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Child abuse pediatricians often carry the stigma that their sole role is to diagnose maltreatment. In reality, child abuse pediatricians use their clinical experience and current evidence-based medicine to make the best medical diagnoses for the children they evaluate. To better understand the legal conclusion of suspected maltreatment cases with medical examinations, this study sought to: (i) evaluate the percentage of children seen for suspected maltreatment that led to a clinical diagnosis of maltreatment, (ii) determine the number and type of criminal charges associated, and (iii) analyze the legal outcomes of cases as they proceeded through the judicial system. This study retrospectively reviewed the legal outcomes of 1698 children medically evaluated in 2013-2014 as part of an investigation by a multidisciplinary team at a children's advocacy center in a mid-sized city in Oklahoma. Data were collected from electronic medical records, the district attorney's office, and a public court docket. Of the original cohort, 477 (28.09%) children yielded a medical diagnosis of at least one type of maltreatment. Further analysis yielded 115 unique court cases involving 138 defendants and 151 children. A total of 286 charges were filed resulting in 190 convictions. While maltreatment allegations yield a high number of children that must be evaluated, a comprehensive medical evaluation helps determine which cases do not have sufficient medical findings for a diagnosis of maltreatment. The findings in this study indicate that a majority of suspected maltreatment cases seen by child abuse pediatricians did not result in criminal court outcomes.

Objectives The aim of the study was to identify differences in infant outcomes, virological efficacy, and preterm delivery (PTD) outcome between women exposed to lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) and those exposed to atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r). Methods A retrospective case note review was carried out. The case notes of 493 women who conceived while on LPV/r or ATV/r or initiated LPV/r or ATV/r during pregnancy and who delivered between 1 September 2007 and 30 August 2012 were reviewed. Data collected included demographics, antiretroviral use, HIV markers, and pregnancy and infant outcomes. Infant outcomes, virological efficacies and PTD rates for LPV/r and ATV/r were compared. Results A total of 306 women received LPV/r (82 conceiving while on the drug and 224 commencing it post-conception) and 187 received ATV/r (96 conceiving while on the drug and 91 commencing it post-conception). Comparing the two protease inhibitors (PIs), viral suppression rates were similar and, in women starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) post-conception, the median times to first undetectable HIV viral load were not significantly different (P = 0.64). PTD rates did not differ by therapy overall (ATV/r, 13%; LPV/r, 14%) or when considering the timing of first exposure (conceiving on ART, P = 0.81; commencing ART in pregnancy, P = 0.08). Poor fetal outcomes were very uncommon. There were two transmissions, giving a mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate of 0.4% (95% confidence interval 0.05–1.5%). Conclusions Both ART regimens were well tolerated and successful in preventing MTCT. No significant differences in tolerability or in pregnancy or infant outcomes were observed, which supports the provision of a choice of PI in pregnancy.

Summary This study is unique and crucial to the current time period because of the recent high energy price escalation. The uniqueness of this study pertains to the void in energy impact research of the agricultural sector, more specifically to livestock. The U.S. Department of Energy has models estimating economy-wide impacts, but not the specific impacts on agriculture. The Iowa State study concentrated on the grain sector. The results presented here indicate that energy price increases will have substantial effects on livestock prices and production. Energy price increases will also result in differential impacts on livestock commodities (with poultry and eggs having the largest price and production effects). Furthermore, the multi-period framework enables the livestock model to capture lagged production responses. Noticeable is the higher impacts occurring in the third and fourth years. In the future, higher energy costs may induce changes in U.S. production, processing and distribution patterns of livestock commodities. The highly vertically integrated poultry and egg industries may begin shifting production locations away from the colder northern regions to areas with more temperate climates. For industries like beef, pork and dairy, there may be increased range production to reduce impacts from higher feed costs. For all industries, closer proximity of processing plants to major livestock producing areas may occur.

Meeting Programme Dr Nigel Botting [University of St Andrews, UK] – Isotopic Labelling of Lignan Phytoestrogens. Prof. Frederic Dolle [CEA PET Centre, Orsay, France] – Fluorine-18 Chemistry: A Selection of Recent Advances. Prof. Peter Scott [University of Warwick, UK] – Creating Chiral Metal Centres. Mr Laurent Brichard [WBIC, University of Cambridge, UK] – A Simple Device for the Radiosynthesis of [Carbonyl-11C]amides, Esters and Ketones using Carbon-11 Monoxide. Dr Michael Hickey [AstraZeneca Charnwood, UK] – Tritium-labelling via an Iridium-based Solid-phase Catalyst. Prof. Wolfgang Steglich [Ludwig-Maximilians University, Germany] – Meroterpenoids from Mushrooms, A Colourful Group of Natural Products. Dr Joe Schofield [Sanofi-Aventis, France] – Radio- and Stable-isotope Labelling of SSR591813 – A Nicotinic Partial Agonist. Dr Nikolai Kuhnert [University of Surrey, UK] – Chiral Recognition in Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry using Isotopically Labelled Trianglamine Macrocycles. Dr Paul Watts [University of Hull, UK] – The Application of Micro Reactors for Radiochemical Synthesis. Dr Tony Gee [GlaxoSmithKline, UK] – PET in Drug Discovery and Development. Dr Alan Wadsworth [GlaxoSmithKline, UK] – Stable Isotopic Labelling of Heterocyclic Compounds

Agricultural commodity analysts have systematically overpredicted livestock prices during the 1980s by using econometric forecasting models that do not account for changing economic conditions. This article compares the out-of-sample forecast performance of the Swamy—Tinsley stochastic coefficients model with ordinary least squares, Cochrane—Orcutt, and maximum likelihood procedures that estimate red meat and chicken prices. The ability of a stochastic coefficients model to adapt quickly to changing economic conditions helps make it almost uniformly superior to a fixed coefficients model in forecasting the quarterly retail price for beef and chicken. The Cochrane—Orcutt and maximum-likelihood procedures appear to forecast pork prices better.

Oxidation-reduction potentials (Eh) of canned foods ranged from -18 to -438 mV. Foods packed in glass had higher redox potentials than those packed in cans. Only 4 out of 26 products tested reached positive redox values after exposure to air for 24 hr at 4°C. Inoculated containers of mushrooms, whole corn, cream corn, asparagus, beef gravy, kidney beans, green beans, cream of mushroom soup, cheddar cheese soup, and lima beans supported toxin production by C. botulinum; potatoes and beets did not.

This article extends the literature on time series estimation of U.S. consumer demand by presenting a coherent theoretical structure with a multi-period planning horizon for consumer choice and a more general treatment of the aggregation problem that allows the possibility that consumers' tastes change over time and vary across individuals. Based on our theoretical model, an econometric model is used to obtain estimates in a multi-period context of U.S. demand for imported foods and domestically produced foods. The hypothesis that current purchases depend on expected future prices is supported by the empirical results for imported foods.

Studies of the USDA raw-pack process for home-canned tomatoes, using Bacillus licheniformis spores as the target organisms, revealed that water bath size and canning load did not affect heat penetxation rates in pint jars of tomatoes. However, because decreases in the water bath size and canning load shortened the come-up time and, as a result, lowered the maximum cold-spot temperature; the calculated process lethalities were lessened. Properly executed canning runs which varied in water bath size, amount of water in the bath, and load size produced calculated lethalities ranging between 1 and 7 log reduction.

Copper-catalyzed addition of the Grignard reagents (II) to the enone (I) gives the ketones (III).