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Analysis of aging and pharmacogenetics (PGx) on antiretroviral pharmacokinetics (PKs) could inform precision dosing for older human HIV-infected patients. Seventy-four participants receiving either atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/RTV) or efavirenz (EFV) with tenofovir/emtricitabine (TFV/FTC) provided PK and PGx information. Aging-PGx-PK association and interaction analyses were conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple linear regression, and Random Forest ensemble methods. Our analyses associated unbound ATV disposition with multidrug resistance protein (MRP)4, RTV with P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and EFV with cytochrome P450 (CYP)2B6 and MRP4 genetic variants. The clearance and cellular distribution of TFV were associated with P-gp, MRP2, and concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs), and FTC parameters were associated with organic cation transporters (OCTs) and MRP2 genetic variants. Notably, p16INK4a expression, a cellular aging marker, predicted EFV and FTC PK when genetic factors were adjusted. Both age and p16INK4a expression interacted with PGx on ATV and TFV disposition, implying potential dose adjustment based on aging may depend on genetic background.

Objectives Using a through-the-needle local anesthetic bolus technique, ultrasound-guided infraclavicular perineural catheters have been shown to provide greater analgesia compared to supraclavicular catheters. A through-the-catheter bolus technique, which arguably "tests" the anesthetic efficacy of the catheter before initiating an infusion, has been validated for infraclavicular catheters but not supraclavicular catheters. This study investigated the through-the-catheter bolus technique for supraclavicular catheters and tested the hypothesis that infraclavicular catheters provide faster onset of brachial plexus anesthesia. Methods Preoperatively, patients were randomly assigned to receive either a supraclavicular or an infraclavicular catheter using an ultrasound-guided nonstimulating catheter insertion technique with a mepivacaine bolus via the catheter and ropivacaine perineural infusion initiated postoperatively. The primary outcome was time to achieve complete sensory anesthesia in the ulnar and median nerve distributions. Secondary outcomes included procedural time, procedure-related pain and complications, and postoperative pain, opioid consumption, sleep disturbances, and motor weakness. Results Fifty patients were enrolled in the study; all but 2 perineural catheters were successfully placed per protocol. Twenty-one of 24 (88%) and 24 of 24 (100%) patients in the supraclavicular and infraclavicular groups, respectively, achieved complete sensory anesthesia by 30 minutes (P= .088). There was no difference in the time to achieve complete sensory anesthesia. Supraclavicular patients reported more sleep disturbances postoperatively, but there were no statistically significant differences in other outcomes. Conclusions Both supraclavicular and infraclavicular perineural catheters using a through-the-catheter bolus technique provide effective brachial plexus anesthesia.

Cette recherche en geographie historique, en Guyane Britannique au dix-neuvieme siecle, etudie les raisons qui ont amene un groupe d' immigrants Portugais de Madere a dominer le commerce au detail a la fin de l' esclavage. Un recours a la theorie d' une societe pluraliste nous indique la marche a suivre pour expliquer le ‘pourquoi’ de cette domination. Certains indices orienterent notre recherche. Nous nous sommes demandes ‘pour qui’ cette societe pluraliste etait-elle si necessaire et qui d'autres, en plus de Portugais, beneficiaient de ce controle du commerce au detail. Nous avons la preuve evidente que les Portugais avaient recu l'appui de l'elite europiene, d'autre part les planteurs avaient tout interet a garder les Noirs comme ouvriers sur leurs plantations, les privant ainsi de leurs droits. Une importante immigration de main-d'euvre indienne engagee sous contract et l'appui des planteurs permit a l'elite de maintenir son controle de la colonie en etablissant et en perpetuant les divisions ethniques sur les plans economique, social et geographique. The central questions of this research on the historical geography of nineteenth-century British Guiana are how and why an immigrant group from Madeira (the Portuguese) came to dominate the post-emancipation retail trade of the colony. A recourse to plural-society theory suggested where one should inquire. By asking for ‘whom’ the creation of a plural society was so necessary; and ‘who’ else, besides the Portuguese, benefited from Portuguese control of the retail trade, one received sufficient clues and direction to know where to look. Evidence was uncovered which established that the Portuguese initially received help from the European elite. This support and substantial indentured immigration from India enabled the elite to maintain its control of the colony by establishing and perpetuating ethnic divisions in the colony's economy, society, and geography.

Hereditary multiple exostoses (EXT) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the formation of cartilage capped prominences that develop from the epiphyses of the long bones. EXT is heterogeneous with three different locations currently identified on chromosomes 8, 11, and 19. Recently, we identified and studied 12 large multigenerational EXT families. Linkage analyses demonstrates that 6 of these families map to 8q24 and 6 to 11p. None of the families map to the chromosome 19 locus. The results suggest that there are two major loci, on chromosomes 8 and 11, involved in the cause of EXT. The locus on chromosome 19 remains to be confirmed.

Branchiootorenal (BOR) syndrome is a variable, autosomal-dominant disorder of the first and second embryonic branchial arches, kidneys, and urinary tract. We describe the phenotype in 45 individuals, highlighting differences and similarities reported in other studies. Characteristic temporal bone findings include cochlear hypoplasia (4/5 of normal size with only 2 turns), dilation of the vestibular aqueduct, bulbous internal auditory canals, deep posterior fossae, and acutely-angled promontories.

Carrier dynamics in methylammonium lead halide (CH3NH3PbI3–xClx) perovskite thin films, of differing crystal morphology, are examined as functions of temperature and excitation wavelength. At room temperature, long-lived (>nanosecond) transient absorption signals indicate negligible carrier trapping. However, in measurements of ultrafast photoluminescence excited at 400 nm, a heretofore unexplained, large amplitude (50%–60%), 45 ps decay process is observed. This feature persists for temperatures down to the orthorhombic phase transition. Varying pump photon energy reveals that the fast, band-edge photoluminescence (PL) decay only appears for excitation ≥2.38 eV (520 nm), with larger amplitudes for higher pump energies. Lower photon-energy excitation yields slow dynamics consistent with negligible carrier trapping. Further, sub-bandgap two-photon pumping yields identical PL dynamics as direct absorption, signifying sensitivity to the total deposited energy and insensitivity to interfacial effects. Together with first principles electronic structure and ab initio molecular dynamics calculations, the results suggest the fast PL decay stems from excitation of high energy phonon modes associated with the organic sub-lattice that temporarily enhance wavefunction overlap within the inorganic component owing to atomic displacement, thereby transiently changing the PL radiative rate during thermalization. Hence, the fast PL decay relates a characteristic organic-to-inorganic sub-lattice equilibration timescale at optoelectronic-relevant excitation energies.

Branchiootorenal (BOR) syndrome is a common autosomal dominant form of hearing impairment previously mapped to 8q. This report refines the localization of the BOR syndrome gene by haplotype analysis to the interval flanked by markers D8S553 and D8S286. By multipoint linkage analysis, the disease locus most likely is flanked by markers D8S530 and D8S279. 31 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.

A few decades ago the phrase organic materials brought to mind only insulating polymers. Organic metals and organic superconductors have dramatically changed that perception and opened the materials science field to the full range of molecular architecture manipulation that is the forte of organic chemists. In a similar vein, the term salts generally con­ veyed a picture of insulating inorganic crystals with simple cations and anions, although many organic ions were known. With the synthesis by Pedersen, Lehn, Cram, and others of large organic complexants for metal cations, new classes of salts with thousands of different complex ions became available ( 1-7). When a suitable non-reducible organic complexant, L, is combined with an alkali metal, M, the formation of the complexed alkali cation, M+L, releases an electron. This electron can either combine with an alkali metal to form the alkali metal anion, M-, or become trapped in the solvent or in the ionic lattice to form the solvated electron, or a crystalline electride, respectively. Crystalline electrides sometimes behave as saits, in which the electrons are localized in the vicinity of the anionic sites, and sometimes as expanded metals (or near metals), in which the electrons are itinerant. This review focuses on the optical, magnetic, and electronic properties of these unusual new compounds (8, 8a-f).

CoFe2O4 nanocrystallites have been synthesized by alkalide reduction of Co2+ and Fe3+ to form nanoscale CoFe2, followed by oxidation with aerated water at room-temperature resulting in the nanocrystalline ferrite. As produced, the material consists of 2−4 nm nanocrystals that are superparamagnetic with an average blocking temperature of ∼350 K. Annealing at 100 °C in air results in a decrease in the blocking temperature to ∼250 K, with no detectable nanocrystallite growth. The dramatic change in the magnetic properties upon annealing is probably due to removal of crystal defects, namely oxygen vacancies. Further annealing to temperatures as high as 400 °C results in little change in the nanocrystallite size or the magnetic properties. Annealing at 500 °C results in the onset of significant growth in the nanocrystallite size, reaching 30 nm for material annealed at 1000 °C. The saturation magnetization, remanence, and squareness ratio, measured at 300 K, increase smoothly with increasing annealing temperat...

(Y0.95Eu0.05)2O3 nanoparticles have been synthesized by subambient homogeneous reduction using alkalide solutions and subsequent oxidation. As synthesized, the material consists of free-flowing agg...

SUMMARY The BUNTEP programme has established itself as a successful innovator and purveyor of higher education to a hitherto neglected segment of the Canadian mosaic the isolated lndian reserves of northern Manitoba. BUNTEP comes at a time, however, when the reserves isolation from the outside world is breaking down. Combined with the stresses imposed by the post-war nuclear settlement policy of the government and the stresses of the population explosion, the formerly isolated bands are confronting challenges they are ill-equipped to meet. Television (which reached some reserves as recently as December 1977). the telephone, airplanes, motorboats, snowmobiles, and all the convenience goods sold at the local Hudson's Bay Company stores are steadily undermining whatever traditional culture is left. It is hoped that BUNTEP, and the successful graduates of BUNTEP, may provide these isolated communities with a means of coming to terms with the increasingly intrusive greater Canadian society.