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Objective This pilot intervention study assessed the impact of a 3-week inpatient program for mothers with primary breast cancer and their children. The program combined rehabilitative treatment and preventive, psychosocial, child-centered interventions. Methods A total of 116 mothers (age 29–57 years, mean = 41.1) with primary, non-metastasized breast cancer completed standardized questionnaires before (Pre1), at the beginning of (Pre2), and at the end of (Post) a 3-week inpatient intervention. The standardized scales included mothers' and children's quality of life and children's psychological symptoms. Mothers' emotional functioning and their 116 children's (age 3–14 years, mean = 7.4; 47% female) psychological health and emotional symptoms were defined as primary outcome measures. A within-subject-control-group design was used to compare changes before the intervention (measurements Pre1–Pre2) to changes during the intervention (measurements Pre2–Post) via dependent one-sided t-tests. Additional exploratory analyses for further outcome variables were performed. Results Changes during the intervention period were significantly greater than changes during the waiting period for all primary outcome measures (mothers' emotional functioning: p