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The development of multipurpose crops will drive the transformation of agricultural “waste” into added-value products, helping to meet biomass demands without competing with food production or increasing environmental pressure. Lupinus mutabilis, has been proposed not only as a valid source of protein and oil for Europe but also as a possible source of lignocellulosic feedstock for the biorefinery industry. In this study, the quality of L. mutabilis lignocellulosic biomass and its genetic architecture are investigated for the first time, using a panel of 223 accessions planted across three locations in two different European cropping conditions. Biomass quality was evaluated based on the estimation of neutral detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose and acid detergent lignin fractions, and on the basis of the monosaccharide composition of cell wall polysaccharides. The broad variation in yield and composition of biomass encountered in the panel confirms the potential of L. mutabilis as lignocellulosic feedstock and points out the value of this panel as a breeding tool for the improvement of biomass quality. A genome-wide association study was conducted to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with biomass quality, both across locations and per specific location. Scanning of 16,781 SNPs across the whole genome identified 46 unique quantitative trait loci for biomass quality, 4 of which were detected as common either among traits or GWAS models. For each of the traits analyzed, between 3 and 10 SNPs were detected, explaining 2.7%–15.9% of the phenotypic variation. Underlying these loci, 28 genes were proposed as candidate genes for biomass quality. Important genes involved in cellulose and sucrose synthesis (CESA4, SPP1,WRKY33, GONST2), monolignol biosynthesis (SKIP31, WAT1, CCR-SNL6) and pectin degradation (RAV1, PE) were identified and will require validation to confirm their value for application in L. mutabilis breeding.

Background Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) is an important leguminous crop from South America with a high protein content. In Ecuador, lupin yields are severely affected by the infestation of Delia platura larvae on germinating seeds. The application of elicitor molecules with activity against herbivorous insects to control Delia platura infestation constitutes an unexplored and promising alternative for chemical insecticides. In this study, Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA), Hexanoic acid (Hxa), Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB), and DL-β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) were evaluated for their ability to induce resistance against D. platura in three commercial lupin cultivars. Results Only seeds pre-treated with MeJA significantly impaired insect performance during choice and no-choice assays. Additionally, fitness indicators such as seed germination and growth were not affected by MeJA treatment. To investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the MeJA-mediated resistance, RT-qPCR assays were performed. First, RT-qPCR reference genes were validated, showing that LmUBC was the most stable reference gene. Next, expression analysis over time revealed that MeJA application upregulated the activity of the Jasmonic Acid biosynthetic genes LmLOX2 and LmAOS, together with other jasmonate-related defense genes, such as LmTPS1, LmTPS4, LmPI2, LmMBL, LmL/ODC, LmCSD1, and LmPOD. Conclusion This study indicates that MeJA can be used as an environmentally friendly elicitor molecule to protect Andean lupin from D. platura attack without fitness cost. MeJA application induces plant defense responses to insects in Andean lupin that may be modulated by the onset of terpenoid biosynthesis, proteinase inhibitors, lectins, polyamines, and antioxidative enzymes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of supercritical fluid extraction with cosolvent (SFE‐co) as an alternative process in the extraction of lupin alkaloids. A sample of crushed Lupinus mutabilis Sweet seeds, with a high content of alkaloids, was treated using aqueous extraction (AQE) and SFE‐co, where the effect of the operating conditions and the solvent in the SFE‐co were evaluated applying a factorial design. Results showed that both methods reduced the content of total alkaloids in the lupin seed, ensuring its safe consumption. SFE‐co got an extraction yield (39.19 ± 0.14 mg/g) comparable with AQE (39.22 ± 0.16 mg/g) at a temperature of 323 K, a pressure of 27 MPa, using as a solvent supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) and dilute ethanol solution, but limited to a fraction of the treated sample. SFE‐co, unlike AQE, was able to keep the nutritional value of the lupin seeds, reducing the time process from 235 hr (AQE) to 2.5 hr, assuring the non‐use of an excessive amount of water and hazardous solvents. Moreover, the fractions formed in the extraction vessel by SFE‐co allowed the understanding of the extraction mechanism of different components from a complex matrix related to their chemical polarity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study shows that it is possible to remove lupin alkaloids with green technology as supercritical fluid extraction with cosolvents, reaching extraction yields comparable with the conventional method (aqueous extraction), keeping the nutritional value of the sample, saving time and resources. However, working with a larger quantity of material than the usual used in a laboratory showed an inhomogeneous extraction of alkaloids from the sample, limiting the optimal extraction yield to one of the fractions formed. This reveals a future problem in the use of this technology at an industrial level, where the characteristics of the extracts are not only important but also the material treated since, in the lupin industry, the debittered seed and the released alkaloids are useful in the food and pharmaceutical industries, respectively.

The potential of UV C radiation of Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) seeds to eradicate seed–borne infections of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum was investigated. UV C doses from 0·0 to 691·2 kJ m 2 (resulting from 0 to 96 h of exposure time) on disease incidence reduction and germination on artificially– and naturally–infected seed were evaluated. The degree of reduction of incidence and seed germination was dependent on the dose of UV C. The UV–C doses of 86·4 kJ m 2 and higher reduced incidence from 6 7% to undetectable levels, but these UV C doses also reduced seed germination. UV C can deleteriously affect physiological processes and overall growth. For that, L. mutabilis seeds irradiated with UV C doses of 57·6 and 86·4 kJ m 2 were grown. Seedlings grown from non-infected seed and UV-C treated seed showed an increased concentration of chlorophyll and protein contents as well as an increase in the activation of defense enzymes peroxidase and catalase in comparison with plants grown from infected seed. UV C doses resulted in seed emergence and seedling dry weight rates that were similar to the non-infected control or better than the fungicide control. Moreover, 57·6 kJ m 2 reduced transmission of the pathogen from seed to the plantlets by 80%, while 86·4 kJ m 2 apparently eradicated the pathogen, under greenhouse conditions. The use of UV-C, firstly reported here are advantageous for controlling anthracnose in lupin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

With 2 figures and 6 tables Abstract Male sterility is described for the first time in lupin crop species Lupinus angustifolius L. and Lupinus luteus L. and is also characterized in the Andean lupin, Lupinus mutabilis Sweet. In L. angustifolius and L. luteus, male-sterile plants were identified in artificially induced mutation populations, while in L. mutabilis, both naturally occurring and induced male-sterile plants were selected. For L. angustifolius artificially induced sterility, the segregation ratios in F1, F2 and backcrosses showed a single-gene recessive inheritance and was concluded to be of a nuclear rather than cytoplasmic form. In L. luteus, male-sterile plants were recovered from an M3 mutation population derived from cv. ‘Wodjil’, and several were consistent with that of single recessive gene, most likely nuclear. A naturally occurring sterility in L. mutabilis was concluded to be cytoplasmic with identification of restorer and maintainer genotypes. The trait in L. mutabilis has greatly increased the rate of F1 seed set with zero selfing. Male sterility could be useful for increasing crossing efficiency in breeding programmes, for exploiting heterosis and for interspecific hybridization.

We have performed chemical proximate analysis and determined the carbohydrate profile of mature seeds of Lupinus albus, cv. Rio Maior and Lupinus mutabilis. cv. Potosi plants, either well watered (ww) or subjected to a water-stress period (imposed from the 15th to 35th day after anthesis). Protein content from lupin seeds was 450 and 320 g kg -1 of seed on dry weight basis, for ww plants, respectively, of L. albus and L. muabilis. Water stress did not affect protein content. The oil content of ww plants was about 120 g kg -1 of seed dry weight for L. albus and 180 g kg -1 of seed dry weight for L. mutabilis. Water stress reduced those values of half. The sugar content was about 90 g kg -1 for L. albus and 50 g kg -1 of seed dry weight for L. mutabilis, in ww plants. Water stress led to an increase in sugar content to 200 and 130 g kg -1 of seed dry weight, respectively, for L. albus and L. mutabilis. The «-galactosides amounted to 70 % of the total sugars (raffinose being 30 % and stachyose, 40 %) and sucrose was about 20 % of the total sugars. Water stress increased total carbohydrates and increased the sucrose/α-galactoside ratio, although reducing raffinose content and increasing sucrose content.

Two types of protein isolates have been obtained from defattedLupinus mutabilis meal. The isolates, MA and MB, were obtained by alkaline extraction with 0.2% NaOH and 0.25% sodium bisulfite, respectively, followed by precipitation at the isoelectric point (pH 4.8). Total associated lipids were extracted with 86% ethanol. Neutral lipids were separated in a Florisil column. The lipids in the isolates were similar to those found in the original meal. The following types of compounds were separated, identified, and quantitated: hydrocarbons, waxes, methyl esters, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, diacylglycerols, and free sterols.

Summary The influences of several cultural factors were investigated in relation to callus formation from seedling explants of L. mutabilis Sweet. The interaction of low culture temperature (18°C), light differences, rapid callus transfer, and media additions led to the successful abolition of media browning which usually accompanied callus senescence. The supplement of activated charcoal slowed down the growth rate of the callus produced, and made it appear friable. Low levels of picloram and dicamba were found to produce large quantities of friable callus especially when combined with kinetin. The availability of nitrogen, as well as type of explant, markedly influenced callus induction and growth, whilst the addition of glutamine enhanced callus formation.

The hybridization barriers of interspecific lupin crosses were determined by histological investigations. The cross Lupinus hartwegii×L. mutabilis (both of American origin) revealed embryos in the cotyledonary stage as well as cellular endosperm. In the reciprocal combination, L. mutabilis×L. harwegii, embryo development stopped at the end of the globular stage, and simultaneously the coenocytic endosperm did no differentiate into the cellular state. In the combination L. luteus (European origin) ×L. hartwegii, embryo as well as endosperm development were initiated. Embryo development ended at any early globular stage. Twelve days after pollination the coenocytic endosperm had almost degenerated. With L. hartwegii as the female, no pollen germination could be observed.

(...) The adaptation of a cultivar from each one of the four cultivated species of lupin has been studied. (...) Variations in climatic conditions markedly influenced the duration of the different growth stages, accumulation of dry matter, leaf area and yield of the different cultivars. Lupinus albus was the species best adapted to the conditions of the survey, distribuing its dry matter better and showing better growth indexes and higher grain yield. L. mutabilis proved to be inadvisable for autumn sowings under the ecological conditions of the area (...)

Investigations on appraisal of damage caused to lupin cultivars by the lupin aphid (Macrosiphum albifrons Essig) In preference and antibiosis tests gradually differences in susceptibility of infestation by Macrosiphum albifrons Essig were stated in five varieties of Lupinus luteus L. and the species Lupinus mutabilis Sweet. An aphid infestation in field trials reduced the yield of Lupinus luteus, L. albus and L. angustifolius. Zusammenfassung Praferenz- und Antibiosis-Versuche wiesen graduelle Unterschiede in der Befallseignung von 5 Gelblupinen-Zuchtungen im Vergleich mit Lupinus mutabilis Sweet fur die Lupinenblattlaus, Macrosiphum albifrons Essig, aus. Die Schadwirkung der Blattlaus an Kulturlupinen (L. luteus, L. albus, L. angustifolius) auserte sich in einer deutlichen Reduzierung der Hulsenanzahl und des Korngewichtes je Pflanze.

The contents of socrose and α-galactosides of the seeds of 84 cultivated lupin samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (PHLC) and the data were correlated both with genotype and environment.

The North American Lupin Aphid Macrosiphum albifrons Essig, 1911 has been observed in Europe for the first time in 1981. In 1984 it was discovered in the area of Giessen, West Germany. In field trials the suitability of different lupin species and cultivars as host plants was tested. It became apparant that 1. a certain alkaloid content must be present in the host plant and 2. the alkaloid composition is of importance. Several antagonists of this introduced aphid species could be observed within the lupin sites: Coccinella septempunctata, Chrysoperla carnea, cecidomyiid larvae and to a high rate Erynia neoaphidis. Parasitism by aphidiids could neither be unequivocally prooved nor excluded because of the difficulty to identify aphid larvae. Aphids from alkaloid-rich lupins turned out to have a narcotizing effect when eaten by C. septempunctata. This phenomenon has been investigated more detailed in the laboratory. The importance of alkaloids for M. albifrons is discussed, especially in view of its effect on antagonists. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen uber Vorkommen, Wirtspflanzenspektrum und naturliche Antagonisten der Lupinenblattlaus, Macrosiphum albifrons Essig, 1911 (Hom., Aphididae) in Westdeutschland Die Nordamerikanische Lupinenlaus, Macrosiphum albifrons (Essig, 1911) wurde 1981 zum erstenmal in Europa gefunden. Seit dieser Zeit breitet sie sich stark aus und wurde 1984 auch im Giesener Raum festgestellt. In Feldversuchen wurde die Wirtseignung verschiedener Lupinenarten und -sorten getestet. Es zeigte sich, das 1. ein bestimmter Gesamtalkaloidgehalt in der Wirtspflanze vorhanden sein mus, und das 2. die Zusammensetzung der Alkaloide von Bedeutung ist. In den Lupinenbestanden wurden verschiedene Antagonisten dieser nicht heimischen Art festgestellt. Es traten vor allem Coccinella septempunctata, Chrysoperla carnea, Cecidomyiiden und in hohem Mase Erynia neoaphidis (Rem. & Hennebert) auf. Eine Parasitierung durch Aphidiiden konnte wegen der Schwierigkeit der Bestimmung von Blattlauslarven weder eindeutig nachgewiesen noch ausgeschlossen werden. Es zeigte sich, das Blattlause, die auf alkaloidreichen Pflanzen saugten und von C. septempunctata gefressen wurden, eine narkotisierende Wirkung auf den Pradator haben. Dieser Effekt wurde im Labor eingehender untersucht. Die Bedeutung der Alkaloide fur M. albifrons wird diskutiert, vor allem im Hinblick auf ihre Wirkung auf Antagonisten.

Experimental conditions were worked out on a laboratory scale for the removal of alkaloids from seeds of bitter Peruvian lupin, Lupinus mutabilis. Four trials were carried out in this study using dilute aqueous solutions of HC1 and AcOH, and water. A simple und quick procedure is recommended for the removal of alkaloids from the whole seeds. The seeds are first soaked in 0.1N AcOH for 2hr, then boiled in water for 0.5hr, and eventually extracted with water for 8hr following the Soxhlet principle. More than 95% of the alkaloids are extracted by this procedure without leading to environmental pollution. The debittered whole seeds have a bland taste and contain around 50% protein and 20% fat Following Soxhlet extraction, the alkaloids are easily obtained as a side product. Eine effiziente Methode zur Extraktion der Alkaloide aus Bitterlupinen-Saat Im Laboratoriummasstab wurden experimentelle Bedingungen fur eine effiziente Extraktion der Alkaloide aus peruanischen Lupinen, Lupinus mutabilis, ausgearbeitet. Die folgenden Verfahrungsschritte sind geeignet, im Verlauf eines halben Tages 95% der Alkaloide aus Lupinensaat zu entfernen: Die ganze, unzerkleinerte Saat wird zunachst 2 Stunden in 0.1 N Essigsaure suspendiert, anschliesend 1/2 Stunde mit kochendem Wasser behandelt und schlieslich 8 Stunden in einer Soxhlet-Apparatur mit Wasser extrahiert Die entbitterte Saat wird getrocknet Sie enthalt 50% Protein sowie 20% Fett und schmeckt neutral. Die Alkaloide fallen im Verlauf der Soxhlet-Extraktion als Nebenprodukte in konzentrierter Losung an; eine Belastung der Umwelt durch diese Bitterstoffe wird vermieden.

Quinolizidine alkaloids and the oil were recovered from seeds of bitter lupin,Lupinus mutabilis, by 2 extractions using hexane as the only organic solvent, Ground and flaked lupin seed was extracted first with hexane, which recovers the oil and those alkaloids that occur as free bases. Subsequently, the hexane-insoluble salts of the alkaloids retained in the defatted flakes were converted into hexanesoluble free bases by treatment with aq sodium carbonate or ammonium hydroxide and removed by another extraction with hexane. A low-alkaloid proteinaceous meal was obtained with practically no loss of protein. The alkaloids dissolved in the oil were completely recovered by extraction with aq hydrochloric acid.

Lupinenol wurde aus dem Samen von L. mutabilis nach einem Extraktions und Raffinationsverfahren des Sojaols unter Einschaltung eines Entbitterungsschrittes hergestellt. Mit der Entbitterung des Oles (Waschung mit verdunnten Sauren) wurde der Alkaloidgehalt von 0.14 % im Rohol auf 5 ppm im Endprodukt gesenkt, einen Gehalt an Restalkaloiden, der aus ernahrungsphysiologischer Sicht als vollig unbedenklich angesehen werden kann. Die Zusammensetzung der Olalkaloide ist nicht identisch mit der der Samen. Wahrend in den Samen Lupanin das Hauptalkaloid ist, uberwiegen im Ol 13-Hydroxylupanin und N-Methylangustifolin. Das Rohol enthielt 800 ppm γ-Tocopherol und 39 ppm α-Tocopherol. Im Verlaufe der Raffination sank der Tocopherolgehalt von ca. 840 ppm auf 530 ppm Gesamttocopherol im Endprodukt. Der Olkuchen enthielt ca. 4% Alkaloide. Mit wasrigem Alkohol (70 %−90 % Athanol) konnte er zu einem Proteinkonzentrat entbittert werden. Das Konzentrat enthielt 73 % Protein und 0.06 % Restalkaloide. Durch Verschiebung des pH-Werts im Entbitterungsmedium in den sauren Bereich (pH 5) wie auch in den alkalischen Bereich (pH 9) konnte die Entbitterung verbessert werden. Die qualitative Alkaloidzusammensetzung im Proteinkonzentrat war ahnlich der im Samen, allerdings stieg der Anteil der Hydroxylupaninfraktion von 32.7 % der Gesamtalkaloide im bitteren auf 42.3 % im entbitterten Konzentrat. Dies ist positiv zu werten, da die Toxizitat von Hydroxylupanin nur ca. 10 % der des Lupinins betragt. Production and Debittering of Edible Oil and a Protein Concentrate from Seeds of Lupinus mutabilis Lupine oil was produced from seeds of L. mutabilis using an extraction and refining process of soya oil. The refining included a step of debittering by washing with diluted acids. This decreased the alkaloid content from 0.14 % in the raw oil to 5 ppm in the endproduct, a content of rest alkaloids, which can be considered as unobjectionable. The oil alkaloids are not identical with those of the seeds. While in seeds Lupanin is the main alkaloid fraction, in the oil 13-Hydroxylupanin and N-Methyl angustofolin are dominant. The raw oil contained 800 ppm γ-Tocopherol 39 ppm α-Tocopherol. During the refining process the Tocopherol content decreased from about 840 ppm to 530 ppm total Tocopherol in the endproduct. The oil-cake contained about 4 % alkaloids. With aqueous alcohol (70 %−90 % ethanol) was debittered to a protein concentrate, which contained 73% protein and 0.06% rest alkaloids. By changing the pH value of the debittering medium both in the acid (pH 5) and alkaline (pH 9) range the alkaloid extraction could be improved and the loses of protein could be diminished. Qualitatively the alkaloid pattern of the protein concentrate was similar to that of seeds, although the hydroxylupanin fraction increased from 32.7% of total alkaloids before the debittering to 42.3% in the debittered concentrate. This is advantageous because the toxicity of hydroxylupanin is only about 1/10 of that of Lupanin.

Functional and electrophoretic properties of the seed flour and a protein concentrate prepared by alkaline extraction from lupin seeds (Lupinus mutabilis, cultivar H-6) were investigated. SDS-PAGE indicated presence of 13 and 12 subunits in the seed flour proteins and the protein concentrate, respectively. Lupin protein concentrate had good water and oil absorption and gelation properties. Solubility of lupin proteins was minimum at a pH of 4.0 but increased rapidly beyond pH 5.0. Foaming capacity of the protein concentrate could be improved by increasing concentration as well as by adding NaCl and was influenced by pH and incorporation of certain carbohydrates. Emulsion properties of lupin proteins were concentration and pH dependent. Moist heat improved the in vitro digestibility of the seed proteins. The seed flour as well as the protein concentrate did not have detectable trypsin, chymotrypsin, and α-amylase inhibitory activities.

Die Samen von L. mutabilis zeichnen sich aus durch ihren hohen Proteingehalt von > 40%. Ihr relativ hoher Fettgehalt (ca. 18%) machte ihren Einsatz als Olfrucht moglich. Das Lupinenol wurde mittels eines Extraktions- und Verarbeitungsverfahrens des Sojaols gewonnen. Der Olkuchen wurde mit wasrigem Alkohol (80% Athanol) zu einem Proteinkonzentrat (> 60% Protein) entbittert, aus dem ein Proteinisolat (> 90% Protein) mittels Saurefallung hergestellt werden konnte. Der Herstellungsprozes beider Produkte fuhrte zu einer Konzentrierung der Proteingehalte. In beiden Produkten blieben die S-haltigen Aminosauren der die Proteinqualitat limitierende Faktor. Der Alkaloidgehalt sank von 3.3% in unbehandelten Samen auf 0.06% in Konzentraten und 0.02% im Isolat. Das Proteinisolat war frei von HCN, Trypsin-Inhibitoren und Hamagglutinen. Die Proteinqualitatsbestimmung in Futterungsversuchen an Ratten (PER-Test) ergab, das die Qualitat des Proteinkonzentrats etwa 39% der vom Casein betrug (0.9/2.50). Wahrend eine Verschiebung des pH-Wertes im Entbitterungsmedium auf pH5 die Proteinqualitat nicht beeintrachtigt, fuhrte die Einstellung des pH-Wertes auf pH9 zu einer Verminderung der Bioverfugbarkeit des Produktes. Eine Supplementierung beider Konzentrate mit 0.2 g DL-Methionin pro 100 g Diat verbesserte die Proteinqualitat auf ca. 84%. Der Herstellungsprozes des Proteinisolats beeintrachtigte die Verfugbarkeit der S-haltigen Aminosauren; dies konnte jedoch anhand der chemischen Analyse nicht erkannt werden. Die Qualitat des Proteinisolats betrug nur 18% der des Caseins. Seine Supplementierung mit 2 g DL-Methionin pro 100 g Isolat verbesserte dessen Qualitat auf etwa 89% der Caseinqualitat. Die Verdaulichkeit des Lupinenproteins betrug 83%. In Proteinmischungen aus Weizen und Lupinproteinkonzentrat (90/10) konnten die limiterenden Aminosauren beider Proteine grostenteils ausgeglichen werden. Der errechnete PER-Wert des Gemisches betrug 2.3 (78% des Caseinwertes). Dieses Ergebnis zeigt, das Proteinkonzentrate aus Lupinenolkuchen bei der Herstellung von Broten und Backwaren erfolgversprechend eingesetzt werden konnen. Evaluation of the Quality of Protein Concentrates and Protein Isolates from the Oil Cake of Lupinus mutabilis The seeds of Lupinus mutabilis contain rather high concentrations of protein amounting to 40%. Their relative high fat content of about 18% made their use as oil seeds possible. The lupine oil was extracted using a process of extraction and manufacturing of the soya oil. The oil cake was debittered with aqueous ethanol (80% ethanol) to a protein concentrate (> 60% protein) from which a protein isolate (> 90% protein) was prepared using an acidic sedimentation. The preparation of both products led to an increase of the protein concentrations ( N × 6.25). In both preparations the S-containing amino acids remained the limiting factor of the protein quality. The alkaloid content decreased from 3.3% in the seeds to 0.06% in concentrates and to 0.02% in the isolate. The protein isolate was free from HCN, trypsin inhibiting factors and haemagglutinins. The evaluation of the protein quality with feeding experiments with rats (PER test) showed that the quality of protein concentrate was about 39% of that of casein (0.9/2.5). While acidifying the debitterning medium to pH 5 did not affect the protein quality, changing the medium to pH 9 led to a concentrate, the protein of which was not available to the rats. Adding 0.2 g DL-Methionine to 100 g diet improved its protein quality to about 84%. The preparation of the protein isolate affected the bioavailability of the S-amino acids, which could not be recognized with the chemical analysis. The quality of the protein isolate amounted to only 19% of that of casein. The supplementation with 0.2% DL-Methionine in the diet improved it to 89%. The digestibility of lupine protein amounted to 83%. In mixtures of wheat protein with lupine protein concentrates (90/10) the limiting amino acids of both proteins could mostly be compensated; the calculated PER-value was 2.3 (78% of that of casein). This result shows that protein concentrates from lupine oil cake could be successfully added to bread and bakery products.

Aus gemahlener Saat der sudamerikanischen Lupine, Lupinus mutabilis SWEET, wird durch Extraktion mit uberkritischem Kohlendioxid von 300 bar und 40°C bei einem Durchsatz von 20 NL Gas pro Gramm Saat in nahezu quantitativer Ausbeute ein klares, schwach gelbes Ol isoliert. Das so gewonnene Lupinenol enthalt nur Spuren von Phospholipiden, wahrend in einem mit Hexan extrahierten Ol etwa 3% dieser Verbindungen vorliegen. Die beiden Ol unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Fettsauren-Zusammensetzung nur unwesentlich; sie enthalten auch vergleichbare Anteile an Alkaloiden. Der Wassergehalt der gemahlenen Lupinensaat beeinflust weder die Ausbeute an Ol noch das Ausmas der Extraktion verschiedener Alkaloide. Extraction of Lupine Oil with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Ground seeds of the South American lupine, Lupinus mutabilis SWEET, are treated with supercritical carbon dioxide at a pressure of 300 bar, a temperature of 40°C, and a throughput corresponding to 20 NL gas per g seed. Clear and slightly yellow lupine oil is obtained in almost quantitative yield. It is virtually free of lecithins and other phospholipids, whereas the oil extracted with hexane contains about 3% of such compounds. The two oils differ only slightly in their fatty acid compositions. Their alkaloid contents are also similar. Neither the yield of oil nor the extent of extraction of the various alkaloids is influenced by the water content of the ground seeds.