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The adolescent brain undergoes tremendous structural and functional changes throughout puberty. Previous research has demonstrated that pubertal hormones can modulate sexually dimorphic changes in cortical development, as well as age-related maturation of the neural activity underlying cognitive processes. However, the precise impact of pubertal hormones on these functional changes in the developing human brain remains poorly understood. In the current study, we quantified the neural oscillatory activity serving visuospatial processing using magnetoencephalography, and utilized measures of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) as an index of development during the transition from childhood to adolescence (i.e., puberty). Within a sample of typically developing youth (ages 9-15), a novel association between pubertal DHEA and theta oscillatory activity indicated that less mature children exhibited stronger neural responses in higher-order prefrontal cortices during the visuospatial task. Theta coherence between bilateral prefrontal regions also increased with increasing DHEA, such that network-level theta activity became more distributed with more maturity. Additionally, significant DHEA-by-sex interactions in the gamma range were centered on cortical regions relevant for attention processing. These findings suggest that pubertal DHEA may modulate the development of neural oscillatory activity serving visuospatial processing and attention functions during the pubertal period.

Exploring children's awareness of social categories could uncover the foundation of intergroup attitudes and behaviours. Indigenous to Ireland, Travellers are an ethnic minority marked by a tradition of nomadism, only formally recognised as a distinct ethnic group in 2017. This brief report analyses data from 148 children aged 6–12 (55% female) in the Republic of Ireland. A quantitative task was adapted and applied to assess children's awareness of symbols associated with the Traveller community. We found that primary school children could accurately categorise the symbols which relied on perceptually obvious markers of Traveller identity, and that this remained stable across middle childhood. However, children did not correctly categorise symbols related to less observable elements (e.g., language, trade, religion). To the best of our knowledge, these findings are the first to identify specific symbols which are salient in children's awareness about this marginalised group. Implications for school-based interventions are discussed.

Traumatic experiences during childhood can have profound effects on stress sensitive brain structures (e.g., amygdala and hippocampus) and the emergence of psychiatric symptoms. Recent theoretical and empirical work has delineated dimensions of trauma (i.e., threat and deprivation) as having distinct neural and behavioral effects, although there are few longitudinal examinations. A sample of 243 children and adolescents were followed for three time points, with each assessment approximately 1 year apart (ages 9-15 years at Time 1; 120 males). Participants or their caregiver reported on youths' threat exposure, perceived stress (Time 1), underwent a T1-weighted structural high-resolution MRI scan (Time 2), and documented their subsequent psychiatric symptoms later in development (Time 3). The primary findings indicate that left amygdala volume, in particular, mediated the longitudinal association between threat exposure and subsequent internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. Greater threat exposure related to reduced left amygdala volume, which in turn differentially predicted internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Decreased bilateral hippocampal volume was related to subsequently elevated internalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that the left amygdala is highly threat-sensitive and that stress-related alterations may partially explain elevated psychopathology in stress-exposed adolescents. Uncovering potential subclinical and/or preclinical predictive biomarkers is essential to understanding the emergence, progression, and eventual targeted treatment of psychopathology following trauma exposure.

Patient-centered care is the best practice in the care of pregnant and postpartum patients. The COVID-19 pandemic prompted changes in perinatal care policies, which were often reactive, resulting in unintended consequences, many of which made the delivery of patient-centered care more difficult. This study aimed to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on perinatal health care delivery from the perspective of family physicians in the United States.From October 5 to November 4, 2020, we surveyed mid- to late-career family physicians who provide perinatal care. We conducted descriptive analyses to measure the impact of COVID-19 on prenatal care, labor and delivery, postpartum care, patient experience, and patient volume. An immersion-crystallization approach was used to analyze qualitative data provided as open-text comments.Of the 1518 survey respondents, 1062 (69.8%) stated that they currently attend births; 595 of those elaborated about the impact of COVID-19 on perinatal care in free-text comments. Eight themes emerged related to the impact of COVID-19 on perinatal care: visitation, patient decisions, testing, personal protective equipment, care continuity, changes in care delivery, reassignment, and volume. The greatest perceived impact of COVID-19 was on patient experience.Family physicians who provided perinatal care during the COVID-19 pandemic noted a considerable impact on patient experience, which particularly affected the ability to deliver patient-centered and family-centered care. Continued research is needed to understand the long-term impact of policies affecting the delivery of patient-centered perinatal care and to inform more evidence-based, proactive policies to be implemented in future pandemic or disaster situations.

We examined the predictors of out-group empathy in children growing up in a city devastated during the fall of the Former Yugoslavia. Children (N = 155; 76 male, 79 female) from both majority (64.5% Croatian) and minority (35.5% Serbian) ethnic groups, ranging from 6 to 11 years old (M = 8.77, SD = 1.15) participated. A multiple-group path analysis in Mplus found that age, general empathy, quality contact and perceived intergroup conflict related to higher out-group empathy. There were no significant links from gender, quantity contact or out-group friends to out-group empathy. The findings were consistent across majority and minority ethnic groups. Implications are discussed.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown origin (CKDu) excludes known primary renal conditions or systemic disease (such as diabetes mellitus or hypertension). Prominence of CKDu has been noted for some decades in Sri Lanka, especially among men in particular rural areas, prompting many studies directed towards environmental causation. This article critically reviews relevant primary studies. METHODS: Articles for this literature review (n = 86) were found by searching Medline, Embase, Global Health and ProQuest databases over 2000-2020 utilizing a standard algorithm. Articles were critiqued according to criteria for diagnosis of CKDu, aetiological agents investigated, analytic methods employed and findings. RESULTS: Criteria for diagnosis of CKDu varied significantly, including pre-selection by proteinuria, eGFR and biopsy proven interstitial nephritis. Prevalence studies have been largely conducted in the North Central Province, with recent studies demonstrating the presence of CKDu in other regions. Aetiological factors investigated in primary studies included water source, use of agrochemicals, agricultural work, heavy metals, snake bites, ayurvedic medication, heat stress, infectious diseases and usage of tobacco and betel leaf. There is no conclusive evidence for any one aetiological agent despite consistent evidence of distal factors such as male sex, rural residence and farming. CONCLUSIONS: The current body of evidence for any aetiological agent as the cause of CKDu in Sri Lanka is limited. Further research with stronger study designs is necessary to increase knowledge of aetiology of CKDu in Sri Lanka to identify and eliminate exposure to possible causative agent(s) prior to concluding that the disease is multifactorial.

Electrodermal activity (EDA)-a measure of electrical skin conductance reflecting (exclusive) sympathetic control of the eccrine sweat gland-holds promise as an indicator of central sympathetic activation. The aim of this study was to determine whether combat and blast exposure modulate the EDA response to acute exercise stress in specialised military men. Fifty-one men (age M = 36.1, SD = 6.5) participated in this study as part of the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Operational Health Surveillance System. The EDA complex (i.e., tonic + phasic conductance) was continuously measured throughout a maximal effort, graded exercise test. As expected, exercise stress resulted in measurable, stepwise increases in EDA before tapering at higher exercise intensities. Individuals with more substantial combat exposure and those with blast exposure demonstrated blunted EDA patterns in comparison to their low/nonexposed counterparts. This blunted pattern might imply sub-optimal sympathetic nervous system function in the exposed cohorts and enhances our knowledge of factors influencing resilience in these men.

HIV‐infection has been associated with widespread alterations in brain structure and function, although few studies have examined whether such aberrations are co‐localized and the degree to which clinical and cognitive metrics are related. We examine this question in the somatosensory system using high‐resolution structural MRI (sMRI) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) imaging of neural oscillatory activity. Forty‐four participants with HIV (PWH) and 55 demographically‐matched uninfected controls completed a paired‐pulse somatosensory stimulation paradigm during MEG and underwent 3T sMRI. MEG data were transformed into the time‐frequency domain; significant sensor level responses were imaged using a beamformer. Virtual sensor time series were derived from the peak responses. These data were used to compute response amplitude, sensory gating metrics, and spontaneous cortical activity power. The T1‐weighted sMRI data were processed using morphological methods to derive cortical thickness values across the brain. From these, the cortical thickness of the tissue coinciding with the peak response was estimated. Our findings indicated both PWH and control exhibit somatosensory gating, and that spontaneous cortical activity was significantly stronger in PWH within the left postcentral gyrus. Interestingly, within the same tissue, PWH also had significantly reduced cortical thickness relative to controls. Follow‐up analyses indicated that the reduction in cortical thickness was significantly correlated with CD4 nadir and mediated the relationship between HIV and spontaneous cortical activity within the left postcentral gyrus. These data indicate that PWH have abnormally strong spontaneous cortical activity in the left postcentral gyrus and such elevated activity is driven by locally reduced cortical gray matter thickness., Forty‐four participants with HIV (PWH) and 55 demographically‐matched uninfected controls completed a paired‐pulse somatosensory stimulation paradigm during MEG and underwent 3T sMRI. These data were used to compute response amplitude, sensory gating metrics, and spontaneous cortical activity power. Our findings indicated both PWH and controls exhibit somatosensory gating, and that spontaneous cortical activity was significantly stronger in PWH within the left postcentral gyrus. Interestingly, within the same tissue, PWH also had significantly reduced cortical thickness relative to controls.

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is an autosomal dominant genetic syndrome characterized by distinct facial features, broad thumbs, growth restriction, microcephaly, intellectual disability, and developmental delay. Pathogenic variants in both CREBBP and EP300 have been associated with RSTS. Here we present a case of a female with hyperinsulinism and features consistent with RSTS, found to have a pathogenic variant in EP300. While there have been a few rare case reports of hyperinsulinism in RSTS, we suggest that hyperinsulinism might be a more prominent feature in EP300 variant RSTS than previously recognized.

KEY POINTS Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) have a reduced somatosensory cortical response Somatosensory cortical response strength decreases from adolescence to early adulthood Somatosensory cortical responses in youth with CP are similar to adult controls Individuals with CP may have aberrant maturation of the somatosensory system ABSTRACT: Numerous studies have documented tactile and proprioceptive deficits in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and linked these with weaker somatosensory cortical activity. However, whether such aberrations in somatosensory processing extend and/or progress into adulthood remains poorly understood. In the current study, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate the primary somatosensory responses in a sample of individuals with CP (N = 42; age = 9-28 years) and a cohort of healthy controls (N = 23; age range = 11-23 years). Briefly, transient electrical stimulation was applied to the right tibial nerve, and standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) was used to image the dynamic somatosensory cortical response. We found that the strength of somatosensory cortical activity within the 112-252 ms time window was significantly reduced in the individuals with CP compared with the healthy controls (HC = 286.53 ± 30.51, 95% CI [226.74, 346.32]; CP = 208.30 ± 19.66,CI [169.77, 246.83], P = 0.0126). These results corroborate previous findings of aberrant somatosensory cortical activity in individuals with CP. Our results also suggest that the somatosensory cortical activity tends to become weaker with age, with a similar rate of neurophysiological change in individuals with CP and healthy controls (P = 0.8790). Visualization of regression models fitted to the data imply that youth with CP may have somatosensory cortical activity similar to adult controls. These findings suggest that some individuals with CP exhibit an aberrant developmental trajectory of their somatosensory system.

The persistence of intergroup conflicts around the world creates urgency for research on child development in such settings. Complementing the existing knowledge about internalizing and externalizing developmental outcomes, this article shifts the focus to children’s prosocial behaviors, and more specifically, introduces the Developmental Peacebuilding Model (DPM). The DPM makes three main contributions. First, the DPM integrates a developmental intergroup framework and socio-ecological perspective, with a peacebuilding paradigm, to examine the target and type of children’s prosocial behavior in settings of intergroup conflict. Second, DPM outlines how children’s outgroup prosocial behaviors, which promote constructive change at different levels of the social ecology, can be understood as peacebuilding and fostering social cohesion. Third, the article concludes with the DPM’s implications for research and global policy. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Office of First Minister & Deputy First Minister, Government of Northern Ireland Spencer Foundation Richard Benjamin Trust and the British Academy (BA)/Leverhulme United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) Global Impact Acceleration Awards (GIAA) Department for the Economy (DFE) GCRF British Psychological Society (BPS) Social Psychology Section Society for Research on Child Development Small Grant for Early Career Scholars

Xanthomonas fragariae is the causal agent of an important bacterial disease in strawberry production regions worldwide and a quarantine plant pathogen in many countries including New Zealand. Xanthomonas fragariae mainly infects the foliage of strawberry plants but can also infect the calyx tissue associated with strawberry fruit. Fresh strawberries are a high‐value internationally traded commodity that has a short shelf‐life. When making biosecurity decisions based on the finding of a quarantine organism such as X. fragariae by PCR, one of the major challenges is the inability to differentiate positive results originating from viable or dead cells. Viability PCR (vPCR) is a technique that selectively inhibits PCR amplification of DNA derived from dead cells through the use of a nucleic acid intercalating dye, for example, PEMAX™. A vPCR protocol has been optimized to enable rapid detection of viable X. fragariae in a tissue sample. PEMAX™ treatment resulted in complete inhibition of PCR amplification of 10⁸–10³ cfu/ml dead X. fragariae cells in strawberry host tissue. The most important parameters for optimization were the dilution of the sample, amplicon length and choice of nucleic acid intercalating dye. This study provides a rapid protocol to discriminate between viable and dead X. fragariae in strawberry in a phytosanitary environment. This test will help timely decisions to be made at the border on imported fresh strawberry consignments that test positive for X. fragariae.

The enantioselective intermolecular C2‐allylation of 3‐substituted indoles is reported for the first time. This directing group‐free approach relies on a chiral Ir‐(P, olefin) complex and Mg(ClO4)2 Lewis acid catalyst system to promote allylic substitution, providing the C2‐allylated products in typically high yields (40–99 %) and enantioselectivities (83–99 % ee) with excellent regiocontrol. Experimental studies and DFT calculations suggest that the reaction proceeds via direct C2‐allylation, rather than C3‐allylation followed by in situ migration. Steric congestion at the indole‐C3 position and improved π–π stacking interactions have been identified as major contributors to the C2‐selectivity., An enantioselective C2‐allylation of 3‐substituted indoles is reported, providing C2‐allylated products with excellent regiocontrol. Experimental studies and DFT calculations suggest that the reaction proceeds via direct C2‐allylation with steric congestion at the indole‐C3 position and π–π stacking interactions identified as major contributors to the selectivity observed.

Abiraterone acetate combined with Prednisone/Prednisolone (AA+P) and Enzalutamide (ENZ) have proven survival benefit in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in chemotherapy-naïve and prior chemotherapy patients. There have been no studies directly comparing the effectiveness of ENZ to AA+P in mCRPC patients.A retrospective, survival analysis study of 143 real-world mCRPC patients (90 in AA+P and 53 in ENZ group) was conducted. Patients who started their treatment between February 2012 and May 2016 were included. The primary end point was biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS). Secondary end points were radiological progression-free survival (rPFS) and overall survival (OS). Toxicity data were also collected. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards (PH) models, adjusting for covariates: prior radical treatment; Gleason score; prostate-specific antigen; age; and chemotherapy naïve or not.After median follow-up of 15 months (interquartile range 7 to 23), 112 events of biochemical progression were observed (71 in AA+P and 41 in ENZ). About 41% in AA+P group and 30% patients in ENZ group received prior chemotherapy. The chance of biochemical progression was significantly lower among ENZ patients than AA+P patients, when adjusting for all covariates in the Cox PH model (hazard ratio [HR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35 to 0.82,This study showed a statistically significant difference in bPFS, favoring ENZ, but no significant difference in rPFS or OS.

Emerging evidence indicates the existence of bidirectional relations between mothers’ mental health and adolescent adjustment, but few studies have examined these relations in contexts of high environmental adversity, including economic deprivation and political violence. Given other empirical connections between political violence and adolescent adjustment problems (Cummings et al., 2017), the impact of child adjustment problems on maternal mental health may be exacerbated in contexts of sectarian violence. Addressing this gap, latent change score modeling was used to examine interrelations between trajectories of maternal mental health and adolescent internalizing symptoms over time in communities afflicted by political conflict. Over six years, a total of 999 adolescent-mother dyads participated in a longitudinal study in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Six-hundred ninety-five families were originally recruited in year 1, with 304 recruited to supplement the sample in year 3; the largest available sample for a given year was 760 families. Models including maternal mental health, adolescent internalizing symptomatology, and political violence (i.e., sectarian antisocial behavior) as a time-varying covariate were tested. Results demonstrated that for both mothers and adolescents in a dyadic pairing, higher rates of symptomology in one member of the dyad were related to symptoms observed in the other member. Results also suggest that political violence and factors related to social deprivation increased symptoms across the dyad. This study advances understanding of the bidirectional impact between maternal mental health and adolescent internalizing over time in contexts of political violence. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Office of First Minister & Deputy First Minister, Government of Northern Ireland

Introduction Fasting glucose increases with age and is linked to modifiable Alzheimer's disease risk factors such as cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods We leveraged available biospecimens and neuroimaging measures collected during the Alzheimer's Prevention Through Exercise (APEx) trial (n = 105) to examine the longitudinal relationship between change in blood glucose metabolism and change in regional cerebral amyloid deposition and gray and white matter (WM) neurodegeneration in older adults over 1 year of follow‐up. Results Individuals with improving fasting glucose (n = 61) exhibited less atrophy and regional amyloid accumulation compared to those whose fasting glucose worsened over 1 year (n = 44). Specifically, while individuals with increasing fasting glucose did not yet show cognitive decline, they did have regional atrophy in the hippocampus and inferior parietal cortex, and increased amyloid accumulation in the precuneus cortex. Signs of early dementia pathology occurred in the absence of significant group differences in insulin or body composition, and was not modified by apolipoprotein E ε4 carrier status. Discussion Dysregulation of glucose in late life may signal preclinical brain change prior to clinically relevant cognitive decline. Additional work is needed to determine whether treatments specifically targeting fasting glucose levels may impact change in brain structure or cerebral amyloid in older adults.

Tissue injury induces a long-lasting latent sensitization of spinal nociceptive signaling that is kept in remission by an opposing μ-opioid receptor constitutive activity. To test the hypothesis that supraspinal sites become engaged, we induced hindpaw inflammation, waited three weeks for mechanical hypersensitivity to resolve, and then injected the opioid receptor inhibitors naltrexone, CTOP or β-funaltrexamine subcutaneously and/or into the cerebral ventricles. Intracerebroventricular injection of each inhibitor reinstated hypersensitivity and produced somatic signs of withdrawal, indicative of latent sensitization and endogenous opioid dependence, respectively. In naïve or sham controls, systemic naloxone (3 mg/kg) produced conditioned place aversion and systemic naltrexone (3 mg/kg) increased Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). In latent sensitization animals tested three weeks after plantar incision, systemic naltrexone reinstated mechanical hypersensitivity and produced an even greater increase in Fos than in sham controls, particularly in the capsular subdivision of the right CeA. One-third of Fos+ profiles co-expressed protein kinase C delta (PKCδ), and 35% of PKCδ neurons co-expressed tdTomato+ in Oprm1(Cre)::tdTomato transgenic mice. CeA microinjection of naltrexone (1 μg) reinstated mechanical hypersensitivity only in male mice and did not produce signs of somatic withdrawal. Intra-CeA injection of the MOR-selective inhibitor CTAP (300 ng) reinstated hypersensitivity in both male and female mice. We conclude that mu-opioid receptors in the capsular subdivision of the right central nucleus of the amygdala prevent the transition from acute to chronic postoperative pain.

This study aims to use structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the role of error processing in behavioral adaptation in children by testing relationships between error-related and stimulus-related event-related potentials (ERPs) obtained from two sessions of a speeded Eriksen flanker task. First, path models of averaged ERP components and mean response times (N1 → P2 → N2 → P3 → RTs) while controlling for trait effects, age, and sex, on each was examined separately for correct and incorrect trials from each session. While the model demonstrated acceptable fit statistics, the four models yielded diverse results. Next, path models for correct and incorrect trials were tested using latent variables defined by factoring together respective measures of ERP component amplitudes from each session. Comparison of correct and incorrect models revealed significant differences in the relationships between the successive measures of neural processing after controlling for trait effects. Moreover, latent variable models controlling for both trait and session-specific state variables yielded excellent model fit while models without session-specific state variables did not. In the final model, the error-related neural activity (i.e., the ERN and Pe) from incorrect trials was found to significantly relate to the stream of neural processes contributing to trials with the correct behavior. Importantly, the relationship between RT and error detection in the final model signifies a brain-and-behavior feedback loop. These findings provided empirical evidence that supports the adaptive orienting theory of error processing by demonstrating how the neural signals of error processing influence behavioral adaptations that facilitate correct behavioral performance.

Aims Remote monitoring of patients with physiological data derived from cardiac implanted electronic devices (CIEDs) offers potential to reconfigure clinical services. The ‘Heart Failure Risk Score' (HFRS) uses input from integrated device physiological monitoring to risk‐stratify patients as low‐risk, medium‐risk, or high‐risk of a heart failure event in the next 30 days. This study aimed to evaluate a novel clinical pathway utilizing a combination of CIED risk‐stratification and telephone triage to identify patients with worsening heart failure (WHF). Methods and results A prospective, single‐centre, real‐world evaluation of the ‘Triage‐HF Plus' clinical pathway (HFRS in combination with telephone triage) over a 27 month period. One hundred and fifty‐seven high‐risk HFRS transmissions were referred for telephone triage assessment. Interventions were at the discretion of the clinical assessor acting in accordance with clinical guidelines. An additional 3month consecutive sample of low and medium HFRS transmissions (control group) were also contacted for telephone triage assessment (n = 98). Successful telephone contact was made in 127 (81%) of referred high‐risk HFRS cases: 71 (55.9%) were confirmed to have WHF requiring intervention; 19 (14.9%) had an alternative acute medical problem; one patient had been recently discharged from hospital with WHF; and 36 (28.0%) had no apparent cause for the high score. In the control group, only one patient had symptoms of WHF. The sensitivity and specificity of CIED‐based remote monitoring to identify WHF 98.6% (92.5–100.0%) and 63.4% (55.2–71.0%), respectively. Conclusions The Triage‐HF Plus clinical pathway is a potentially useful remote monitoring tool for patients with heart failure and in situ CIEDs.

Pearson syndrome (PS) is a multisystem mitochondrial respiratory chain disorder typically characterized by sideroblastic anemia and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. PS is caused by a single large scale mitochondrial DNA deletion. PS classically presents in the first year of life and may be fatal in infancy. Children who survive PS may progress to develop Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) later in life. The full phenotypic spectrum and prognosis of the condition continues to evolve. Here we report five new patients with PS with unique clinical presentations, including four patients with onset later than previously reported in the literature, and one patient with prenatal onset of symptoms. The timing and unique features of these presentations support an expanded phenotypic spectrum of single large scale mitochondrial DNA deletion syndromes (SLSMDS) and reinforce the importance of including SLSMDS in the differential for children with complex multisystem presentations.

Objectives: To describe and compare vaccination coverage for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter referred to as Indigenous) adults in 2004–05 and 2012–13, including the impact of national vaccination funding initiatives. Methods: National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health cross‐sectional surveys – 2004–05 (n=5,757) and 2012–13 (n=5,482) – were compared. Self‐reported influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage among Indigenous adults was analysed by age, remoteness, gender and risk factor status. Results: Influenza vaccination coverage among Indigenous adults in 2004–05 and 2012–13 remained low. While coverage increased for those aged 18–49 years from 23% to 29%, it declined for those aged ≥65 years from 84% to 74%. For remote areas, influenza coverage among those aged 50–64 years declined from 76% to 66%. Pneumococcal vaccination coverage remained very low and declined across all age groups in 2004–05 and 2012–13 (50–64 years: 30% to 23%). For remote areas, pneumococcal coverage declined among those aged 50–64 years from 52% to 32%. Conclusions: Indigenous adult vaccination coverage for influenza and pneumococcal disease remains unacceptably low. Between 2004–05 and 2012–13, declines occurred in pneumococcal vaccination coverage across all age groups ≥18 years. Despite national funding of influenza vaccine in 2010, there was no increase in influenza coverage, except for the 18–49‐year age group. Implications for public health: Current approaches to promote, deliver and monitor vaccination of Indigenous adults are inadequate.

Indoles are amongst the most important class of heteroaromatics in organic chemistry, being commonly found in biologically active natural products and therapeutically useful compounds. The synthesis of indoles is therefore important and several methods for their synthesis that make use of silver(I) catalysts and reagents have been developed in recent years. This Focus Review contains, to the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive coverage of silver-mediated indole forming reactions since the first reaction of this type was reported in 2004.

Freshwater biodiversity loss is one of the greatest environmental threats in our changing world. Although declines have been reported extensively in the literature, much less attention has been devoted to solving the freshwater biodiversity crisis relative to other ecosystems. The recently proposed Emergency Recovery Plan for Freshwater Biodiversity (Tickner et al., 2020, BioScience, 70(4), 330–342) outlines an ambitious but necessary set of overarching actions that can help “bend the curve” for freshwater biodiversity declines. This plan is timely given the present opportunity to adjust freshwater biodiversity targets in international biodiversity agreements and to encourage meeting targets of relevant Sustainable Development Goals. Yet, relying solely on a trickle down from such agreements to national and local scales will likely take too long, given the immediate urgency of the situation. Here, we advocate for a broader, concerted effort from all actors to ensure the Emergency Recovery Plan meaningfully influences the actions of practitioners at a local scale. We outline the roles and responsibilities of actors involved with policy, research, professional bodies and societies, advocacy, and industry, as well as practitioners themselves, in achieving this goal. It is our hope that this overview facilitates the real‐world actions needed to execute the Emergency Recovery Plan so that we can indeed “bend the curve” for freshwater biodiversity.

The intentional introduction of native cold‐water trout into high‐elevation fishless lakes has been considered a tool to build resilience to climate change (i.e., assisted colonization); however, ecological impacts on recipient communities are understudied. The purpose of this study was to inform native cold‐water trout recovery managers by assessing potential consequences of translocating a regionally native trout (westslope cutthroat trout; Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) into fishless mountain lakes. This study compared littoral benthic invertebrate richness, diversity, community structure and abundance between three groups of lakes (fishless, native trout, nonnative trout) in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. While richness and diversity were preserved across all lake groups, other lines of evidence suggested that the introduction of native westslope cutthroat trout into fishless lakes can alter littoral benthic invertebrate communities in similar ways as nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). The community structure of cutthroat trout lakes resembled brook trout lakes compared to that of fishless lakes. For example, both trout‐lake groups contained a lower density of free‐swimming ameletid mayflies and a higher density of certain burrowing taxa. Risk assessments for trout‐recovery actions should consider the potential for collateral damage to recipient invertebrate communities. Future research should identify possible cascading trophic effects on species subsidized by invertebrate prey.

Background: Healing of non-traumatic skin ulcers is often suboptimal. Prognostic tools that identify people at high risk of delayed healing within the context of routine ulcer assessments may improve this, but robust evidence on which factors to include is lacking. Therefore, we scoped the literature to identify which potentially prognostic factors may warrant future systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Methods: We conducted electronic searches in MEDLINE and Embase to identify studies in English published between 1997-2017 that tested the association between healing of the three most common non-traumatic skin ulcers encountered by healthcare professionals (venous leg, diabetic foot and pressure ulcers) and patient characteristics, ulcer characteristics and results from clinical investigations. Results: We included 42 studies that investigated factors that may be associated with healing of venous leg ulcers (n=17), diabetic foot ulcers (n=15), and pressure ulcers (n=10). Across ulcer types, ulcer characteristics were most commonly reported as potential prognostic factors for healing (n=37), including the size of the ulcer area (n=29) and ulcer duration at first assessment (n=16). Thirty-five studies investigated the prognostic value of patient characteristics (n=35), including age (n=31), sex (n=30), diabetes (n=22), smoking status (n=15) and history of deep vein thrombosis (n=13). Twenty three studies reported results from clinical investigations as potential prognostic factors, with the majority regarding vessel quality.Conclusion: Age, sex, diabetes, smoking status, history of deep vein thrombosis, ulcer area, and ulcer duration at time of first assessment warrant a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify their prognostic value for delayed ulcer healing.

Empathy for salient outgroups can promote positive intergroup attitudes and prosocial behaviours. Less is known about which factors may promote empathy, particularly among children, in contexts of intergroup conflict. Empathy may depend on underlying cognitions, such as social essentialist beliefs, that is, believing that certain social categories have an underlying essence that causes members to share observable and non-observable properties. This study explored the influence of essentialist beliefs about ethno-religious categories on outgroup-directed empathy, attitudes, and prosocial behaviours of children living in Northern Ireland (N=88; M=7.09, SD=1.47 years old). Bootstrapped chain mediation found that lower essentialist beliefs predicted greater outgroup-directed empathy, which was positively related to outgroup attitudes, which in turn, predicted more outgroup prosocial behaviours. The findings highlight the importance of essentialist beliefs as an underlying factor promoting empathy, with links to prosocial behaviours in settings of intergroup conflict. The intervention implications are discussed. Queen’s University Belfast School of Psychology Update issue date during checkdate report -AC

We examined the direct and interactive effects of community violence and both family cohesion and conflict on collective efficacy and aggressive behaviors among immigrant young adults. Participants included 221 young adults (ages 18-26; mean age = 21.36; 45.7% female, 190 born outside the U.S.) who completed self-report measures of their exposure to neighborhood violence, social cohesion, collective efficacy, and prosocial behaviors toward friends and strangers. Results, in general, showed that community violence and family cohesion were positively associated with collective efficacy whereas community violence and family conflict were positively associated with aggressive behaviors. Family cohesion and conflict also moderated the links between community violence and aggressive behaviors. Discussion focuses on the interplay of community and family processes and the relations to adjustment of immigrant young adults. America Psychological Foundation Check for published version during checkdate report - AC

Objective The role of emotion regulation (ER) has been receiving increased attention in relation to various forms of psychopathology including hoarding disorder (HD). However, questionnaire designs are limited to finding associations of ER with symptoms or symptom groups, without finding out how such constructs might be involved in the disorder. Methods This study was a qualitative investigation of ER in a clinical HD sample (N = 11). Results Prominent themes provided support for ER difficulties in hoarding. In particular, difficulties with identifying and describing feelings, unhelpful attitudes toward the emotional experience, the use of avoidance-based strategies, and a perceived lack of effective ER strategies were prominent themes. Furthermore, emotional factors were identified as being associated with the onset and/or exacerbation of hoarding behavior, and possessions and acquiring behavior appeared to serve an ER function. Conclusion The current paper provides a nuanced account of the role of ER in hoarding difficulties.

Cancer is a major global health problem with large therapeutic challenges. Although substantial progress has been made in cancer therapy, there still remains a need to develop novel and effective treatment strategies to treat several relapsed and refractory cancers. Recently, there has been growing demand for considering organometallics as antineoplastic agents. This review is focused on a group of organometallics, silver N-heterocyclic carbene complexes (SCCs) and their anticancer efficacy in targeting multiple pathways in various in vitro cancer model systems. However, the precise molecular mechanism of SCCs anticancer properties remains unclear. Here, we discuss the SCCs chemistry, potential molecular targets, possible molecular mechanism of action, and their application in cancer therapies.

Accurate measures of body composition (BC) are essential for performance and health. In addition to accuracy, BC measures should be practical and be minimally invasive to maximize their utility. The purpose of the present study was to compare the day-to-day variability and validity of four common laboratory-based body composition assessments to a criterion four-compartment model. Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography (BP), multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance (MF-BIA) and underwater weighing (UWW) were performed twice in a sample of 32 young men and women. Participants were assessed in a fasted, euhydrated state 2-7 days apart. All methods were compared to a criterion four-compartment model using BP-derived body volume, DXA-derived bone mineral content and MF-BIA-derived total body water (4CBP ). Additional four-compartment models using UWW- and DXA-derived body volume were also examined (4CUWW ) and (4CDXA ). Validity results were conducted with paired t-tests and Bland-Altman analysis. Reliability was determined using intraclass correlations (ICC), coefficients of variation (CV) and standard error of the measurement (SEM). Validity analysis revealed that all methods overestimated per cent body fat and fat mass, and underestimated fat-free mass when compared with 4CBP , but only DXA and BP were significantly different (P 0·9, CVs < 12%). Results of the present study indicate that typical laboratory-based methods of body composition are valid and reliable. However, we caution that results should not be translated between methods and assessments should be performed with the same instrument when the goal is to monitor changes in body composition over time.