L., Morrison, R., Grayson, R.P., Cumming, A.M.J., D'Acunha, Brenda, Galdos, M.V., Evans, C.D., and Chapman, P.J.

Abstract

The area of land dedicated to growing maize for bioenergy in the United Kingdom is rapidly expanding. To understand how maize production influences soil carbon (C) dynamics, and whether this is influenced by soil type, we measured net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using the eddy covariance technique over the 2021 growing season. We combined the NEE data with C imports and exports to calculate the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of two maize crops grown for bioenergy in the United Kingdom, one site on mineral soil and the other on lowland agricultural peat. Maize was similarly productive at both sites—gross primary productivity was 1107 g C m−2 at the site with mineral soil and 1407 g C m−2 at the peat site. However, total ecosystem respiration was considerably higher from the peat site (1198 g C m−2) compared with the mineral soil site (678 g C m−2). After accounting for the removal of C in harvested biomass, both sites were net C sources, but C losses were over two times greater from the peat site (NEP = 290 g C m−2) than the mineral site (NEP = 136 g C m−2). While annual crops may be needed to produce bioenergy in the short term, growing maize for bioenergy in the United Kingdom does not appear to be a viable option for C sequestration over the long term, as it leads to high carbon losses from agroecosystems, especially those on organic soils. Instead, growing perennial bioenergy crops on mineral soils with a low organic C content is a more appropriate option.

Published
2024

6. Responsible agriculture must adapt to the wetland character of mid‐latitude peatlands

Author

Freeman, B.W.J., Evans, C.D., Musarika, S., Morrison, R., Newman, T.R., Page, S.E., Wiggs, G.F.S., Bell, N.G.A., Styles, D., Wen, Y., Chadwick, D.R., Jones, D.L., Freeman, B.W.J., Evans, C.D., Musarika, S., Morrison, R., Newman, T.R., Page, S.E., Wiggs, G.F.S., Bell, N.G.A., Styles, D., Wen, Y., Chadwick, D.R., and Jones, D.L.

Abstract

Drained, lowland agricultural peatlands are greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots and a large but vulnerable store of irrecoverable carbon. They exhibit soil loss rates of ~2.0 cm yr−1 and are estimated to account for 32% of global cropland emissions while producing only 1.1% of crop kilocalories. Carbon dioxide emissions account for >80% of their terrestrial GHG emissions and are largely controlled by water table depth. Reducing drainage depths is, therefore, essential for responsible peatland management. Peatland restoration can substantially reduce emissions. However, this may conflict with societal needs to maintain productive use, to protect food security and livelihoods. Wetland agriculture strategies will, therefore, be required to adapt agriculture to the wetland character of peatlands, and balance GHG mitigation against productivity, where halting emissions is not immediately possible. Paludiculture may substantially reduce GHG emissions but will not always be viable in the current economic landscape. Reduced drainage intensity systems may deliver partial reductions in the rate of emissions, with smaller modifications to existing systems. These compromise systems may face fewer hurdles to adoption and minimize environmental harm until societal conditions favour strategies that can halt emissions. Wetland agriculture will face agronomic, socio-economic and water management challenges, and careful implementation will be required. Diversity of values and priorities among stakeholders creates the potential for conflict. Successful implementation will require participatory research approaches and co-creation of workable solutions. Policymakers, private sector funders and researchers have key roles to play but adoption risks would fall predominantly on land managers. Development of a robust wetland agriculture paradigm is essential to deliver resilient production systems and wider environmental benefits. The challenge of responsible use presents an opportunity t

Published
2022

8. Mismatch‐induced growth reductions in a clade of Arctic‐breeding shorebirds are rarely mitigated by increasing temperatures

Author

Lameris, Thomas K., primary, Tomkovich, Pavel S., additional, Johnson, James A., additional, Morrison, R. I. Guy, additional, Tulp, Ingrid, additional, Lisovski, Simeon, additional, DeCicco, Lucas, additional, Dementyev, Maksim, additional, Gill, Robert E., additional, Horn, Job, additional, Piersma, Theunis, additional, Pohlen, Zachary, additional, Schekkerman, Hans, additional, Soloviev, Mikhail, additional, Syroechkovsky, Evgeny E., additional, Zhemchuzhnikov, Mikhail K., additional, and Gils, Jan A., additional

Published
2021
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10. Spatial and temporal variability in energy and water vapour fluxes observed at seven sites on the Indian subcontinent during 2017

Author

Bhat, G.S., Morrison, R., Taylor, C.M., Bhattacharya, B.K., Paleri, S., Desai, D., Evans, J.G., Pattnaik, S., Sekhar, M., Nigam, R., Sattar, A., Angadi, S.S., Kacha, D., Patidar, A., Tripathi, S.N., Krishnan, K.V.M., Sisodiya, A., Bhat, G.S., Morrison, R., Taylor, C.M., Bhattacharya, B.K., Paleri, S., Desai, D., Evans, J.G., Pattnaik, S., Sekhar, M., Nigam, R., Sattar, A., Angadi, S.S., Kacha, D., Patidar, A., Tripathi, S.N., Krishnan, K.V.M., and Sisodiya, A.

Abstract

Under the INCOMPASS project, state of the art eddy‐covariance based surface flux measurement systems were installed at eight locations across India. These sites cover different climatic conditions, land use and land cover, and water management practices. Here we present the initial analysis of the measurements taken at seven sites mainly focusing on the year 2017, quantifying for the first time the remarkable contrasts in evaporative fraction across the seasons, climate zones and land management practices of the Indian subcontinent. With the exception of Jaisalmer which is the driest of the places studied, all the sites maintain values of evaporative fraction above 0.5 after the monsoon through to November. By contrast, for those sites with natural vegetation or rain‐fed agriculture, evaporative fraction remains below 0.3 for the dry January–May period. In the middle Gangetic Plain area, irrigation and pre‐monsoon showers together maintain evaporative fraction above 0.5 between January and June. It is also observed that different variables exhibit different intraseasonal variation characteristics even at one site. Except for Samastipur which is situated in the middle Indo‐Gangetic Plains, wind speed shows spectral peak at a smaller time‐scale compared to sensible and latent heat fluxes.

Published
2020

11. Interaction of convective organisation with monsoon precipitation, atmosphere, surface and sea: the 2016 INCOMPASS field campaign in India

Author

Turner, A.G., Bhat, G.S., Martin, G.M., Parker, D.J., Taylor, C.M., Mitra, A.K., Tripathi, S.N., Milton, S., Rajagopal, E.N., Evans, J.G., Morrison, R., Pattnaik, S., Sekhar, M., Bhattacharya, B.K., Madan, R., Govindankutty, Mrudula, Fletcher, J.K., Willetts, P.D., Menon, A., Marsham, J.H., Hunt, K.M.R., Chakraborty, T., George, G., Krishnan, M., Sarangi, C., Belusic, D., Garcia‐Carreras, L., Brooks, M., Webster, S., Brooke, J.K., Fox, C., Harlow, R.C., Langridge, J.M., Jayakumar, A., Böing, S.J., Halliday, O., Bowles, J., Kent, J., O'Sullivan, D., Wilson, A., Woods, C., Rogers, S., Smout‐Day, R., Tiddeman, D., Desai, D., Nigam, R., Paleri, S., Sattar, A., Smith, M., Anderson, D., Bauguitte, S., Carling, R., Chan, C., Devereau, S., Gratton, G., MacLeod, D., Nott, G., Pickering, M., Price, H., Rastall, S., Reed, C., Trembath, J., Woolley, A., Volonté, A., New, B., Turner, A.G., Bhat, G.S., Martin, G.M., Parker, D.J., Taylor, C.M., Mitra, A.K., Tripathi, S.N., Milton, S., Rajagopal, E.N., Evans, J.G., Morrison, R., Pattnaik, S., Sekhar, M., Bhattacharya, B.K., Madan, R., Govindankutty, Mrudula, Fletcher, J.K., Willetts, P.D., Menon, A., Marsham, J.H., Hunt, K.M.R., Chakraborty, T., George, G., Krishnan, M., Sarangi, C., Belusic, D., Garcia‐Carreras, L., Brooks, M., Webster, S., Brooke, J.K., Fox, C., Harlow, R.C., Langridge, J.M., Jayakumar, A., Böing, S.J., Halliday, O., Bowles, J., Kent, J., O'Sullivan, D., Wilson, A., Woods, C., Rogers, S., Smout‐Day, R., Tiddeman, D., Desai, D., Nigam, R., Paleri, S., Sattar, A., Smith, M., Anderson, D., Bauguitte, S., Carling, R., Chan, C., Devereau, S., Gratton, G., MacLeod, D., Nott, G., Pickering, M., Price, H., Rastall, S., Reed, C., Trembath, J., Woolley, A., Volonté, A., and New, B.

Abstract

The INCOMPASS field campaign combines airborne and ground measurements of the 2016 Indian monsoon, towards the ultimate goal of better predicting monsoon rainfall. The monsoon supplies the majority of water in South Asia, but forecasting from days to the season ahead is limited by large, rapidly developing errors in model parametrizations. The lack of detailed observations prevents thorough understanding of the monsoon circulation and its interaction with the land surface: a process governed by boundary‐layer and convective‐cloud dynamics. INCOMPASS used the UK Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe‐146 aircraft for the first project of this scale in India, to accrue almost 100 h of observations in June and July 2016. Flights from Lucknow in the northern plains sampled the dramatic contrast in surface and boundary‐layer structures between dry desert air in the west and the humid environment over the northern Bay of Bengal. These flights were repeated in pre‐monsoon and monsoon conditions. Flights from a second base at Bengaluru in southern India measured atmospheric contrasts from the Arabian Sea, over the Western Ghats mountains, to the rain shadow of southeast India and the south Bay of Bengal. Flight planning was aided by forecasts from bespoke 4 km convection‐permitting limited‐area models at the Met Office and India's NCMRWF. On the ground, INCOMPASS installed eddy‐covariance flux towers on a range of surface types, to provide detailed measurements of surface fluxes and their modulation by diurnal and seasonal cycles. These data will be used to better quantify the impacts of the atmosphere on the land surface, and vice versa. INCOMPASS also installed ground instrumentation supersites at Kanpur and Bhubaneswar. Here we motivate and describe the INCOMPASS field campaign. We use examples from two flights to illustrate contrasts in atmospheric structure, in particular the retreating mid‐level dry intrusion during the monsoon onset.

Published
2020

13. Spatial and temporal variability in energy and water vapour fluxes observed at seven sites on the Indian subcontinent during 2017

Author

Bhat, G. S., primary, Morrison, R., additional, Taylor, C. M., additional, Bhattacharya, B. K., additional, Paleri, S., additional, Desai, D., additional, Evans, J. G., additional, Pattnaik, S., additional, Sekhar, M., additional, Nigam, R., additional, Sattar, A., additional, Angadi, S. S., additional, Kacha, D., additional, Patidar, A., additional, Tripathi, S. N., additional, Krishnan, K. V. M., additional, and Sisodiya, A., additional

Published
2019
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14. Real‐time monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions with tall chambers reveals diurnal N 2 O variation and increased emissions of CO 2 and N 2 O from miscanthus following compost addition

Author

Keane, J.B., Morrison, R., McNamara, N.P., and Ineson, P.

Subjects
fungi, complex mixtures
Abstract

Miscanthus x giganteus's efficacy as an energy crop relies on maintaining low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As demand for Miscanthus is expected to rise to meet bioenergy targets, fertilizers and composts may be employed to increase yields, but will also increase GHG emissions. Manipulation experiments are vital to investigate the consequences of any fertilizer additions, but there is currently no way to measure whole‐plant GHG fluxes from crops taller than 2.5 m, such as Miscanthus, at the experimental plot scale. We employed a unique combination of eddy covariance (EC), soil chambers and an entirely new automated chamber system, SkyBeam, to measure high frequency (ca. hourly) fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from a Miscanthus crop amended with green compost. Untreated controls were also monitored in a fully replicated experimental design. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 was partitioned into soil respiration (Rs), gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration, and the crop was harvested to determine the effect of compost on crop productivity. Compost increased NEE emissions by 100% (p < .05), which was the result of a 20% increase of Rs (p < .06) and a 32% reduction in GPP (p < .05) and biomass of 37% (p < .06). Methane fluxes were small and unaffected by compost addition. N2O emissions increased 34% under compost during an emission event; otherwise, fluxes were low and often negative, even under dry conditions. Diurnal variation in N2O fluxes, with uptake during the day and emission at night was observed. These fluxes displayed a negative relationship with soil temperature and a hitherto undescribed diurnal temperature hysteresis. We conclude that compost addition negatively affected the productivity and environmental effects of Miscanthus cultivation during the first year following application.

Published
2019

16. Soil water content in southern England derived from a cosmic-ray soil moisture observing system - COSMOS-UK

Author

Evans, J.G., Ward, H.C., Blake, J.R., Hewitt, E.J., Morrison, R., Fry, M., Ball, L.A., Doughty, L.C., Libre, J.W., Hitt, O.E., Rylett, D., Ellis, R.J., Warwick, A.C., Brooks, M., Parkes, M.A., Wright, G.M.H., Singer, A.C., Boorman, D.B., and Jenkins, A.

Subjects
Agriculture and Soil Science, Earth Sciences
Abstract

Cosmic-ray soil moisture sensors have the advantage of a large measurement footprint (approximately 700 m in diameter) and are able to operate continuously to provide area-averaged near-surface (top 10-20 cm) volumetric soil moisture content at the field scale. This paper presents the application of this technique at four sites in southern England over almost 3 years. Results show the soil moisture response to contrasting climatic conditions during 2011-2014, and are the first such field-scale measurements made in the UK. These four sites are prototype stations for a UK COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System (COSMOS-UK), and particular consideration is given to sensor operating conditions in the UK. Comparison of these soil water content observations with the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) 10 cm soil moisture layer shows that these data can be used to test and diagnose model performance, and indicates the potential for assimilation of these data into hydro-meteorological models. The application of these large-area soil water content measurements to evaluate remotely-sensed soil moisture products is also demonstrated. Numerous applications and the future development of a national COSMOS-UK network are discussed.

Published
2016
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18. Illness and end-of-life experiences of children with cancer who receive palliative care

Author

Kaye, Erica C., primary, Gushue, Courtney A., additional, DeMarsh, Samantha, additional, Jerkins, Jonathan, additional, Sykes, April, additional, Lu, Zhaohua, additional, Snaman, Jennifer M., additional, Blazin, Lindsay, additional, Johnson, Liza-Marie, additional, Levine, Deena R., additional, Morrison, R. Ray, additional, and Baker, Justin N., additional

Published
2017
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19. Use of accelerometry to investigate physical activity in dogs receiving chemotherapy

Author

Helm, J., McBrearty, A., Fontaine, S., Morrison, R., and Yam, P.

Abstract

Objectives:\ud To perform a preliminary study to assess whether single-agent palliative or adjuvant chemotherapy has an impact on objectively measured physical activity in dogs.\ud \ud Methods:\ud Fifteen dogs with neoplasia (treatment group) wore ActiGraph™ accelerometers for 5-day periods before, during and after receiving single-agent adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy. Mean 5-day total physical activity and time spent in three different intensities of activity (sedentary, light-moderate and vigorous) before, during and after receiving chemotherapy were compared to a group of 15 healthy dogs (control group). Results were also compared within the treatment group across time.\ud \ud Results:\ud Prior to chemotherapy, treated dogs tended to be less active than control dogs. Treatment group dogs were slightly more active at restaging than they were prior to treatment but had similar activity levels to control dogs. Marked effects of chemotherapy on physical activity were not detected. Physical activity was slightly lower in treated dogs during chemotherapy when compared to control dogs but there was a slight increase in physical activity of treated dogs during chemotherapy when compared with pretreatment recordings. There was little change in the mean 5-day total physical activity between treated dogs during chemotherapy and at restaging but a mild decrease in time spent sedentary and increase in time spent in light-moderate activity at this comparison of time points.\ud \ud Clinical Significance:\ud Single-agent adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy had minimal impact on physical activity levels in dogs with neoplasia.

Published
2016

21. Regional Nerve Blocks Improve Pain and Functional Outcomes in Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Author

Morrison, R. Sean, primary, Dickman, Eitan, additional, Hwang, Ula, additional, Akhtar, Saadia, additional, Ferguson, Taja, additional, Huang, Jennifer, additional, Jeng, Christina L., additional, Nelson, Bret P., additional, Rosenblatt, Meg A., additional, Silverstein, Jeffrey H., additional, Strayer, Reuben J., additional, Torrillo, Toni M., additional, and Todd, Knox H., additional

Published
2016
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22. Soil water content in southern England derived from a cosmic-ray soil moisture observing system - COSMOS-UK

Author

Evans, J. G., primary, Ward, H. C., additional, Blake, J. R., additional, Hewitt, E. J., additional, Morrison, R., additional, Fry, M., additional, Ball, L. A., additional, Doughty, L. C., additional, Libre, J. W., additional, Hitt, O. E., additional, Rylett, D., additional, Ellis, R. J., additional, Warwick, A. C., additional, Brooks, M., additional, Parkes, M. A., additional, Wright, G. M. H., additional, Singer, A. C., additional, Boorman, D. B., additional, and Jenkins, A., additional

Published
2016
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42. ChemInform Abstract: Aminodiol HIV Protease Inhibitors. Part 1. Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary SAR.

Author

BARRISH, J. C., primary, GORDON, E., additional, ALAM, M., additional, LIN, P.-F., additional, BISACCHI, G. S., additional, CHEN, P., additional, CHENG, P. T. W., additional, FRITZ, A. W., additional, GREYTOK, J. A., additional, HERMSMEIER, M. A., additional, HUMPHREYS, W. G., additional, LIS, K. A., additional, MARELLA, M. A., additional, MERCHANT, Z., additional, MITT, T., additional, MORRISON, R. A., additional, OBERMEIER, M. T., additional, PLUSCEC, J., additional, SKOOG, M., additional, SLUSARCHYK, W. A., additional, SPERGEL, S. H., additional, and ET AL., ET AL., additional

Published
2010
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