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Since the advent of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 1981, the availability of highly active anti-retroviral therapy has transformed this condition from a death sentence to a highly manageable condition. Unfortunately, a large proportion present late, resulting in increased mortality and morbidity and ultimately an increased risk of forward transmission. Oral manifestations are among the earliest and most important indicators of infection, suggesting a decreased CD4 T-cell count and an increased viral load. In the UK, a large proportion of patients are diagnosed with a CD4 count

Odontogenic myxoma is a rare benign neoplasm with locally aggressivebehaviour and a high risk of recurrence. It has a predilection for the man-dible and occurs in the 2nd–3rd decade. The authors report a case of anodontogenic myxoma presenting with a spontaneous oro-nasal fistula in a29-year-old male. Histo-pathological analysis of the incisional biopsyspecimen initially suggested a diagnosis of calcifying epithelial odontogenictumour. A partial maxillectomy was performed, and following assessmentof the resection specimen, a diagnosis of odontogenic myxoma was ren-dered. A 3 cm bicortical iliac crest bone graft was harvested and inset to theright maxillary defect under general anaesthesia. Rehabilitation will becompletedwiththeplacementofimplants. Casereport A 29-year-old non-Caucasian male of Chinese descentwas referred by his general dental practitioner to hislocal oral and maxillofacial surgery department forassessmentofaspontaneouspalatalfistulaintheupperright maxilla. His medical history was unremarkable.He was a non-smoker and did not consume alcohol.Intra-oral examination revealed an oro-nasal fistula inthe upper right, UR3-4 region. There was no palpablecervicallymphadenopathy.Plain radiographs including an Orthopantomograph(Fig. 1), a periapical (Fig. 2) and an upper anteriorocclusal demonstrated a radiolucency in this region.Further investigation with a cone-beam computedtomography(CT)revealedaradiolucencyintheUR3-4region, resorbing the palatal cortical bone, alveolarridge and the roots of UR3-4. An incisional biopsy wasperformed under local anaesthesia via a palatal flap.Histopathological investigation identified nests andsmall aggregates of polyhedral epithelial cells indegenerated fibro-collagenous stroma with slightmyxoid degeneration, accompanied by amyloiddeposits. Special staining with Congo red was positivein these deposits. The immunohistochemical stainMNF116 decorated the epithelial cells. Ki67 prolifera-tive index was low. A diagnosis of calcifying epithelialodontogenic tumour was made by clinico-pathologiccorrelation.The surgical management involved a partialmaxillectomy performed under general anaesthesia. Amucoperiosteal flap was raised via a crevicular incisionfrom UR6 to UR2, and no bony fenestration wasapparent. UR2–UR6 were extracted, and the partialmaxillectomy was completed with an extra marginsuperiorly excised to ensure clearance. Histo-pathological assessment was inconclusive, and sevenslides were sent for a second opinion to Leeds TeachingHospital. No evidence of calcifying epithelialodontogenictumourwasfoundinthesamples.Severalsections showed inactive-looking odontogenic epithe-lium (Fig. 3), lying within myxoid fibrous connectivetissue (Fig. 4). There was clear evidence of localdestruction of bone (Fig. 5) and tooth-root in areas.

An aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign, expansive, osteolytic lesion consisting of blood-filled cysts. It occurs rarely in the craniofacial region, more commonly affecting the long bones and the spine. We report a rare case affecting the mandibular condyle of a 65-year-old Caucasian male.

Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is still the most fatal infectious disease worldwide. It remains a therapeutic and diagnostic challenge because it mimics other pathological processes and yields inconsistent physical and laboratory findings. We present a case of tuberculous lymphadenitis presenting in the cervical lymph nodes of a young male.

We report a rare case of hypoglossal nerve palsy in a 74-year-old woman, which was caused by an aneurysm of the external carotid artery. Fluoroscopic-guided embolisation with micro-coils was performed with complete resolution of symptoms.