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AIMS To understand dual users' cigarette and e-cigarette use patterns including the contexts in which they vape vs smoke and to understand how environmental and internal contexts and smoking patterns differ between dual users and exclusive smokers. DESIGN Longitudinal observational trial. SETTING Research center in Wisconsin, USA. PARTICIPANTS Adult dual users (n=162) and adults who exclusively smoked (n=143), with no plans to quit smoking or vaping in the next 30 days MEASUREMENTS: Participants carried smartphones for 2 weeks at baseline to record each use event for the two products and report on the context of their product use. Percent of mornings where participants vaped first vs. smoked were used to compute e-cigarette dependence. FINDINGS Hierarchical linear regression models with random slopes and intercepts examined the within- and between-subject effects of context on the likelihood of vaping (vs. smoking); significant fixed effects were tested for moderation by e-cigarette dependence. Dual users reported significantly more puffs/cigarette (mean (M)=13.1, standard deviation (SD)=10.2) than puffs/vape event (M=11.7, SD=11.5; p=0.01). E-cigarette dependence moderated the influence of social cues (t-ratio=2.4, p=0.02) and smoking restrictions (t-ratio=3.1, p=0.003) on the likelihood of vaping versus smoking (odds ratio (OR)=2.30, p=0.02). Context was more related to which product was used in those of low versus higher e-cigarette dependence. Reports of strong cravings to smoke and positive expectancies for cigarettes were associated with reduced likelihood of vaping whereas strong cravings to vape and positive vaping expectancies were related to increased likelihood of vaping. CONCLUSIONS Among dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes with no motivation to quit, vaping appears to be related to internal cues and more highly linked with social contexts and smoking restrictions (i.e., under stronger external stimulus control) among those with low to moderate e-cigarette dependence compared with high e-cigarette dependence. These findings illustrate the importance of contextual factors in tobacco product use amongst dual users with the influence of context being reduced at high levels of e-cigarette dependence.

Introduction Our study sought to assess the interplay of family dynamics, namely familial warmth and LGBTQ+ specific rejection, and its association to self-esteem in a non-probabilistic sample of LGBTQ+ adolescents in the United States. Methods Stratified by (1) cisgender and (2) transgender and non-binary LGBTQ+ adolescents (N = 8774), we tested multivariable regression analyses to assess the association between familial warmth and LGBTQ+ specific family rejection, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. We then conducted a sub-analysis with LGBTQ+ adolescents who reported being out to any family member about their LGBTQ+ identity; specifically, we tested a series of multivariable regression models to assess whether levels of LGBTQ+ specific family rejection attenuated the association between familial warmth and self-esteem. Results Full sample models indicated a positive association between familial warmth and self-esteem. Findings from our sub-analysis indicated that familial warmth remained positively linked to self-esteem and family rejection was negatively associated with self-esteem. Family rejection was a statistically significant moderator, attenuating the association between familial warmth and self-esteem. With respect to being out about one's sexual orientation, these findings were robust across gender stratification groups. Conclusions Families of origin serve as sources of stress and resilience for LGBTQ+ adolescents. Our findings contribute support to arguments that familial warmth and LGBTQ+ specific rejection are not mutually-exclusive experiences among LGBTQ+ adolescents. We provide recommendations for multilevel interventions to leverage activities that support positive family dynamics and self-esteem among LGBTQ+ adolescents.

Background Youth with obesity are likely to experience weight-based bullying victimization, and adolescents have the highest obesity rates among children. Factors that protect youth from traditional bullying victimization may protect youth from weight-based bullying victimization: internal assets such as positive identity and social competence, and external assets such as perceived support from parents and friends. Methods To examine this proposition, data from 8th, 9th, and 11th graders were obtained from the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 126,495). Logistic regressions were conducted to identify the relationship between assets and weight-based bullying and to determine possible moderation by weight status. Results Results demonstrate that positive identity, parent support, and friend support were associated with lower odds of experiencing weight-based bullying victimization. Moderation analyses revealed that perceived parent support was most protective against experiencing weight-based bullying victimization among youth with obesity compared to youth with overweight, normal weight, or underweight. Conclusion School administrators, counselors, and teachers should be aware of the increased risk of weight-based bullying for youth with obesity and underweight. Results underscore the need to foster youth's internal assets like positive identity to promote a strength-based approach for prevention. Parent involvement is warranted in weight-based bullying prevention efforts.

This study examined the association between participation in community organizations and life satisfaction, and relevant mediating and moderating mechanisms among retirees. Positive and negative affect were considered as mediating variables, and family relation as a moderating variable. A total of 1132 community-dwelling retirees aged 50 years or more were investigated. A self-developed questionnaire with five items measured the level of organizational participation (OP) based on residential community. The Satisfaction with Life scale (SWLS), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Family Cohesion sub-scale of Family Environment Scale (FES) were used to assess life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, and family relation, respectively. Mplus was used to conduct mediating and moderating analyses after controlling for six demographic and socioeconomic factors. First, the results indicated that OP was positively associated with life satisfaction. Second, positive and negative affect partly mediated the relationship between OP and life satisfaction. Third, family relation negatively moderated the relationship between OP and life satisfaction; that is, compared with those retirees with good family relation, the beneficial role of OP in enhancing one's satisfaction was more significant for those retirees with poor family relation; furthermore, family relation also moderated the links of OP-negative affect. These findings suggested that OP related to life satisfaction of retirees through mediating roles of positive and negative affect, and family relation partly moderated the above direct and indirect processes. In a word, OP based on residential community had a positive role in buffering adverse influence of poor family relation.

Introduction Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are highly prevalent developmental disabilities associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. In addition to varied strengths and unique talents, people with FASD experience significant challenges, including in adaptive functioning. Adaptive functioning refers to skills related to everyday life such as communication, practical skills, and social skills. For the current review we aimed to understand how adaptive functioning in FASD compares to that of nonexposed individuals and those with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Additionally, we investigated how this relationship may change based on IQ, executive functioning, and age. Method The current review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Studies were eligible for inclusion if they measured adaptive functioning and included an FASD group and at least one eligible comparison group. Articles available in May 2021 in PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations were searched. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's regression and three-level random effects models were computed for all domains of adaptive functioning. Possible moderation of IQ, executive functioning, and age were investigated if heterogeneity analyses were significant. A post-hoc moderation analysis of recruitment method was also completed. Results Thirty studies were included. Individuals with FASD had significantly lower adaptive functioning relative to other groups, with effect sizes ranging from 1.04-1.35 compared to nonexposed groups and .30-.43 compared to ADHD groups. No significant moderating effects were found for IQ, or age; executive functioning significantly moderated communication skills in FASD compared to the nonexposed group. Recruitment method significantly affected this relationship, with larger effect sizes on average found for clinically-identified samples compared to at-risk or population samples. Conclusions Individuals with FASD have impairments in adaptive functioning relative to nonexposed and ADHD groups, regardless of IQ, executive functioning, or age. Limitations include low sample sizes in some comparisons and limited age range.

Most studies on migrant domestic workers (MDW) focus on their problems and vulnerabilities, whereas not much is known about their positive attributes and character strengths. Hence, this study intends to deviate from the usual deficit-based view of MDW, which portrays them as victims, to a strengths-based perspective, which highlights their character strengths. In this study, we examined MDW's character strengths (i.e. positive human attributes that contribute to the thriving of oneself and others) and work-related factors associated with it. The participants of the study were 631 Filipino female MDW in Hong Kong. We examined how work-related factors (employer support and working conditions) predicted different character strength domains (courage, humanity, justice, moderation, transcendence and wisdom) through strengths use. Results of structural equation modelling revealed that employer support consistently predicted all six domains of character strengths through increased strengths use. These findings highlight the important role of employer support on MDW's character strengths. More importantly, it can raise critical awareness on MDW's strengths and well-being, and provide a platform for future strengths-based programmes and policies.

BACKGROUND Past research has indicated that individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may demonstrate increased sensitivity to stress exposure following onset of the disorder. Thus, having PTSD may amplify the effects of subsequent stressors. This has been found to be relevant in some forms of substance use but relationships between PTSD, new stress and opioid use specifically has not been examined. AIMS To explore interactions between PTSD, new victimisation and opioid use and test the hypothesis that PTSD will moderate any victimisation-opioid use relationship. METHODS The pathways to desistance data were used in analyses. A series of logistic regression models were used to test both direct effects of victimisation and PTSD on opioid use and interactions between them. RESULTS The sample was comprised of a male majority (male N = 1,170; female N = 184). Results indicated that neither PTSD nor victimisation were significant predictors of opioid use. PTSD was found to moderate the relationship between victimisation and opioid use in the hypothesised manner. CONCLUSIONS There may be clinical implications of these results relating to both inpatient and outpatient treatment. Regular trauma screening, additional victims' services and trauma-informed care may help to reduce the risk of opioid use among individuals suffering from PTSD.

OBJECTIVE The aims of this study are to investigate (1) how family response to acculturation (e.g., accusations of assimilation) is related to anxiety and depressive symptomatology for Latinx emerging adults. This study's goal is also to analyze (2) the extent to which ethnic identity components and gender moderate the respective associations. METHOD Cross-sectional survey was completed by 200 Latinx emerging adults. Inclusion criteria involved reading English, ages 18-25, currently reside in Maricopa or Miami-Dade Counties and self-identify as Latinx. Analysis used hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses. RESULTS Findings indicate that higher familial accusations of assimilation were associated with higher symptoms of depression and anxiety. Moderation analyses indicate that gender had a statistically significant interaction with accusations of assimilation in relation to symptoms of both depression and anxiety. A significant three-way interaction between ethnic identity exploration, gender, and intracultural accusations of assimilation in relation to symptoms of depression interaction among men was found. CONCLUSION Findings from the study add to literature on the effect of intragroup marginalization on Latinx mental health and highlight gender differences. The ethnic identity component of exploration is found to be a protective factor for men which wanes over increasing levels of accusation of assimilation.

Parental depressive symptoms and their related factors have not been widely examined during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Therefore, the current study examined the actor and partner associations of work–family conflict and parental depressive symptoms. Considering the new demands and challenges for families during the COVID‐19 pandemic, we further explored the moderation effect of coparenting. A cross‐sectional online survey with 985 paired fathers and mothers was conducted in Mainland China. In 11.6% of families, only mothers reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; in 10.6% families, only fathers reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; in 9.5% families, the mother and father reported mild to moderate depressive symptoms. Results of the actor–partner interdependence model showed that parental family‐to‐work conflict was negatively associated with their own depressive symptoms. The negative actor association of maternal family‐to‐work conflict and depressive symptoms was moderated by undermining coparenting. The partner effects of maternal family‐to‐work and work‐to‐family conflicts on paternal depressive symptoms were moderated by undermining coparenting. Moreover, supportive coparenting moderated the actor association of work‐to‐family conflict and the depressive symptoms of fathers. Results highlight the importance of family‐to‐work conflict and family function for parental depressive symptoms. These findings can help promote parental well‐being during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

This meta-analysis tested maternal responsivity as a mediator of the association between socioeconomic risk and children's preschool language abilities. The search included studies up to 2017 and meta-analytic structural equation modeling, allowed us to examine the magnitude of the indirect effect across 17 studies (k = 19). The meta-analysis included 6433 predominantly White, English speaking children (Mage = 36 months; 50% female) from Western, industrialized countries. All paths in the model were statistically significant, notably, the indirect effect was significant (b = -.052), showing that maternal responsivity may be a proximal intervening variable between socioeconomic risk and children's language development. Moderator analyses found that the indirect effect was stronger for sensitive parenting than warmth and when parenting was assessed in the family home.

Research suggests that people's perceptions of the typical physical activity behaviors of others-descriptive norms-shape their own physical activity. However, prior work has primarily used cross-sectional designs, focused on people's physical activity intentions or self-reported overall physical activity, and failed to attend to how the normative referent affects the norm-behavior relationship. In a pre-registered experiment, we manipulated the descriptive norm to explore its effect on perceived exertion during, and objectively assessed performance on, an exercise (running) task. We also measured the strength of participants' social identification as a member of the norm reference group as a potential moderator. Following a baseline trial, participants (N = 78) were either told that their baseline score on the running task was below average (high norm condition) or above average (low norm condition) compared to members of the reference group. Participants in both conditions tended to perform better in Trial 2 than Trial 1. However, participants in the high norm condition improved their performance significantly (2.5 times) more than participants in the low norm condition. Social identification moderated the effect of the norm manipulation on perceived exertion. High identifiers tended to exert themselves less than low identifiers during Trial 2 if they were told they were above average, whereas if told they were below average, high identifiers exerted themselves slightly more than low identifiers. Results provide evidence that descriptive norm messages can improve people's performance on physically demanding tasks, and indicate that descriptive physical activity norms may be more influential when the norm reference group is subjectively meaningful. Opportunities to fruitfully deploy norm messages in applied contexts are discussed.

Aims To explore the role of self-efficacy (SE) in the effect of patient empowerment on self-management behaviours among patients with chronic illness and to investigate the moderating effect of three types of health locus of control (HLC) in this moderated mediation model. Design Cross-sectional design. Methods Data were collected in a general tertiary hospital, and a sample of 254 patients was recruited between August and October 2020. The effect of moderation and mediation was tested by the PROCESS macro (Model 4 and Model 8) for SPSS 25.0 by Hayes using 5000 bootstrap samples. Results Self-efficacy significantly mediated the relationship between patient empowerment and self-management behaviour with a 95% confidence interval excluding zero. The chance HLC demonstrated a moderating effect, and the interaction effect on SE and self-management behaviour was significant. Conclusion Patient empowerment may improve confidence and adherence to self-management among people with chronic illness, and such benefits were conditional on the HLC of patients. Impact This study addresses the relationship between patient empowerment and self-management behaviour in patients with different personality characteristics. This result indicated that classifying the type of HLC may enable the identification of subgroups of patients who may subsequently benefit from patient empowerment. In a patient-centred programme, nurses and other healthcare professionals correctly identifying patients' HLC type and understanding the implications and then providing appropriate health care plans for patients with different health beliefs may be useful to tailor the decision-making process.

The COVID‐19 pandemic has presented many novel situations that have amplified the presence of moral distress in healthcare. With limited resources to protect themselves against the virus and strict safety regulations that alter the way they work, healthcare providers have felt forced to engage in work behaviours that conflicted with their professional and personal sense of right and wrong. Although many providers have experienced moral distress while being physically in the workplace, others suffered while at home. Some healthcare providers worked in facilities that were unable to open during the pandemic due to restrictions, which could contribute to a sense of powerlessness and guilt. The current study assessed whether the ability to see patients each week impacted the relationship between an employee's moral distress and their mental health strain, burnout, and maladaptive coping. A total of 378 healthcare providers responded to weekly surveys over the course of 7 months (April 2020–December 2020). Hierarchical linear modeling techniques were used to examine the study variables over time. Results showed that moral distress predicted an individual's mental health strain and burnout, even after controlling for the prior week. However, moral distress was not a significant predictor of maladaptive coping. Interestingly, there was not a significant difference between the average ratings of moral distress between those who were able, and those who were not able to see patients, meaning that both groups experienced symptoms of moral distress. However, cross‐level moderation results indicated that the ability to see patients magnified the relationships between moral distress and mental health strain and burnout over time. Implications of the results and recommendations for how moral distress should be addressed among healthcare providers are discussed.

In this meta‐analysis, we estimate the effectiveness of hybrid language instruction overall and across a number of moderator variables by aggregating effect sizes from 11 studies with 34 samples. Results suggest hybrid language instruction can be just as effective as traditional face‐to‐face (f2f) instruction, as indicated by the negligible differences between hybrid courses and traditional f2f courses (d = .14). Furthermore, studies employing within‐group designs indicate that students in hybrid language classes can improve their language skills considerably (d = 1.47). This is a positive finding given that many institutions have experienced a surge in hybrid teaching due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. We also report on a number of moderator variables that can impact the effectiveness of hybrid language courses, including (a) the amount of reduction in f2f time, (b) the use of online activities provided by textbook publishers, (c) the use of a learning management system, (d) advances in digital technologies, (e) the targeted language skills (e.g., speaking, writing), and (f) whether the data come from initial or subsequent iterations of a hybrid course. Additionally, we offer directions for future research regarding the substantive and methodological issues in the hybrid language instruction domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Modern Language Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AIMS To test the relationship between patient-related stressor, psychological distress, work engagement and outcomes (job satisfaction and recovery attitude) among psychiatric nurses in Japan. Specifically, we tested the following hypotheses: psychological distress mediates the relationship between patient-related stressor and outcomes and work engagement moderates the direct and indirect effects of patient-related stressor on outcomes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS In total, 446 psychiatric nurses in Japan responded to a self-reported questionnaire between August and October 2018. Data on demographics, patient-related stressor, job satisfaction, recovery attitude, psychological distress and work engagement were collected, followed by a moderated mediation analysis using hierarchical regression and structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS Regression analysis indicated that psychological distress mediated the negative relationship between patient-related stressor and job satisfaction and that work engagement moderated the direct and indirect effects of patient-related stressor on job satisfaction. In particular, the higher the work engagement, the higher the indirect effect, but the lower the direct effect. Additionally, no mediation of psychological distress and moderation of work engagement was observed in the relationship between patient-related stressor and recovery attitude; however, work engagement directly increased recovery attitude. Results of the SEM test showed a satisfactory fit of the final model. CONCLUSIONS Work engagement facilitates recovery attitude and increases the indirect effect of patient-related stressor on job satisfaction through psychological distress. However, work engagement decreases the direct effect not mediated by psychological distress. IMPACT This study addresses an essential topic, that is, psychiatric nurse job outcomes (job satisfaction and recovery attitude) are negatively influenced by patient-related stressor. Work engagement has multiple beneficial effects on outcomes as both a facilitator and moderator; thus, programs that improve work engagement are useful for psychiatric nurses. Furthermore, programs may be enhanced considering that work engagement decreases the direct effect of patient-related stressor on job satisfaction.

Background Objectives Methods Results and conclusions Major takeaways With the recent pivot to online instruction and/or to mixed online/face‐to‐face (i.e., hybrid) models of teaching necessitated by the novel coronavirus pandemic, the uses of technology to support instruction would seem to have great importance. Whereas effective integration of technology in mathematics classrooms requires recognition of students’ needs and instructional goals that technology could fulfill, very few comprehensive meta‐analytical studies have focused on the roles of instructional technology in support of specific learning goals.In this meta‐analysis, we investigated and reviewed the roles and affordances of technology in mathematics instruction and its effects on students' mathematics achievement.Cross‐searching multiple bibliographic databases generated a total of 3276 potentially relevant full‐text studies. After applying a series of inclusion/exclusion criteria, we kept 77 studies with 151 effect sizes. Two researchers then coded for seven sets of study features and student characteristics: technology roles, publication‐related features (years and resources), research design, sample size, grade levels, duration of interventions, and types of the testing instruments. The coding achieved acceptable levels of inter‐rater reliabilities. Since effect sizes varied across studies and student populations, random‐effects models were used for overall effect estimates and moderator analyses.Overall, this meta‐analysis revealed a small, positive, and statistically significant effect of technology on students' mathematics achievement with an average Hedges' s g (ḡ) of 0.23. The largest significant moderator effects were found when technology was used to design and support collaborative and communicative environments (ḡ = 0.49);the next‐largest moderator effects were found when using technology as supports for problem‐solving (ḡ = 0.39), followed by the roles of as supports for conceptual development (ḡ = 0.31) and as adaptive mathematics practices (ḡ = 0.28). This study also found that the effects of technology were differentiated as a function of publication resources, research design, duration of intervention, and the testing instrument.Focusing on the roles and functions of technology, this study can contribute to guide potential synthetical studies as well as the future design of educational technology. In particular, technology is used effectively when it is used (a) to create and design a collaborative and communicative learning environment where students have chances to collaborate and interact with each other and (b) as supports for mathematics problem‐solving and for mathematics conceptual development. On the other hand, technology is less effective when it is used for monitoring and assessing students' learning processes without follow‐up instructions.The findings suggested that technology intervention lasting for a shorter time is the better choice. When technology is used for longer periods of instruction, maintaining its novelty and students’ curiosity should be considered. This study also suggested that incorporating computer‐adaptive testing in technology‐based intervention programs is more likely to detect technology effects as adaptive testing could continuously adjust to the abilities of individual students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Computer Assisted Learning is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While ample research examines community violence as a serious public health problem that disproportionately affects minority adolescents, less attention focuses on adolescents' experiences of gender-based harassment in poor, urban neighborhoods. Using data from 416 urban, low-income Latino/a adolescents (53% female; Mage = 15.5), this study examined (a) the relations between community violence exposure (CVE), gender-based harassment, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and (b) the role of parent-child cohesion as a moderator of the relations between CVE/harassment and PTSD symptoms. Whereas both CVE and gender-based harassment were associated with greater PTSD symptoms, the effect of gender-based harassment on PTSD symptoms was far greater than the effect of community violence. Additionally, the association between gender-based harassment and PTSD symptoms was exacerbated when parent-child cohesion was high, compared to when cohesion was low or average. Finally, Latino/a adolescents exposed to high levels of both CVE and gender-based harassment had worse PTSD symptoms compared to those exposed primarily to gender-based harassment, who in turn had worse PTSD symptoms than those exposed primarily to community violence. Findings highlight the importance of including adolescents' experiences with gender-based harassment when studying community violence.

BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) may be associated with asthma management. Whether PA is associated with childhood asthma control is not well studied, and the role of body mass index (BMI) in this association remains unclarified. This study aimed to evaluate the association between PA and childhood asthma control and investigate the potential mediating and modifying role of BMI in the association. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved 303 asthmatic children aged 5-14 years. Information on PA was collected from children. Asthma control was assessed using a valid questionnaire by children and their parents. Height and weight were objectively measured and BMI was calculated and classified. Multiple linear regression, mediation, and moderation analyses were performed. RESULTS There was a positive association between PA and childhood asthma control with adjustment for variates (B = 0.144, p = .012). Mediation analysis indicated that BMI status negatively mediated the association (estimate = -0.656, 95% credit interval: -1.645, -0.006), and such indirect effect is lower than the direct effect (indirect effect/direct effect = 58.3%). No evidence of effect modification by BMI was observed (Pinteraction = 0.516). Stratified analyses showed that the significant association was only observed in children with overweight/obesity (normal weight: B = 0.863, p = .189; overweight/obese: B = 1.494, p = .044). CONCLUSIONS Increased PA is associated with improved childhood asthma control, especially for children with higher BMI. BMI exhibited a negative effect but not effect modification in this association. PA should be encouraged to improve asthma control for asthmatic children. Besides, mechanisms other than weight loss may explain the association.

BACKGROUND Alcohol expectancies (AE; beliefs about the likelihood of outcomes) and valuations (beliefs about the desirability of outcomes) may help explain alcohol use by young adults. However, it remains unclear how variability in AE and valuations over time are related to alcohol-related outcomes, and whether these associations are moderated by sex. The current study addressed these gaps in knowledge by examining within-person variability among positive and negative AEs, valuations, and alcohol-related outcomes over a 12-month period. METHODS Data were collected from 433 college students (Mage = 20.06; 59.81% women) who completed surveys at 4 timepoints: at baseline and 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up. RESULTS We found substantial within-person variability in both AE and valuations (intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 50% to 66%), and differences in variability by sex, with women showing more variability than men. Multilevel models revealed that weekly drinking was significantly higher at timepoints in which participants held relatively greater AE for sociability, sexuality, and risk/aggression, but lower when participants expected greater effects on self-perception. Weekly drinking was also higher when participants reported more favorable valuation of risk/aggression. Participants experienced significantly more negative consequences at timepoints in which they held relatively greater AE for sexuality and self-perception. No AEs were associated with a reduced likelihood of negative consequences. Participants experienced more negative consequences at timepoints in which they reported more favorable valuation of self-perception No valuations were associated with fewer consequences. Several between- and within-person associations were moderated by sex. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that AE and valuations are dynamic, that young adults' beliefs about the effects of alcohol varied over time, and that both negative and positive AE and valuations may be important correlates of alcohol use and consequences. These findings have implications for interventions designed to challenge expectancies and valuations with the goal of reducing alcohol use and associated consequences.

OBJECTIVES In this study, we examined the degree of generality and specificity of OC beliefs are moderated by gender among individuals with OC disorders. METHODS The diagnostic groups consisted of: (1) individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; N = 398); (2) individuals with other anxiety disorders (N = 104); and (3) undergraduate students (N = 285). To evaluate the gender moderating effect, we employed stacked prediction by correspondence analysis (CA). To conduct the analysis, we generated a two-way contingency table with rows of gender nested within the diagnostic groups and columns of OC beliefs stacked to OC symptom severity. To conduct prediction by CA of this stacked table, we considered OC beliefs as predictors and OC symptoms as outcomes. RESULTS We confirmed with the CA results that OC belief generality, but not specificity because the OCD group members did show higher endorsement of OC beliefs compared to individuals with other anxiety disorders. Gender moderated the OC related beliefs of overestimation of threat, inflated responsibility, and intolerance of uncertainty, but not perfectionism in predicting OC symptoms. The correlational results obtained from the stacked prediction by CA further showed that as depression and anxiety increased, endorsement of OC beliefs was stronger for males than females. DISCUSSION Clinical implications and future directions are discussed. PRACTITIONER POINTS OC belief generality was evident in the study but not specificity. Gender moderation was demonstrated in overestimation of threat, inflated responsibility, and intolerance of uncertainty. As depression and anxiety increased, endorsement of OC beliefs was stronger for males than females.

There is a lack of studies evaluating temperament as a predictor of one's mentalizing capacity and its moderating role in the relationship between mentalization in parents and their offspring. So, the aim of this study is to examine whether certain types of children's temperament and their parents' mentalizing capacity can predict children's mentalizing capacity and whether children's temperament is a moderator in the context of parent-child relationship. The sample consisted of 388 participants, i.e., 194 dyads of primary caregivers and their adult children. In order to operationalize the mentalizing capacity (of both parents and their adult children), we used The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (Fonagy et al., 2017). Different types of temperament in children were measured using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego - auto-questionnaire - short version (Akiskal, Mendlowicz, Jean-Louis et al., J Affect Disord, 85, 45-52, 2005). The results indicate that parents' mentalizing capacity is a significant predictor of this competence in their children. Anxious and depressive temperaments directly predict higher scores on certainty about mental states, while hyperthymic temperament is a negative predictor of a good mentalizing ability. Furthermore, certain temperament types, irritable and hyperthymic, are statistically significant moderators in the relationship between the individual's and the parent's mentalizing capacity. The results suggest the possibility that hyperthymic temperament in children can alleviate the negative consequences of low mentalizing capacity of parents on mentalizing capacity of their children. Finally, the results suggest that positive relationship between high mentalizing capacity of parents and children is especially distinctive for children with irritable temperament.

Background: The rapid spread of COVID‐19 forced many countries to adopt severe containment measures, transferring all didactic activities into virtual environments. However, the integration of technology in teaching may present difficulties, especially in some countries, such as Italy. Objectives: The present study analyzed how the two main factors of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), namely perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, combined with online teaching self‐efficacy, were associated with the intention to use technology to teach. We posited a moderated moderation model in which perceived usefulness represented the main predictor, with self‐efficacy and perceived ease of use as moderators of intention to use technology to teach. Method: The model was tested through multiple regressions, using the PROCESS macro on SPSS 26 with a sample of 178 upper secondary school teachers in Italy. Results and conclusions: Regressions showed that each variable significantly predicted the intention to use technology. In addition, a moderation effect of self‐efficacy on the perceived usefulness of using technology was found for medium and high‐level of perceived ease of use of technology. Implications: The present study provides targeted implications for distance education policy and practice to promote its adoption (or the blended modality) in Italian upper schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Computer Assisted Learning is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) outbreak has resulted into global devastation. This study attempts to explore the positive phenomenal impact of perceived pandemic anxiety resulting in prosocial behaviour (PB) through the mechanisms of self‐awareness and spiritual transformation using terror management theory (TMT). The study also examines the moderating impact of conscious state expansion (CSE) on the self‐awareness and spiritual transformation relationship, and the impact of this moderation effect is further tested separately on two gender groups. The data (N = 573) for the study were collected from the Punjab state of India during the ascending phase of outbreak. The results of PLS‐SEM analysis reveal the significant influence of variables under study on prosocial behavioural outcomes. Taking insights from the findings of the study it becomes clear that during dreadful situations, when people experience the possibility of loss of life, their self‐awareness level increases, which in turn results in their spiritual transformation. Such mechanism is observed more in the people possessing higher spiritual consciousness. The study concludes by recognising the positive role played by spiritual transformation (ST) in the evolution of the attributes of care and compassion for others, resulting in positive social consequences. The discussion, implications, limitations, and future directions are presented and discussed.

Individual donations are the main source of income for charitable organizations. This study aims to understand whether, when, and how descriptive norms can be used to motivate individual monetary donations. Our findings challenge previous literature about the influence of descriptive norms on donation intentions by shedding light on the process of their influence. Studying 288 respondents, we found that descriptive norms do influence donation intentions and this interaction is mediated by perceived impact as well as personal involvement. Beneficiary responsibility, however, did not emerge as a significant moderator of the process. Our results guide managerial decisions of charitable organizations to inform their professional practice and help them increase individual donations.

Critical consciousness (CC) may promote well‐being, particularly during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In a national survey of 707 college students conducted in April 2020, we first validated the Short Critical Consciousness Scale (ShoCCS) among youth groups not often specifically examined in CC measurement (i.e., Asian, immigrant‐origin, LGBQ+, and women youth). Next, we examined associations between ShoCCS subscales and validated measures of both anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7) and hopefulness (The Individual‐Differences Measure in Hopefulness). The ShoCCS achieved measurement invariance across racial/ethnic groups and immigrant‐origin status, and partial invariance among LGBQ+ and women‐identifying youth. We found critical reflection and action associated with anxiety for the full sample, but no evidence of moderation by sociodemographic factors. ShoCCS subscales were differentially associated with hopefulness for Asian youth and LGBQ+ youth. This study contributes to the evolution of CC measurement and extends the field by identifying well‐being associations during the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic.

This article investigates the moderating effect of political affinity between countries on investors' reactions to the premium in cross‐border acquisitions (CBAs). Based on a sample of 1,183 CBAs between 1999 and 2018, we find that political affinity positively moderates the relationship between the acquisition premium and the acquiring and target firms' stock market return. We argue that investors use political affinity to assess the reliability of the premium (i.e., management's overall perception of a given deal's synergistic potential). This is in line with prior literature reasoning that, unlike strong political affinity, weak political affinity increases the likelihood of government intervention, decreases the likelihood of deal completion, and results in higher premiums to mitigate the previous effects, thus potentially increasing the likelihood of value destruction.

The purpose of the paper is to examine the relationship between green human resource management (GHRM) practices such as green recruitment, green training, green performance management, green reward, green involvement and millennial employee retention in the hotel industry in Bangladesh. The study examined the moderating effect of psychological empowerment on the relationship between GHRM practices and millennials’ retention. This study used a survey questionnaire of 394 employees in Bangladeshi 3-star to 5-star hotels to test hypotheses using SmartPLS. The study found that green reward and green training have significant relationships with millennials’ retention in hotels. The results showed psychological empowerment as a significant moderator on the relationship between three GHRM practices, green training, green performance management, green and reward and millennials’ retention. With significant environmental degradation in South-Asia, this study establishes GHRM can reconcile environmental regeneration and business strategy in the hotel industry, whose environmental footprint is increasingly under scrutiny.

BACKGROUND Previous research identified an association between work-family conflict and musculoskeletal pain. This study explores how conflict arising from participating in both the work and nonwork domains might influence the relationships between musculoskeletal pain experienced by workers and particular work-related hazards. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of data was collected from 401 workers in Belgium across seven organizations in the service and production sector. Subjective measures of the physical and psychosocial work environments, and musculoskeletal pain, were collected by questionnaire, using either an online or paper version. Moderation analyses were conducted using PROCESS v. 3.5 and SPSS v. 26. RESULTS Work-related hazards appeared to directly influence musculoskeletal pain differently for men and women. In addition, low levels of work-family conflict and supervisor support combined interactively to reduce low back pain in women. For men, the combination of high physical demands and relatively high work-family conflict were associated with increased levels of low back pain. CONCLUSIONS Addressing the work-life interface is worthy of further investigation as a legitimate means through which musculoskeletal pain can be reduced. Musculoskeletal risk management strategies need to include risk factors related to the work-life interface, along with those related to physical and psychosocial work-related hazards.

This study involved 608 children and adolescents between 7 and 18 years of age (Mage = 12.9, SDage = 2.70) from 47 residential care centres in Peru (RCC). The objective of the study was to observe the mediating effect of school satisfaction on the relationship between violence by teachers at school and the subjective well-being of children and adolescents, considering how the low or high support from residential care staff can condition this mediating effect as well. The descriptive results show a very high prevalence of violence inflicted by teachers at school for both children and adolescents in residential care in Peru. Regarding the results obtained from the moderated mediation model results, the school satisfaction domain is observed to have a mediating effect on the relationship between teacher violence and subjective well-being in children and adolescents. In addition, a moderated mediation effect conditioned by support from residential care staff is seen only in the case of children Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Wiley

Animal sociality plays a crucial organisational role in evolution. As a result, understanding the factors that promote the emergence, maintenance, and diversification of animal societies is of great interest to biologists. Climate is among the foremost ecological factors implicated in evolutionary transitions in social organisation, but we are only beginning to unravel the possible mechanisms and specific climatic variables that underlie these associations. Ambient temperature is a key abiotic factor shaping the spatio-temporal distribution of individuals and has a particularly strong influence on behaviour. Whether such effects play a broader role in social evolution remains to be seen. In this review, we develop a conceptual framework for understanding how thermal effects integrate into pathways that mediate the opportunities, nature, and context of social interactions. We then implement this framework to discuss the capacity for temperature to initiate organisational changes across three broad categories of social evolution: group formation, group maintenance, and group elaboration. For each category, we focus on pivotal traits likely to have underpinned key social transitions and explore the potential for temperature to affect changes in these traits by leveraging empirical examples from the literature on thermal and behavioural ecology. Finally, we discuss research directions that should be prioritised to understand the potentially constructive and/or destructive effects of future warming on the origins, maintenance, and diversification of animal societies.

Background Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for youth with anxiety and related disorders, with a 59% remission rate at post-treatment. Results of reviews and meta-analyses indicate that treatment gains are maintained across long-term follow-up, at least in terms of symptom improvement. Less is known about relapse, defined as patients who initially achieve remission status but then experience a return of symptoms after a follow-up period. Method The current study used meta-analysis to determine the overall rate of relapse in CBT for children and adolescents (age 18 years or younger) with anxiety and related disorders. Potential moderating factors of relapse rates, including demographic, methodological, and clinical/intervention characteristics, were also examined. Out of a pool of 78 abstracts, 13 full-text articles were retained for meta-analysis. An additional two articles were identified from other sources (total N = 535 patients). Results Results showed an overall relapse rate of 10.5% (including comorbid autism spectrum disorder) and 8% (excluding comorbid autism spectrum disorder) across studies. Moderator analyses demonstrated that relapse rates were higher among younger and more racially diverse samples, as well as among patients with comorbid externalizing disorders and those taking psychiatric medications. There were no differences in relapse rates as a function of primary diagnosis. Conclusions Taken together, the findings indicate that relapse rates in CBT for anxious youth are relatively low, suggesting that treatment development and refinement efforts should focus on improving treatment response and remission rates for this population.

OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis was designed to assess the effects of social-cognitive training (SCT) and whether study quality, treatment approach, treatment context, and sample characteristics influence these effects. METHODS Electronic databases were searched up to 5 August 2020 using variants of keywords: 'social cognition', 'training', 'rehabilitation', 'remediation', and 'schizophrenia'. Methodological moderators were extracted through the Clinical Trials Assessment Measure and verified by authors. This study was pre-registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020154026). RESULTS Forty-two controlled trials with 1,868 participants were identified. The meta-analysis revealed moderate effects on emotion recognition, mental state attribution, and social perception. No significant effects were evident on psychiatric symptoms or social functioning. A small signal was evident for the generalization of treatment gains to executive function. Moderator analyses revealed that studies of lower methodological quality reported larger effects, and samples with lower mean years of education were associated with larger effects of SCT on mental state attribution. Treatment effects did not differ by other moderator variables such as treatment context and intervention types. CONCLUSIONS SCT benefits people with schizophrenia on a variety of social-cognitive outcomes. Differences in baseline symptoms, gender distribution, antipsychotic medication dose, IQ, and other sample features did not create barriers to treatment benefits. Future studies should aim to enhance the generalization of training effects on broader clinical outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Mental contamination and cognitive fusion have been identified as risk factors for anxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effect of cognitive fusion on the relationship between mental contamination and anxiety. METHOD: Participants (N = 504 community adults), recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk), completed measures of mental contamination, cognitive fusion, and anxiety. RESULTS: Results from a regression analysis showed that the interaction between mental contamination and cognitive fusion predicted anxiety (s = 0.15, p < 0.001). Simple slopes analysis revealed a positive association between mental contamination and anxiety that was significant at higher (s = 0.25, p < 0.001), but not lower (s = 0.01, p = 0.88), levels of cognitive fusion. CONCLUSION: The development of risk profiles that incorporate mental contamination and cognitive fusion may be beneficial for early identification of individuals at high risk for anxiety.

Bank survival is essential to economic growth and development because banks mediate the financing of the economy. A bank’s overall condition is often assessed by a supervisory rating system called CAMELS, an acronym for the components Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management quality, Earnings, Liquidity, and Sensitivity to market risk. Estimates of the impact of CAMELS components on bank survival vary widely. We perform a meta-synthesis and meta-regression analysis (MRA) using 2120 estimates collected from 50 studies. In the MRA, we account for uncertainty in moderator selection by employing Bayesian model averaging. The results of the synthesis indicate an economically negligible impact of CAMELS variables on bank survival; in addition, the effect of bank-specific, (macro)economic, and market factors is virtually absent. The results of the heterogeneity analysis and publication bias analysis are consistent in terms that they do not find an economically significant impact of the CAMELS variables. Moreover, best practice estimates show a small economic impact of CAMELS components and no impact of other factors. The study concludes that caution should be exercised when using CAMELS rating to predict bank survival or failure.

Aims Nursing students in Taiwan often study in interdisciplinary teams that must create healthcare products. Creativity is imperative for the students' success, but studies have not explored the relational precursors to team creativity in nursing education. Therefore, the relationship was examined between task interdependence, interaction behaviours (constructive controversy, helping behaviours and spontaneous communication) and creativity for nursing students on interdisciplinary teams in Taiwan to investigate whether high task interdependence moderates the correlations between interaction behaviours and creativity. Design Descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study. Methods Participants were nursing students (N = 99) attending interdisciplinary capstone courses in 2- or 4-year nursing programmes at a university for science and technology in Taiwan. Self-report questionnaires were used to collect the students' demographics and perceptions of their teams' task interdependence, interaction behaviours and creativity between January 2018 and January 2019. Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed variable associations. SPSS PROCESS macro displayed moderating effects. Results Task interdependence had significant positive correlations with all three interaction behaviours and team creativity. Each interaction behaviour also had significant positive correlations with team creativity. High task interdependence negatively moderated the relationships between team creativity and (a) constructive controversy, and (b) spontaneous communication, but not (c) helping behaviours. Conclusion The empirically validated moderation model and study results suggest that nursing educators can foster creativity in their students by encouraging task interdependence and helping behaviours, and teaching students to build constructive controversy and spontaneous communication into their collaborative plans. Impact In Taiwan, nursing students must demonstrate creativity in interdisciplinary capstone courses. Their ability to do so requires them to cooperate with students in other disciplines who have unique skills or knowledge. This study provides insights into the relational factors that may improve creativity for nursing students on interdisciplinary teams.

Background The objective of this study was to ascertain long-term cancer survivors' (LTCS') appraisal of medical care and how these perceptions may influence their health and well-being, including benefit finding (BF) and posttraumatic growth (PTG). Methods In total, 6952 LTCS from a multiregional population-based study in Germany completed the Benefit Finding Scale, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Questionnaire on Stress in Cancer, and self-designed questions on cognitive appraisal of medical care. The authors explored the mediating role of distress between medical care appraisal and BF and PTG and the possible moderation of time since diagnosis in this relationship. Results LTCS' medical care appraisals ("no unresolved/untreated symptoms," "satisfaction with cancer care," and "satisfaction with care for other diseases") were positively associated with BF. PTG was positively associated with "no unresolved/untreated symptoms" and negatively associated with "satisfaction with care for other diseases." Cancer distress partially mediated the associations between appraisals of medical care and BF, between "no unresolved/untreated symptoms" and PTG and between "satisfaction with care for other diseases" and PTG; whereas it totally mediated the association between "satisfaction with cancer care" and PTG. Time was a significant moderator in the model; the negative indirect effect of cognitive appraisal on BF and PTG through cancer distress weakened with longer time since diagnosis. Conclusions Cancer survivors' medical care appraisal is associated with their perceptions of BF and PTG through distress. Therefore, distress screening could be part of the regular workup to identify distressed cancer survivors who are not satisfied with medical care; these survivors may benefit from interventions to reduce distress and increase BF and PTG.

This article draws on HRM system strength to further a process-based understanding of how HRM can impact employee well-being. The research contributes to new understanding using internal process climate as a mediator in the HR system strength and employee well-being relationship. In order to capture external influences, we also explore moderation in the form of open systems climate, thereby adding an important boundary conditioning logic to the debate. Hypotheses were tested on a sample of 585 employees across nine organisations in Malaysia. Results show that the strength of the HRM system significantly affects employee perceptions of well-being. The internal process climate positively mediates this relationship, highlighting the merits of both a formal structure and a commitment-focused HR architecture. Findings also support the moderating role of an open systems climate on this mediating relationship. The research highlights new avenues to better understand the impact of HRM system strength on well-being across contexts and outcomes.