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Abstract Background Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) test in advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can help physicians provide target therapies for patients harboring ALK gene rearrangement. This study aimed to investigate the real‐world test patterns and positive rates of ALK gene rearrangements in advanced NSCLC. Methods In this real‐world study (ChiCTR2000030266), patients with advanced NSCLC who underwent an ALK rearrangement test in 30 medical centers in China between October 1, 2018 and December 31, 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Interpretation training was conducted before the study was initiated. Quality controls were performed at participating centers using immunohistochemistry (IHC)‐VENTANA‐D5F3. The positive ALK gene rearrangement rate and consistency rate were calculated. The associated clinicopathological characteristics of ALK gene rearrangement were investigated as well. Results The overall ALK gene rearrangement rate was 6.7% in 23,689 patients with advanced NSCLC and 8.2% in 17,436 patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. The quality control analysis of IHC‐VENTANA‐D5F3 revealed an intra‐hospital consistency rate of 98.2% (879/895) and an inter‐hospital consistency rate of 99.2% (646/651). IHC‐VENTANA‐D5F3 was used in 53.6%, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in 25.4%, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) in 18.3%, and fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) in 15.9% in the adenocarcinoma subgroup. For specimens tested with multiple methods, the consistency rates confirmed by IHC‐VENTANA‐D5F3 were 98.0% (822/839) for FISH, 98.7% (1,222/1,238) for NGS, and 91.3% (146/160) for RT‐PCR. The overall ALK gene rearrangement rates were higher in females, patients of ≤ 35 years old, never smokers, tumor cellularity of > 50, and metastatic specimens used for testing in the total NSCLC population and adenocarcinoma subgroup (all P < 0.05). Conclusions This study highlights the real‐world variability and challenges of ALK test in advanced NSCLC, demonstrating a predominant use of IHC‐VENTANA‐D5F3 with high consistency and distinct clinicopathological features in ALK‐positive patients. These findings underscore the need for a consensus on optimal test practices and support the development of refined ALK test strategies to enhance diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic decision‐making in NSCLC.

Abstract Background Alterations in epigenetic factors are recognized as key contributors to the emergence of human cancer. The active and reversible alteration of N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) RNA is crucial for controlling gene activity and determining cellular destiny. Even with these insights, the triggering of KIAA1429 (also called VIRMA) and its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is mostly unclear. As a result, the objective of this study was to elucidate how KIAA1429 contributes to cancer development in LUAD. Methods This study utilized multiple methods for investigation, encompassing the in vitro functional examination of KIAA1429 in lung adenocarcinoma cells, transcriptome sequencing, methylation RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP‐seq), as well as RNA stability tests to ascertain the half‐life and stability of the target genes. Results The results indicated that modifying the expression of KIAA1429 regulated the proliferation and metastasis of LUAD. By employing transcriptome sequencing alongside MeRIP‐seq analysis, the research pinpointed genes affected by m6A alterations triggered by KIAA1429. In a more detailed manner, it was discovered that KIAA1429 plays a regulatory role in the expression of ARHGAP30. Suppressing KIAA1429 results in reduced m6A levels in the mRNA of the target gene ARHGAP30, boosting its stability and expression, thus inhibiting tumor proliferation and metastasis. Conclusion This study revealed the activation mechanism and pivotal function of KIAA1429 in LUAD tumor development, paving the way for molecular‐based interventions for LUAD.

Abstract Antiferromagnets are competitive candidates for the next generation of spintronic devices owing to their superiority in small‐scale and low‐power‐consumption devices. The electrical manipulation of the magnetization and exchange bias (EB) driven by spin‐orbit torque (SOT) in ferromagnetic (FM)/antiferromagnetic (AFM) systems has become focused in spintronics. Here, the realization of a large perpendicular EB field in Co/IrMn and the effective manipulation of the magnetic moments of the magnetic Co layer and EB field by SOT in Pt/Co/IrMn system is reported. During the SOT‐driven switching process, an asymmetrically manipulated state is observed. Current pulses with the same amplitude but opposite directions induce different magnetization states. Magneto–optical Kerr measurements reveal that this is due to the coexistence of stable and metastable antiferromagnetic domains in the AFM. Exploiting the asymmetric properties of these FM/AFM structures, five spin logic gates, namely AND, OR, NOR, NAND, and NOT, are realized in a single cell via SOT. This study provides an insight into the special ability of SOT on AFMs and also paves an avenue to construct the logic‐in‐memory and neuromorphic computing cells based on the AFM spintronic system.

Abstract To reduce the learning time and space occupation, this study presents a novel model‐free algorithm for obtaining the Nash equilibrium solution of continuous‐time nonlinear non‐zero‐sum games. Based on the integral reinforcement learning method, a new integral HJ equation that can quickly and cooperatively determine the Nash equilibrium strategies of all players is proposed. By leveraging the neural network approximation and gradient descent method, simultaneous continuous‐time adaptive tuning laws are provided for both critic and actor neural network weights. These laws facilitate the estimation of the optimal value function and optimal policy without requiring knowledge or identification of the system's dynamics. The closed‐loop system stability and convergence of weights are guaranteed through the Lyapunov analysis. Additionally, the algorithm is enhanced to reduce the number of auxiliary NNs used in the critic. The simulation results for a two‐player non‐zero‐sum game validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Abstract Activatable type I photosensitizers are an effective way to overcome the insufficiency and imprecision of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of hypoxic tumors, however, the incompletely inhibited photoactivity of pro‐photosensitizer and the limited oxidative phototoxicity of post‐photosensitizer are major limitations. It is still a great challenge to address these issues using a single and facile design. Herein, a series of totally caged type I pro‐photosensitizers (Pro‐I‐PSs) are rationally developed that are only activated in tumor hypoxic environment and combine two oxygen‐independent therapeutic mechanisms under single‐pulse laser irradiation to enhance the phototherapeutic efficacy. Specifically, five benzophenothiazine‐based dyes modified with different nitroaromatic groups, BPN 1−5, are designed and explored as latent hypoxia‐activatable Pro‐I‐PSs. By comparing their optical responses to nitroreductase (NTR), it is identified that the 2‐methoxy‐4‐nitrophenyl decorated dye (BPN 2) is the optimal Pro‐I‐PSs, which can achieve NTR‐activated background‐free fluorescence/photoacoustic dual‐modality tumor imaging. Furthermore, upon activation, BPN 2 can simultaneously produce an oxygen‐independent photoacoustic cavitation effect and a photodynamic type I process at single‐pulse laser irradiation. Detailed studies in vitro and in vivo indicated that BPN 2 can effectively induce cancer cell apoptosis through synergistic effects. This study provides promising potential for overcoming the pitfalls of hypoxic‐tumor photodynamic therapy.

Abstract We explored the challenges and solutions for managing data within the Whole Health System (WHS), which operates as a Learning Health System and a patient‐centered healthcare approach that combines conventional and complementary approaches. Addressing these challenges is critical for enhancing patient care and improving outcomes within WHS. The proposed solutions include prioritizing interoperability for seamless data exchange, incorporating patient‐centered comparative clinical effectiveness research and real‐world data to personalize treatment plans and validate integrative approaches, and leveraging advanced data analytics tools to incorporate patient‐reported outcomes, objective metrics, robust data platforms. Implementing these measures will enable WHS to fulfill its mission as a holistic and patient‐centered healthcare model, promoting greater collaboration among providers, boosting the well‐being of patients and providers, and improving patient outcomes.

Abstract The analysis of the eddy‐current field in the wound core widely used in the field of transformer energy conservation is taken as the theme. Adopting the homogenisation idea to consider the unique geometry of the wound core and features of its equivalent multi‐stage circular cross‐section magnetic boundary, a homogeneous model consisting of a columnar material with continuous homogeneous electromagnetic anisotropy is established by deriving the Maxwell equations of the magnetic quasi‐static field in the columnar coordinate system. Finally, a homogeneous fine element model for the eddy‐current field in the wound core is established and the accuracy of the model has been verified by the test platform. The result shows that the homogeneous model can be effectively used for the analysis of the eddy‐current field in the wound core, and the error of calculating the eddy‐current loss under different excitation conditions is less than 6% under the premise of extremely saving the engineering calculation cost, which will help improve the operational performance of the wound core and contribute to the energy‐saving goal of the high‐voltage equipment.

Abstract Background The efficacy of systemic therapy regimens, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (IO‐TKI) and targeted therapy, for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unpredictable due to the lack of effective biomarkers. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) plays an important role in promoting ccRCC. This study explores the NET predictive value of the efficacy in metastatic ccRCC. Methods In this retrospective study, patients with metastatic ccRCC who received targeted drugs and IO‐TKI were included. Immunofluorescence staining was utilized to quantify the levels of tissue NETs through cell counts of H3Cit(+) and MPO(+) cells. Results A total of 183 patients with metastatic ccRCC were enrolled, including 150 patients who received TKIs and 33 patients who received IO‐TKI. The levels of NETs in tumor tissue were significantly higher than in para‐tumor tissue (p

Abstract Purpose To investigate the correlations between metabolic parameters (MPs) of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), serum tumor markers (STMs), and tumor mutational burden (TMB) in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, we enrolled 129 patients with NSCLC (males, 78; females, 51) who underwent baseline TMB and STM tests and 18F‐FDG PET/CT scans before treatment between March 2018 and September 2022. Patients were categorized into TMB‐high (TMB ≥10 mutations/Mb; n = 27 [20.9%]) and non‐TMB‐high (TMB

Objective Conventional open internal fixation surgery for thoracolumbar fractures has many complications and long recovery time. There are few clinical studies on the minimally invasive percutaneous injured vertebrae screw internal fixation. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the application value of minimally invasive percutaneous injured vertebrae screw internal fixation in the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures (TF). Methods A total of 98 patients with TF admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. According to the surgical method, the patients were divided into the study group (n = 49, treated with minimally invasive percutaneous injured vertebrae screw internal fixation) and the control group (n = 49, treated with traditional open internal fixation surgery). The two groups were compared in the perioperative period, the degree of pain at different periods, the percentage of the height of the anterior edge of the injured vertebra, the Cobb angle of the injured vertebra body and the wedge angle of the injured vertebra body at the first week and the last follow‐up, and the postoperative complications and the occurrence of the cone shell after the operation were recorded. Then, statistical analysis such as Student's t test or Chi‐Square test was performed. Results The operation time (p = 0.002), intraoperative blood loss (p

Objective The high hip center (HHC) technique has been proposed for the treatment of patients with developmental dysplaisa of the hip (DDH) who have an acetabular bone defect. However, the importance of global femoral offset (FO) in the application of this technique has not been sufficiently appreciated. Our goals were to confirm that the HHC technique is feasible in the treatment of patients with DDH and to assess the function of global FO in this procedure. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 73 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty using high hip center technique for unilateral DDH at our hospital between January 2014 and June 2019. According to global FO, the patients were split into three groups: increased FO group (increment greater than 5 mm), restored FO group (restoration within 5 mm) and decreased FO group (reduction greater than 5 mm). Patients' medical records and plain radiographs were reviewed. One‐way ANOVA was used to compare radiographic outcomes and Harris hip score (HHS). Paired t‐test was used to assess preoperative and postoperative HHS and leg length discrepancy. Trochanteric pain syndrome, Trendelenburg sign and postoperative limp was evaluated with Fisher's exact test. Results The average follow‐up time was 7.5 ± 1.4 years. The patients' HHS and leg length discrepancy were significantly improved (p

Abstract Background The differential diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) from neoplasm undergoing mucinous features brings more pitfalls to pathologists. Combining specific MAML2 gene rearrangement and histological characteristics may be the solution. Methods Twenty‐five tumors with mucinous components were selected for differential diagnosis of MEC. All the cases were detected for MAML2 gene rearrangement. The cases diagnosed as MEC were classified into four variants: classic, oncocytic, Warthin‐like, and nonclassified, and they were graded using the Brandwein system. The histological characteristics of non‐MECs were summarized for differential diagnosis. Univariate survival analysis was performed on MECs. Results There were 16 MECs; 62.5% were MAML2 rearranged. For the low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐grade MECs, the rate of rearrangement was 83.3%, 100%, and 28.6%, respectively. Both the oncocytic and Warthin‐like MECs were MAML2 rearranged. For the classic and nonclassified MECs without MAML2 rearrangement, non‐keratinized squamoid cells and distinctive mucinous cells were essential diagnostic criteria. On survival analysis, all the disease progression occurred in high‐grade MECs (p = 0.038). Nine cases were diagnosed as non‐MECs: pleomorphic adenoma with mucinous metaplasia showed no ex‐capsular involvement; metaplastic Warthin tumor appeared with overt keratinization and residual oncocytic bilayered epithelium; mix squamous cell and glandular papilloma showed an endobronchial papillary growing pattern; adenosquamous carcinoma was accompanied by squamous carcinoma in situ of the overlying mucosa. All the non‐MECs were negative for MAML2 rearrangement. Conclusion The application of combining MAML2 rearrangement and histological characteristics is helpful in the differential diagnosis between MEC and other tumors with mucinous components.

The purpose of the infrared and visible image fusion is to generate a fused image with rich information. Although most fusion methods can achieve good performance, there are still shortcomings in extracting feature information from source images, which make it difficult to balance the thermal radiation region information and texture detail information in the fused image. To address the above issues, an expectation maximization (EM) learning framework based on adversarial generative networks (GAN) for infrared and visible image fusion is proposed. The EM algorithm (EMA) can obtain maximum likelihood estimation for problems with potential variables, which is helpful in solving the problem of lack of labels in infrared and visible image fusion. The axial‐corner attention mechanism is designed to capture long‐range semantic information and texture information of the visible image. The multifrequency attention mechanism digs the relationships between features at different scales to highlight target information of infrared images in the fused result. Meanwhile, two discriminators are used to balance two different features, and a new loss function is designed to maximize the likelihood estimate of the data with soft class label assignments, which is obtained from the expectation network. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of EMA‐GAN over the state‐of‐the‐art.

Abstract Introduction With the advancements in early diagnosis, more and more patients with multiple primary lung cancer (MPLC) have been identified. However, the progression of MPLC involves complex changes in cell composition and metabolic function, which remains largely controversial. Objective Our study aims to comprehensively reveal the cellular characteristics and inter‐cellular connections of MPLC. Methods We performed scRNA‐seq from 23 samples of six MPLC patients, combined with bulk whole‐exome sequencing. We performed trajectory analysis to investigate the transition of different cell types during the development of MPLC. Results A total of 1 67 397 cells were sequenced derived from tumour and adjacent tissues of MPLC patients, and tumour, normal, immune and stromal cells were identified. Two states of epithelial cells were identified, which were associated with immune response and cell death, respectively. Furthermore, both CD8+ naïve and memory T cells participated in the differentiation of CD8+ T cells. The terminal states of CD8+ T cells were exhausted T cells and cytotoxic T cells, which positively regulated cell death and were implicated in the regulation of cytokine production, respectively. Two main subpopulations of B cells with distinct functions were identified, which participate in the regulation of the immune response and antigen presentation, respectively. In addition, we found a specific type of endothelial cells that were abundant in tumour samples, with an increasing trend from normal to tumour samples. Conclusions Our study showed the comprehensive landscape of different cells of MPLC, which might reveal the key cellular mechanisms and, therefore, may provide new insights into the early diagnosis and treatment of MPLC.

Abstract The design of the dry‐type on‐board traction transformer (OBTT), a new lightweight method in the traction system of electric multiple units, needs to consider the transient hot spot temperature (HST) under different railroad line operating conditions. In order to quickly calculate the transient HST of dry‐type OBTT when operating under different railroad line conditions, a calculation method (hereinafter referred to as GP‐HST method) by combining an enhanced genetic programming algorithm (GP) with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is presented. First, intercept a section from the railroad line to be calculated and use the CFD method to calculate the transient HST of the section railroad line. Then, the enhanced GP modelling is driven by this section of railroad line measured and simulated data. Next, a calculation model with an implicit mathematical correlation between railroad line operating conditions and the dry‐type OBTT transient HST is established. Finally, the calculation model quickly calculates the transient HST of the remaining railroad line in operation. To validate the presented method, the calculation model obtained using the presented method is used to calculate the transient HST for another railroad line with significantly different operating conditions, and it is compared with the direct use of the CFD method. The calculation results show that the GP‐HST method reduces the simulation time of the CFD method from 950 to 0.25 min with a maximum error, mean absolute error, and mean relative error of 1.856 K, 0.778 K, and 0.22%, respectively, for a railroad line with a running time of about half an hour. This shows that the GP‐HST method can effectively help to improve the design efficiency of dry‐type OBTT.

Abstract In this paper, two novel algorithms to find the Nash equilibrium solution of the non‐zero‐sum games for continuous‐time input‐affine nonlinear systems are presented. Based on integral reinforcement learning method, the integral‐exploration‐coupled Hamilton‐Jacobi (HJ) equations are derived, which does not contain any information of the system dynamics. Then, based on neural networks approximation, two different adaptive tuning law of weights are given to estimate the approximate solution of the coupled HJ equations. Both two algorithms can estimate the value function and the policy without knowing or identifying the system dynamics. The closed‐loop system stability and the convergence of weights are guaranteed based on Lyapunov analysis. Finally, the simulation results of a two‐player non‐zero‐sum game demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms.

Abstract Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common lung cancer worldwide. N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is a messenger RNA (mRNA) modification that plays a key role in tumor growth, immune microenvironment, and immunotherapy response. This study investigated the expression level, mutation status, prognostic value, and predictive ability for response to anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapy of the m6A methyltransferase KIAA1429 in LUAD. Methods This study examined multiple public data cohorts and independent samples from National Cancer Center (NCC) to evaluate the clinical significance and prognostic value of KIAA1429 in LUAD using bioinformatics techniques and immunohistochemical staining. We also evaluated the predictive value of KIAA1429 expression for anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapy efficacy. GSEA analysis was performed using KIAA1429 RNA‐seq data at the tumor tissue level and cellular level to explore the potential molecular mechanism. Results In public databases, KIAA1429 was significantly associated with clinicopathological parameters in LUAD patients and had the potential to predict patient prognosis. The mutation characteristics of KIAA1429‐related genes were analyzed and TP53, TTN, CSMD3, and other genes showed high mutation frequencies in LUAD. An independent cohort of 415 samples confirmed that high KIAA1429 expression was significantly associated with poorer prognosis in LUAD patients. Analysis of a small immunotherapy cohort showed that patients with high expression of KIAA1429 had better response after immunotherapy, and the proportion of patients with immunotherapy response was higher in this group. Conclusions Our study confirmed that KIAA1429 was highly expressed in LUAD and was significantly associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, KIAA1429 may serve as a potential marker to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in LUAD.

Abstract Background Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract (GI‐NECs) remain a disease of grim prognosis with limited therapeutic options. Their molecular characteristics are still undefined. This study aimed to explore the underlying genetic basis and heterogeneity of GI‐NECs. Methods Comprehensive genomic analysis using whole‐exome sequencing was performed on 143 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded samples of surgically resected GI‐NEC with a thorough histological evaluation. Mutational signatures, somatic mutations, and copy number aberrations were analyzed and compared across anatomic locations and histological subtypes. Survival analysis was conducted to identify the independent factors. Results In total, 143 GI‐NECs were examined: the stomach, 87 cases (60.8%); the esophagus, 29 cases (20.3%); the colorectum, 20 cases (14.0%); and the small intestine, 7 cases (4.9%). Eighty‐three (58.0%) and 60 (42.0%) cases were subclassified into small cell and large cell subtypes, respectively. GI‐NECs showed distinct genetic alterations from their lung counterparts and non‐neuroendocrine carcinomas in the same locations. Obvious heterogeneity of mutational signatures, somatic mutations, and copy number variations was revealed across anatomic locations rather than histological subtypes. Except for tumor protein p53 (TP53) and retinoblastoma 1 (RB1), the most frequently mutated genes in the stomach, esophagus, colorectum, and small intestine were low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1B (LRP1B), notch receptor 1 (NOTCH1), adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1), respectively. Mutations in the WNT‐β‐catenin, NOTCH and erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene B (ERBB) pathways were prevalently identified in gastric, esophageal, and colorectal NECs, respectively. Importantly, 104 (72.7%) GI‐NECs harbored putative clinically relevant alterations, and non‐gastric location and RB1 bi‐allelic inactivation with copy number alterations were identified as two independent poor prognostic factors. Furthermore, we found that tumor cells in GI‐NECs first gain clonal mutations in TP53, RB1, NOTCH1 and APC, followed by subsequent whole‐genome doubling (WGD) and post‐WGD clonal mutations in LRP1B, CUB and Sushi multiple domains 3 (CSMD3), FAT tumor suppressor homolog 4 (FAT4) and erb‐b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ERBB4), and finally develop subclonal mutations. Conclusions GI‐NECs harbor distinct genomic landscapes and demonstrate significant genetic heterogeneity across different anatomic locations. Moreover, potentially actionable alterations and prognostic factors were revealed for GI‐NECs.

Objective Nowadays, with the increasing proportion of osteoporosis in patients with lumbar degenerative diseases, doctors are facing the choice of intraoperative internal fixation methods. The purpose of this study was to compare and assess the clinical results of posterior bilateral pedicle screw fixation and lateral fixation in the extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) in patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis. Methods The retrospective review was performed on 67 degenerative lumbar diseases patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis who underwent XLIF in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2021. Patients in this study were classified into lateral screw (LS) group, lateral self‐locking plate (LP) group, and bilateral pedicle screw (BPS) group. The functional evaluation factors containing Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, visual analogue scale (VAS) of leg pain, and VAS of low back pain, radiological factors such as disc height (DH), lumbar lordotic (LL) angle, segmental lordotic (SL) angle, cage subsidence degree and interbody fusion degree were compared. Results Primary outcomes: no differences were observed with regards to the incidence of complications among LS, LP and BS group (P 0.05). When comparing VAS of leg pain and JOA scores, no differences were identified among LS, LP and BPS groups (P > 0.05). There are four thigh sensory complaint, one hip flexor weakness and one thigh pain occurred and no death was observed. There were significantly better DH, LL angle, SL angle, cage subsidence degree and interbody fusion degree in the BPS group than in LS and LP groups 1 year after surgery (P

Abstract Accurate ultra‐short‐term wind speed prediction is extremely important for the power control of wind farms, the safe dispatch of power systems, and the stable operation of power grids. At present, most wind farms mainly rely on supervisory control and data acquisition systems to obtain operation and maintenance data which includes operating characteristics of wind turbines. In the ultra‐short‐term wind speed prediction, a long short‐term memory network is one of the commonly used deep learning methods. To address the problem that improper selection of long short‐term memory network's hyperparameters may affect the prediction results, In the present study, a hybrid prediction model based on the long short‐term memory and the modified tuna swarm optimization algorithm was established, and was used to predict after the wind speed sample data had been decomposed by successive variational mode decomposition method. The experimental results reveal that the proposed model effectively improved the accuracy of wind speed prediction for wind farms compared with the support vector regression, deep belief networks, and long short‐term memory models optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm.

Objectives To compare the clinical efficacy of a new retractor‐assisted Wiltse transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), minimally invasive TLIF (MIS‐TLIF), and traditional posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) in treating single‐level lumbar degenerative diseases. Methods A retrospective study was conducted by analyzing the clinical and imaging data of consecutive patients with single‐level lumbar degenerative diseases who underwent the new retractor‐assisted Wiltse TLIF, MIS‐TLIF, or traditional PLIF. This study enrolled 87 concurrent patients between June 2016 and December 2019 (Wiltse TLIF 29 cases; MIS‐TLIF 28 cases; PLIF 30 cases). The three groups were compared for perioperative indicators (including intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, operation time, intraoperative fluoroscopy time, bedridden time), creatine kinase (CK), visual analog score (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, intervertebral fusion rate, muscle atrophy, and fatty infiltration (including ratio of multifidus atrophy and ratio of lean‐to‐total cross‐sectional area [CSA]). Results Intraoperative blood loss (F = 62.628, p

Abstract A three‐phase to single‐phase direct AC power generation system based on the open‐winding permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with the dual‐inverter is proposed in this study for the standalone power system. The negative DC terminals of the dual‐inverter are commonly connected, and the positive DC terminals are reconstructed as the output port of the single‐phase AC power; the three‐phase AC power generated by PMSG could be converted to be the high power quality single‐phase AC power directly without any LC filters. Different from the traditional OW‐PMSG system, zero‐sequence current is employed to achieve adjustable frequency and voltage of the single‐phase AC power, and the corresponding dual voltage‐loop control strategy with the separate positive‐sequence and zero‐sequence currents regulation of PMSG is given to achieve high output performance. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and the output characteristics have been verified by simulation and the experiment of the prototype, and the results show that the high‐quality single‐phase AC power can be obtained at a wide speed range and at different load operating conditions.

Abstract Volcanic ash is a major threat to aviation safety. The softening/melting temperatures of volcanic ash lie far below typical aero‐engine operating temperatures. Thus, molten ash can accelerate the failure of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Here, inspired by natural superhydrophobic surfaces (e.g., the lotus leaf), a molten‐volcanic‐ash‐phobic TBC, which provides a large possibility to eliminate molten ash issues of TBCs, is developed. A hierarchically structured surface is first prepared on a (Gd0.9Yb0.1)2Zr2O7 (GYbZ) pellet by ultrafast laser direct writing technology, aiming to confirm the feasibility of the biomimetic microstructure to repel molten volcanic ash wetting. Then biomimetic‐structured GYbZ TBCs are successfully fabricated using plasma spray physical vapor deposition, which reveals “silicate” phobicity at high temperatures. The exciting molten‐volcanic‐ash‐phobic attribute of the designed surfaces is attributed to the lotus‐leaf‐like dual‐scale microstructure, emulating in particular the existence of nanoparticles. These findings may be an important step toward the development of next‐generation aviation engines with greatly reduced vulnerability to environmental siliceous debris.

Abstract Background Chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a critical and unique subgroup of coronary lesions. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the Selvester QRS score and late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (LGE‐CMRI) in quantifying myocardial scarring to provide a simple and feasible method for treating CTO. Methods The medical records of 134 patients with absolute CTO who underwent coronary angiography between May 1, 2014 and December 30, 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were grouped according to the CTO location (right coronary artery [RCA] CTO, left artery descending [LAD] CTO, left circumflex [LCX] CTO, and multivessel CTO groups). The degree of myocardial scarring was determined according to the Selvester QRS score and using the LGE‐CMRI. All patients were followed up for at least 12 months. Results Among the 62 CTO patients, 55 had occlusion of a single vessel and seven had occlusion of multiple vessels, of which 27 (43.55%) were in the RCA CTO group, 16 (25.81%) in the LAD CTO group, 12 (19.35%) in the LCX CTO group, and 7 (11.29%) in the multivessel CTO group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the QRS score that was used to determine the degree of myocardial scarring was 0.806, with a sensitivity and specificity of 94.7% and 42.1%, respectively. The Selvester QRS score and LGE‐CMRI measures of scar size were correlated in the RCA CTO, LCX CTO, and multivessel CTO groups (r = 0.466, 0.593, and 0.775, respectively). Conclusion The Selvester QRS score was feasible for detecting myocardial scarring in patients with CTO.

Abstract Patients with cerebral haemorrhages need to drain haematomas. Fresh blood may appear during the haematoma drainage process, so this needs to be observed and detected in real time. To solve this problem, this paper studies images produced during the haematoma drainage process. A blood image feature selection recognition and classification framework is designed. First, aiming at the characteristics of the small colour differences in blood images, the general RGB colour space feature is not obvious. This study proposes an optimal colour channel selection method. By extracting the colour information from the images, it is recombined into a 3 × 3 matrix. The normalised 4‐neighbourhood contrast and variance are calculated for quantitative comparison. The optimised colour channel is selected to overcome the problem of weak features caused by a single colour space. After that, the effective region in the image is intercepted, and the best colour channel of the image in the region is transformed. The first, second and third moments of the three best colour channels are extracted to form a nine‐dimensional eigenvector. K‐means clustering is used to obtain the image eigenvector, outliers are removed, and the results are then transferred to the hidden Markov model (HMM) and support vector machine (SVM) for classification. After selecting the best color channel, the classification accuracy of HMM‐SVM is greatly improved. Compared with other classification algorithms, the proposed method offers great advantages. Experiments show that the recognition accuracy of this method reaches 98.9%.

Abstract Background The role of Numb, a protein that is important for cell fate and development and that, in human muscle, is expressed at reduced levels with advanced age, was investigated; adult mice skeletal muscle and its localization and function within myofibres were determined. Methods Numb expression was evaluated by western blot. Numb localization was determined by confocal microscopy. The effects of conditional knock out (cKO) of Numb and the closely related gene Numb‐like in skeletal muscle fibres were evaluated by in situ physiology, transmission and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, three‐dimensional reconstruction of mitochondria, lipidomics, and bulk RNA sequencing. Additional studies using primary mouse myotubes investigated the effects of Numb knockdown on cell fusion, mitochondrial function, and calcium transients. Results Numb protein expression was reduced by ~70% (P

Objective To assess and compare the therapeutic effects of Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF) and Cervical Laminectomy and Fusion (CLF) in the treatment of 4‐level cervical. Methods We performed a retrospective review on 39 patients with 4‐level CSM who underwent ACDF or CLF in the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2010 to December 2018. The patients were divided into ACDF group and CLF group according to the treatment. The operative index was evaluated based on intraoperative blood loss and operation time. The functional outcomes including Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score and visual analogue scale (VAS) of axial pain were compared. The Cobb angle, Cobb angle improvement rate, range of motion (ROM) and ROM loss ratio were measured for radiographic evaluation. Results No major complications or deaths occurred. The average age at baseline was 55 years. There was no significant difference between the ACDF and CLF group in follow‐up time (26.29 months, 25.39 months, P > 0.05). The intraoperative blood loss was higher in the CLF group than in the ACDF group (692.67 ± 38.68 vs 392.14 ± 128.06, P

Abstract The conversion of biomass is a favorable alternative to the fossil energy route to solve the energy crisis and environmental pollution. As one of the most versatile platform compounds, 5‐hydroxymethylfural (HMF) can be transformed to various value‐added chemicals via electrolysis combining with renewable energy. Here, the recent advances in electrochemical oxidation of HMF, from reaction mechanism to reactor design are reviewed. First, the reaction mechanism and pathway are summarized systematically. Second, the parameters easy to be ignored are emphasized and discussed. Then, the electrocatalysts are reviewed comprehensively for different products and the reactors are introduced. Finally, future efforts on exploring reaction mechanism, electrocatalysts, and reactor are prospected. This review provides a deeper understanding of mechanism for electrochemical oxidation of HMF, the design of electrocatalyst and reactor, which is expected to promote the economical and efficient electrochemical conversion of biomass for industrial applications.

Abstract Background In our previous study, we indicated that scutellarin (SCU) induced an anticancer effect in A549 cells. However, whether SCU regulates the radiosensitivity of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its related mechanism is still unclear. Methods In this study, we explored the anticancer effect induced by iodine‐125 (125I) and SCU at a sensitizing concentration in A549 and H1975 cells. Cellular apoptosis and proliferation were detected by flow cytometry, Bcl‐2/Bax expression level, cell cycle, CCK‐8, and EdU staining. A tumor model using nude mice was also carried out to investigate the combined effect of 125I and SCU in vivo. In addition, the expression level of AKT/mTOR pathway was detected to investigate whether it is linked to the anticancer effect of 125I and SCU. Results SCU at a sensitizing concentration promoted the 125I‐induced apoptosis and antiproliferative effect in A549 and H1975 cells. Moreover, the same results were obtained in vivo. Based on our findings, the AKT/mTOR pathway was significantly downregulated after combined treatment with 125I and SCU. Conclusions The results of our study suggested that SCU promotes the anticancer effects induced by 125I in NSCLC cells by downregulating the AKT/mTOR pathway and lays a foundation for future application of this combined treatment.

Abstract Due to the impedance characteristic of conductor, the ground potential rise is different within grounding grid when impulse current is injected. When staff touches objects with different GPR at the same time, the GPD will be applied to human body, leading to potential personal safety problem. The impact of GPD on human body needs to be evaluated. The method of moment was used to calculate the ground potential rise of grounding grid under impulse current. By regarding the human body as a resistance, the current flowing through it because of ground potential difference was obtained. Methods based on current amplitude and electrical charge was used to evaluate personal safety. The effects of injecting current waveform, injecting position, soil resistivity, grounding conductor and grounding grid structure on ground potential difference and safe current threshold were studied. Results show the ground potential difference near injecting point may pose a threat to personal safety. The evaluation method based on electrical charge was recommended. In field test, the injecting point of grounding grid should be far away from corners, and staff should be kept away from the injecting point, so as to mitigate the risk of ground potential difference on personal safety.

Abstract Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture requires an understanding of spatial‐temporal dynamics of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Process‐based models can quantify N2O emissions from agricultural soils but have rarely been applied to regions with highly diverse agriculture. In this study, a process‐based biogeochemical model, DeNitrification‐DeComposition (DNDC), was applied to quantify spatial‐temporal dynamics of direct N2O emissions from California cropland employing a wide range of cropping systems. DNDC simulated direct N2O emissions from nitrogen (N) inputs through applications of synthetic fertilizers and crop residues during 2000–2015 by linking the model with a spatial‐temporal differentiated database containing data on weather, crop areas, soil properties, and management. Simulated direct N2O emissions ranged from 3,830 to 7,875 tonnes N2O‐N yr−1, representing 0.73%–1.21% of the N inputs. N2O emission rates were higher for hay and field crops and lower for orchard and vineyard. State cropland total N2O emissions showed a decreasing trend primarily driven by reductions of cropland area and N inputs, the trend toward growing more orchard, and changes in irrigation. Annual direct N2O emissions declined by 47% from 2000 to 2015. Simulations showed N2O emission variations could be explained not only by cropland area and N fertilizer inputs but also climate, soil properties, and management besides N fertilization. The detailed spatial‐temporal emission dynamics and driving factors provide knowledge toward effective N2O mitigation and highlight the importance of coupling process‐based models with high‐resolution data for characterizing the spatial‐temporal variability of N2O emissions in regions with diverse croplands.

Abstract Background Clinical detection of EGFR‐TKI resistance mechanism through tissue can be really challenging due to risks associated with the procedure. Thus, liquid biopsy, especially circulation tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis, can be an adequate source for biomarker testing in targeted therapy. Our study was aimed at clinical validation of liquid biopsy next‐generation sequencing (NGS) by comparison with tissue biopsy, and we also investigated clinical utility of ctDNA NGS on the prediction of TKI outcomes. Methods Using hybrid capture panel NGS, we compared the concordance, sensitivity, and specificity of ctDNA using 39 paired plasma and tissue biopsy, and investigated the association between ctDNA genomic alterations of 147 first‐generation TKI‐relapsed patients and their response to first‐ and third‐generation TKIs. Results The concordance for ctDNA and tissue biopsy was 84.62% among all patients, and even higher among late stage patients (88.24%). Among 147 EGFR‐TKI‐relapsed patients, T790M was the most common reason for resistance (40.13%). Compared with T790M‐positive patients, patients only detected with sensitizing mutations (sensi‐mutations) had lower mutant allele frequency (MAF) of sensi‐mutations (P = 0.031). TP53 mutation showed negative impact on TKI treatments. In survival analysis of third‐generation TKI, we found a positive correlation between ratio of T790M sensi‐mutation and PFS (P = 0.018); also, higher MAFs of both sensi‐mutation and T790M were observed in the PR group than the SD + PD group. Conclusions Both ratio of T790M sensi‐mutations and MAFs of EGFR mutations were associated with third‐generation TKI outcomes. Thus, incorporation of high‐throughput NGS into clinical trials may be crucial to identifying the response to osimertinib, as it provides more comprehensive genomic information. Key points High concordance of ctDNA and tissue biopsy was observed. NGS of ctDNA from 147 TKI‐relapsed patients showed that both high ratio of T790M sensitizing mutation (sensi‐mutation) and high MAFs of mutations were all associated with better third generation TKI treatment outcomes. The quantification of both MAFs and T790M sensi‐mutation ratio should be taken into consideration in some clinical situations, and incorporation of high‐throughput NGS into clinical trials may be crucial to identifying the response to osimertinib, as it provides more comprehensive genomic information.

Long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) is involved in the regulation of tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this study, we focused on the clinical relevance, biological effects, and molecular mechanisms of the lncRNA differentiation antagonizing non‐protein coding RNA (DANCR) in breast cancer. We compared the expression of DANCR between breast cancer and normal tissues, and between breast cancer cell lines and normal breast epithelial cells using quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) analysis. By knocking down and overexpressing DANCR, we assessed its significance in regulating viability (MTT assay), migration/invasion (Transwell assay), epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (western blot), stemness (mammosphere formation assay and western blot), and production of inflammatory cytokines (qRT‐PCR and ELISA) of breast cancer cells in vitro, as well as xenograft growth in vivo. Furthermore, using ChIP and RNA immunoprecipitation, we examined the reciprocal regulation between DANCR and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in breast cancer. DANCR was significantly up‐regulated in tissue samples from patients with breast cancer, as well as in breast cancer cell lines, as compared with normal tissues and breast epithelial cells, respectively. The highest DANCR expression levels were associated with advanced tumor grades or lymph node metastasis. DANCR was necessary and sufficient to control multiple malignant phenotypes of breast cancer cells in vitro and xenograft growth in vivo. Mechanistically, DANCR promoted the binding of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) to the promoter of SOCS3, thereby epigenetically inhibiting SOCS3 expression. Functionally, SOCS3 up‐regulation or EZH2 inhibition could rescue multiple malignant phenotypes induced by DANCR. Our data indicate that DANCR is a pleiotropic oncogenic lncRNA in breast cancer. Boosting SOCS3 expression may reverse the oncogenic activities of DANCR and thus provide a therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment.

Abstract Terahertz detection has been highly sought to open a range of cutting‐edge applications in biomedical, high‐speed communications, astronomy, security screening, and military surveillance. Nonetheless, these ideal prospects are hindered by the difficulties in photodetection featuring self‐powered operation at room temperature. Here, this challenge is addressed for the first time by synthesizing the high‐quality ZrGeSe with extraordinary quantum properties of Dirac nodal‐line semimetal. Benefiting from its high mobility and gapless nature, a metal‐ZrGeSe‐metal photodetector with broken mirror symmetry allows for a high‐efficiency photoelectric conversion assisted by the photo‐thermoelectric effect. The designed architecture features ultrahigh sensitivity, excellent ambient stability, and an efficient rectified signal even above 0.26 THz. Maximum responsivity larger than 0.11 A W−1, response time of 8.3 µs, noise equivalent power (NEP) less than 0.15 nW Hz−1/2, and demonstrative imaging application are all achieved. The superb performances with a lower dark current and NEP less than 15 pW Hz−1/2 are validated through integrating the van der Waals heterostructure. These results open up an appealing perspective to explore the nontrivial topology of Dirac nodal‐line semimetal by devising the peculiar device geometry that allows for a novel roadmap to address targeted terahertz application requirements.

Background PD‐L1 expression in tumor cells has been associated with the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study was to explore correlations between smoking, genetic profiles, patient outcomes, and PD‐L1 expression in NSCLC. Methods PD‐L1 expression was evaluated in 241 surgically resected specimens by immunostaining and 50% was set as the cutoff value. Results Of the 241 tumors analyzed, a PD‐L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) of ≥ 50% was detected in 35 cases (14.5%) and a TPS of < 50% in 206 cases (85.5%). A PD‐L1 TPS ≥ 50% was significantly associated with smoking and EGFR wild‐type status (P < 0.001 and P = 0.039, respectively). Detailed assessment of smoking variables showed that total smoking duration was a predictor of a PD‐L1 TPS ≥ 50% (P = 0.001). Univariate and multivariate survival analyses revealed that patients with a PD‐L1 TPS ≥ 50% had poorer disease‐free and overall survival than those with a PD‐L1 TPS < 50% (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion The incidence of a PD‐L1 TPS ≥ 50% was significantly higher in smoking and EGFR wild‐type NSCLC patients, particularly in long‐term smokers. A PD‐L1 TPS of ≥ 50% was an independent adverse prognostic factor for survival in patients with NSCLC.

Abstract WW domain‐containing oxidoreductase (WWOX), which has a protein‐interaction domain and is regarded to be a tumor suppressor, has been known to play an important role in anti‐angiogenesis and cancer progression. This study aimed to investigate prognostic values of WWOX expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after hepatectomy. Additionally, we intended to formulate a valuable prognostic nomogram for HCCs. 182 HCC patients who underwent hepatectomy from January 2009 to January 2010 were enrolled in our study. qRT‐PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays were then used to determine the expression levels of WWOX. An evaluation of the role of WWOX expression levels in the prognosis and outcome of patients was established. A decrease in the expression of WWOX was found when compared to adjacent tumor‐free tissues, which led to worse overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and, therefore, was considered as an independent negative factor in the prognosis of HCC. Two nomograms, comprising WWOX, alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), tumor size, and γ‐glutamyltransferase (γ‐GT), were constructed to obtain superior discriminatory abilities than conventional staging systems in terms of C‐index and clinical net benefit on decision curve analysis (DCA) for OS and RFS. Our data suggest that WWOX expression is strongly related to HCC post‐resection aggressiveness and recurrence. Additional advanced and accurate predictive model through the incorporation of WWOX into nomogram could help predict OS or RFS for HCC patients.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients with extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL). Methods: One hundred and four patients diagnosed with ENKTCL at the Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China from November 1991 to September 2011 were included in the study. The clinicopathological features and their correlations with disease prognosis were evaluated in these patients. Results: The number of effective follow-up cases was 56 (53.8%) by the end of last follow-up in October 2015. Univariate survival analysis showed that granzyme B, perforin, and Bcl-2 expression was significantly associated with a poor prognosis in ENKTCL (P = 0.033, 0.004, and 0.034, respectively), whereas platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) expression was significantly associated with a better prognosis (P = 0.034). Ki-67 overexpression (≥50%) was significantly associated with a poor prognosis (P = 0.017). Different treatment approaches were also associated with prognosis (P = 0.014); specifically, the efficacies of combination treatments including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were significantly better than those involving radiotherapy and chemotherapy alone. Patient gender, age, tumor location, staging, the presence of B symptoms, pretreatment lactate dehydrogenase levels, and β2-microglobulin levels were not associated with the prognosis of ENKTCL (P > 0.05). However, multivariate analyses showed that the treatment approach and all the immune markers were not independent prognostic factors for ENKTCL. Conclusion: Granzyme B, perforin, and Bcl-2 expression and Ki-67 overexpression (≥50%) might be adverse prognostic factors for ENKTCL, whereas PDGFRA-positivity suggested a better disease prognosis. In addition, different treatment approaches might be closely related to patient prognosis.

Cross-connection is the only point in the communications field that has not been automated. With the many fibre networks that have been built, there is strong demand from operators for an automatic optical distribution frame (AODF) to reduce operational costs and provide high-level services. From the twisting relationships between the fibre patch cords on the main distribution frame (MDF), the relationship between the input lines and output lines on the MDF is reversed to be perpendicular to each other, and one-dimensional arrays of input lines and output lines (1D to 1D) are formed to construct the model. According to the model, the AODF prototype of the 1D to 1D form was fabricated with the smallest Lucent connector connector and verified through several cross-connect experiments. The prototype designed has a simple structure, a three-degrees-of-freedom Cartesian coordinate robot can meet switch requirements, and there is non-winding between the fibres after multiple cross-connects. Compared to the single-layer and double-layer form tests, the switch process requires multiple hand-over operations, and handovers take a long time in the switch process. Further research is needed to optimise the handover method and greatly improves the switching speed.

In this study, the near-field beam focusing algorithm of reconfigurable reflect array for security imaging application is proposed. The proposed near-field focusing algorithm is based on classic array method, which is usually adopted for far-field pattern calculation. In order to satisfy the near-field imaging application, the imaging distance is added to array method, and the improved formula can calculate the shifting phase of every array element precisely. In addition, due to discrete phase characteristic of reconfigurable reflect array, a phase choice method based on trigonometric function is used in authors’ design. Based on the proposed algorithm, the shifting phase of every element is calculated and obtained the simulated beam focusing patterns. Meanwhile, the calculated shifting phase is written to whole array by field-programmable gate array, the near-field beam scanning patterns is measured and the measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones.

Effective representation and classification of scenes using very high resolution (VHR) remote sensing images cover a wide range of applications. Although robust low‐level image features have been proven to be effective for scene classification, they are not semantically meaningful and thus have difficulty to deal with challenging visual recognition tasks. In this study, the authors propose a new and effective auto‐encoder‐based method to learn a shared mid‐level visual dictionary. This dictionary serves as a shared and universal basis to discover mid‐level visual elements. On the one hand, the mid‐level visual dictionary learnt using machine learning technique is more discriminative and contains rich semantic information, compared with the traditional low‐level visual words. On the other hand, the mid‐level visual dictionary is more robust to occlusions and image clutters. In the authors' scene‐classification scheme, they use discriminative mid‐level visual elements, rather than individual pixels or low‐level image features, to represent images. This new image representation is able to capture much of the high‐level meaning and contents of the image, facilitating challenging remote sensing image scene‐classification tasks. Comprehensive evaluations on a challenging VHR remote sensing images data set and comparisons with state‐of‐the‐art approaches demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of their study.

The paper proposes special multiple-input single-output synthetic aperture radar (MISO-SAR) and multiple-input multiple-output SAR (MIMO-SAR) for bidirectional imaging, which can simultaneously illuminate two areas from different directions in azimuth. For the proposed MISO-SAR, two subpulses with the same carrier frequency and phase coding are transmitted with different azimuth directions by switching the phase coefficients in the transmit modules, and echoes corresponding to the subpulses are received by the main lobe and the first grating lobe of the whole antenna. To suppress mutual interference, the two subpulses are transmitted with different range-frequency bands, and their echoes are demodulated and recorded in different channels in the proposed MIMO-SAR. This paper presents the system design of these modes and analyzes their azimuth ambiguity to signal ratio (AASR). Besides, simulation results on points are carried out to validate the proposed bidirectional imaging modes.