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The aim of this review was to report on the imaging modalities used to assess morphological and architectural properties of the m. triceps surae muscle in typically developing children, and the available reliability analyses. Scopus and MEDLINE (Pubmed) were searched systematically for all original articles published up to September 2020 measuring morphological and architectural properties of the m. triceps surae in typically developing children (18 years or under). Thirty eligible studies were included in this analysis, measuring fibre bundle length (FBL) (n = 11), pennation angle (PA) (n = 10), muscle volume (MV) (n = 16) and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) (n = 4). Three primary imaging modalities were utilised to assess these architectural parameters in vivo: two-dimensional ultrasound (2DUS; n = 12), three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS; n = 9) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n = 6). The mean age of participants ranged from 1.4 years to 18 years old. There was an apparent increase in m. gastrocnemius medialis MV and pCSA with age; however, no trend was evident with FBL or PA. Analysis of correlations of muscle variables with age was limited by a lack of longitudinal data and methodological variations between studies affecting outcomes. Only five studies evaluated the reliability of the methods. Imaging methodologies such as MRI and US may provide valuable insight into the development of skeletal muscle from childhood to adulthood; however, variations in methodological approaches can significantly influence outcomes. Researchers wishing to develop a model of typical muscle development should carry out longitudinal architectural assessment of all muscles comprising the m. triceps surae utilising a consistent approach that minimises confounding errors.

BACKGROUND Data on liver transplantation (LT) in acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) are scanty. AIM To perform meta-analysis on outcomes after LT for ACLF compared with ACLF patients not receiving LT or with LT recipients for indications other than ACLF. METHODS We pooled data from 12 studies on LT outcomes among ACLF patients. RESULTS Among nine studies, 22 238 LT recipients for ACLF vs 30 791 for non-ACLF were younger by 1.1 years, less males (64% vs 66.4%), and higher model for end-stage disease score by 14.5 (14.4-14.6), P

Differences in performance among the areas of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland can provide some insight into the resilience of UK milk supplies from forage-based dairy herds. This study used a Markov Chain approach to model the average herd in each region between the years 2010 to 2015. The effect of a single unit change in milk production (milk volume, fat yield and protein yield), fitness (survival, somatic cell count, mastitis and calving interval) and efficiency (methane) traits on the economic value and GHG emissions intensity (expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents per cow and per kg milk solids) were assessed. Production data were obtained from a total of about half a million milk recorded dairy cows in the UK and the Farm Business Surveys for each region. Across the UK improving the health (SCC and mastitis), fertility (calving intervals) and survival of cows will increase profitability and reduce emissions intensity of milk production. In Scotland, herds had higher milk yields but poorer survival, which potentially could be due to poor fertility indicated by a longer calving interval compared to other regions. Herds in Northern Ireland had the shortest average calving interval but the highest somatic cell counts (SCC), and thus greater estimated mastitis incidence and wasted milk. Notably, England had considerably higher economic values (between 10 and 30%) and emission intensity values (between 11 and 37%) for SCC and mastitis incidence than other regions, due to lost milk production and the higher gross margin. This study provides a framework that can be customised for individual herds to allow assessment of resilience and resource efficiency of milk production not only in the UK but for comparison with international dairy systems.

Risk factors associated with voluntary and involuntary culling within a Holstein-Friesian dairy cow research herd were identified. Data were studied from 3498 completed lactations from the Langhill Holstein-Friesian dairy herd between January 1990 and June 2008. During this period the cows were based on two different farms in Scotland. The culling rate of the milking herd was approximately 25 per cent per annum. Approximately 68 per cent of cows culled were classified as involuntary. The association between different risk factors and the incidence of culling was investigated using a general linear mixed model. Of the 838 cows culled, 59 per cent were culled before the fourth lactation. Culling was associated with cows that had an assisted calving (P

To what extent does a ‘rehabilitation of the senses’ take place in Schiller’s writing? Traditionally, Schiller criticism has seen mind and body as equal partners, ideally in harmony, but actually in conflict. But recent theoretically-inclined criticism would tend to see the body in Schiller’s writing as a false replica that has been created by a domineering rationality. In the analysis offered here, mind-body con-flict in Schiller’s writing is seen in the context of dramatic ‘hubris and revenge’ plots. The ‘lower mental faculties’ take revenge on reason for its political hubris. The moment of revenge is presented as a psychosomatic crisis or ‘revolution’, which is accompanied by symbols of disrupted harmony. In the early plays, crisis is part of a teleological anthropology inherited from classical medicine; the violent crisis brought on by political rationality can be curative. But after the French Revolution Schiller limits the extent of the violence in psychosomatic crises. Real revenge is excluded as the world of the dramas is reorganised according to the rationality of the ‘aesthetic state’. Exemplo quodcumque malo committitur, ipsi displicet auctori. prima est haec ultio, quod se iudice nemo nocens absolvitur, improba quamvis gratia fallaci praetoris vicerit urna.