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Enoxaparin is commonly used in the prevention of renal allograft vascular thrombosis but off-label in children, and no consensus exists regarding the optimal dosing and dose adjustment. In this retrospective study, 444 anti-Xa levels were obtained from 30 pediatric renal transplant recipients in order to investigate enoxaparin population pharmacokinetics. The main results were (1) 25% of children achieved the target anti-Xa activity 36 hours after initiation of treatment, (2) anti-Xa time courses were best described by a 1-compartment open model with first-order absorption, (3) body weight but not renal function was the sole covariate influencing clearance and volume of distribution, and (4) large between-subject and between-occasion variabilities in anti-Xa activity were observed. However, creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate in the first post-renal transplantation hours may not reliably reflect the actual renal function of the children. Based on the final population model, a Bayesian-based program was developed in order to estimate the individual pharmacokinetic parameters on a single anti-Xa measurement, allowing determination of the next enoxaparin dose that will quickly achieve an appropriate anti-Xa activity (targeting 0.3-0.5 IU/mL) and anticoagulation. Finally, these results should help standardize practices that remain to date largely heterogeneous in pediatric intensive care units., (© 2018, The American College of Clinical Pharmacology.)