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Although numerous studies related to trust have emerged in recent decades, few studies have explored the impact of subliminal stimuli on trust from an unconscious perspective. This study investigated (a) whether subliminal stimuli could influence interpersonal trust and team trust and (b) whether subjective trust played a mediating role between subliminal stimuli and behavioral trust. It contained two experiments. In Experiment 1, a total of 72 participants took part in a single factor design and completed five tasks. In Experiment 2, a total of 98 participants participated in a single factor design and completed five tasks. Results indicated that subliminal stimuli had a significant impact on interpersonal trust and team trust. Subjective trust played a mediating role between subliminal stimuli and behavioral trust. The results suggest that subliminal priming techniques can influence interpersonal trust and team trust. These techniques first influence subjective trust and then further influence behavioral trust.

Currently, tumor immunotherapy is becoming a new revolution in tumor treatment. Generated from tumor cell lysate or irradiated tumor cells, the whole tumor antigen-based vaccines have the possibility to enhance antitumor immune response without survival from immune surveillance in personalized immunotherapy. Here, polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) after self-polymerization were covalently coated with tumor cell lysate (TCL) to form PDA@CL. Engineered salmonella (EnS) wrapped with PDA@CL (EnS@PDA@CL) was targeted the localization in the tumor site by intravenous administration. EnS@PDA@CL delivered autologous antigen-containing nanoparticles to tumor hypoxia regions through blood circulation. The PDA@CL particles promoted the maturation of dendritic cells, thus eliciting the infiltration of whole tumor antigens specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, significantly triggering antitumor immunity. The tumor regression in the Panc02 mice confirmed the therapeutic potential of EnS@PDA@CL in clinical personalized immunotherapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The risk-adapted screening strategy showed satisfying colorectal cancer (CRC) screening yield and efficiency. We therefore further explored the diagnostic performance variation of this strategy using different risk prediction models.A literature search was conducted to identify studies evaluating risk models for advanced colorectal neoplasm (ACN). The included models were retrospectively validated in a subset sample (N = 3219) from a population-based CRC screening trial in China. Diagnosis-related indictors were compared between the risk-adapted screening strategy using different models and the fecal immunochemical test (FIT)-only strategy. For simulated populations with ACN prevalence of 3% to 12%, the trade-off of additional false positives for each additional true positive were calculated.We included 14 eligible risk models with the area under the curves ranging 0.570 to 0.652 in the validation set. The overall sensitivities of the risk-adapted screening strategy using different risk models for ACN varied from 46.0% to 69.8%, higher than FIT (21.9%), but at the expense of specificities (51.6% to 78.3% vs 97.1%). For population having ACN prevalence of 3%, risk-adapted screening strategies needed 20.5 to 31.1 additional false positives for each additional true positive compared with FIT, and respective number would substantially reduce (4.7 to 7.1) as the ACN prevalence increased to 12%.Risk-adapted screening strategy using the current risk models showed improved sensitivity for ACN compared with FIT, at the cost of increased colonoscopy workload. The optimal strategy for screening practice should be tailored considering the disease burden and availability of healthcare resources.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence, risk factors, and natural history of parastomal hernia. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the records of patients who underwent radical cystectomy and ileal conduit from 2007 to 2020. Patients who had available follow-up CT imaging were included in this study. All CT scans were re-reviewed for detection of parastomal hernia per Moreno-Matias classification. Patients who developed hernia were followed up and classified into stable or progressive (defined as radiologic upgrading and/or need for surgical intervention). Multivariable cox regression was performed to identify independent predictors of hernia development and progression. RESULTS A total of 361 patients were included in this study. The incidence of radiologic parastomal hernia was 30%, graded as I (56.5%), II (12%), and III (31.5%). Median (IQR) time to radiologic hernia was 8 (5-15) months. During the median (IQR) follow-up of 27 (13-47) months in 108 patients with a hernia, 26% progressed. Median (IQR) time to progression was 12 (6-21) months. On multivariable analysis, female gender (HR 1.86), diabetes (HR 1.81), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 1.78), and higher body mass index (HR 1.07 for each unit) were independent predictors for radiologic parastomal hernia development. No significant factor was found to be associated with hernia progression. CONCLUSION The incidence of radiologic parastomal hernia following radical cystectomy and ileal conduit is 30%; a quarter of whom progress in a median time of 12 months. Female gender, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and high body mass index are independent predictors for radiologic hernia development.

STUDY OBJECTIVES This study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of intravenous voriconazole (VRC) in critically ill patients with liver dysfunction and to explore the optimal dosing strategies in specific clinical scenarios for invasive fungal infections (IFIs) caused by common Aspergillus and Candida species. DESIGN Prospective pharmacokinetics study. SETTING The intensive care unit in a tertiary-care medical center. PATIENTS A total of 297 plasma VRC concentrations from 26 critically ill patients with liver dysfunction were included in the PPK analysis. METHODS Model-based simulations with therapeutic range of 2-6 mg/L as the plasma trough concentration (Cmin ) target and the free area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (ƒAUC24 ) divided by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (ie, ƒAUC24 /MIC) ≥25 as the effective target were performed to optimize VRC dosing regimens for Child-Pugh class A and B (CP-A/B) and Child-Pugh class C (CP-C) patients. RESULTS A two-compartment model with first-order elimination adequately described the data. Significant covariates in the final model were body weight on both central and peripheral distribution volume and Child-Pugh class on clearance. Intravenous VRC loading dose of 5 mg/kg every 12 h (q12h) for the first day was adequate for CP-A/B and CP-C patients to attain the Cmin target at 24 h. The maintenance dose regimens of 100 mg q12h or 200 mg q24h for CP-A/B patients and 50 mg q12h or 100 mg q24h for CP-C patients could obtain the probability of effective target attainment of >90% at an MIC ≤0.5 mg/L and achieve the cumulative fraction of response of >90% against C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, A. fumigatus, and A. flavus. Additionally, the daily VRC doses could be increased by 50 mg for CP-A/B and CP-C patients at an MIC of 1 mg/L, with plasma Cmin monitored closely to avoid serious adverse events. It is recommended that an appropriate alternative antifungal agent or a combination therapy could be adopted when an MIC ≥2 mg/L is reported, or when the infection is caused by C. tropicalis but the MIC value is not available. CONCLUSIONS For critically ill patients with liver dysfunction, the loading dose of intravenous VRC should be reduced to 5 mg/kg q12h. Additionally, based on the types of fungal pathogens and their susceptibility to VRC, the adjusted maintenance dose regimens with lower doses or longer dosing intervals should be considered for CP-A/B and CP-C patients.

Sex determination systems in plants can involve either female or male heterogamety (ZW or XY, respectively). Here we used Illumina short reads, Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long reads and Hi‐C reads to assemble the first chromosome‐scale genome of a female willow tree (Salix dunnii), and to predict genes using transcriptome sequences and available databases. The final genome sequence of 328 Mb in total was assembled in 29 scaffolds, and includes 31,501 predicted genes. Analyses of short‐read sequence data that included female and male plants suggested a male heterogametic sex‐determining factor on chromosome 7, implying that, unlike the female heterogamety of most species in the genus Salix, male heterogamety evolved in the subgenus Salix. The S. dunnii sex‐linked region occupies about 3.21 Mb of chromosome 7 in females (representing its position in the X chromosome), probably within a pericentromeric region. Our data suggest that this region is enriched for transposable element insertions, and about one‐third of its 124 protein‐coding genes were gained via duplications from other genome regions. We detect purifying selection on the genes that were ancestrally present in the region, though some have been lost. Transcriptome data from female and male individuals show more male‐ than female‐biased genes in catkin and leaf tissues, and indicate enrichment for male‐biased genes in the pseudo‐autosomal regions. Our study provides valuable genomic resources for further studies of sex‐determining regions in the family Salicaceae, and sex chromosome evolution.

The present study aims to investigate whether subliminal stimuli can influence interpersonal trust and to explore the mediating mechanisms. Participants were required to do a lexical decision task while the "trust" or "suspicion" Chinese words were embedded as the subliminal stimuli. Afterward, they played a trust game and reported person and situation perception. Results indicate that compared with exposure to "suspicion" subliminal stimuli, exposure to "trust" subliminal stimuli significantly improved interpersonal trust. Furthermore, person perception mediated the influence of subliminal stimuli on interpersonal trust, but situation perception did not. The results suggest that subliminal priming techniques can influence interpersonal trust, and such impact is mediated by person perception.

During lactation, an improper glucose supply often threatens mammary gland (MG) health. However, information is limited on the metabolic trajectories and molecules that regulate lactating MGs with an excessive glucose supply. Based on the network analysis of transcriptome and microRNAs, we found that the oversupply of glucose-induced severe glucose metabolic disorders in MGs of lactating goats, shifting lactose synthesis to acute fermentative glycolysis which caused increased flux of glucose metabolism into lactate. Moreover, NF-κB2 played a key role in regulating glycolysis, exhibiting a metabolic shift when MGs had an excessive supply of glucose. In primary mammary epithelial cells, fermentative glycolysis, and intracellular concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were reduced by ganoderic acid A through blocking NF-κB2, while activation of NF-κB2 with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) upregulated fermentative glycolysis and increased cellular ROS accumulation under excessive glucose. Thus, we established an NF-κB2-targeting method to reform the metabolic shift toward glycolysis caused by glucose oversupply by integrating NF-κB2 blockade and intracellular ROS scavenging.

2D Bi2O2Se has recently attracted widespread research interest due to its high electron mobility and good air stability with tunable bandgap. However, the direct and controllable growth of large-size, high-quality ultrathin Bi2O2Se with tunable electronic properties remains a great challenge. Here, an organic ion template-guided solution growth method, is developed using water as a solvent to efficiently obtain high-quality 2D Bi2O2Se. Significantly, the thicknesses and morphologies of 2D Bi2OxSe with various oxygen deficiencies; are also achieved. Optical spectroscopic results indicate that oxygen defects can dramatically tune the electronic properties of Bi2O2Se, such as work function, band gap, and energy-band positions. As a result, the optimized Bi2O2Se devices exhibit a high photoresponsivity of 842.91 A W−1, photo-detectivity of 8.18 × 1012 Jones under 532 nm laser, and electron mobility of 334.7 cm2 V−1 s−1. This work proposes a new green solution method to synthesize large-sized, high-quality Bi2O2Se with tunable electronic structures that can be extended for various applications and provides a new possibility of transfer-free large-scale device manufacturing. National Research Foundation (NRF) The work was supported by Fund of National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments (Grant No. 6142905192507), Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan Supported Project (Grant Nos. GXWD20201230155427003-20200821232246001, JCYJ20170413105844696). Z.L. acknowledges the financial support from Singapore National Research Foundation Competitive Research Program (Grant No. NRF-CRP22-2019-0007).

It is known that milking frequency and plasma hormones play important roles in regulating mammary permeability. However, it is still not known whether nutritional factors can influence udder permeability.; Design: This study was conducted to investigate mammary epithelial tight-junction permeability in lactating dairy cows fed different forage-based diets. Twenty mid-lactating dairy cows were allocated to ten blocks based on their parity and milk yield and then randomly assigned into rice straw-based diet and alfalfa-based diet groups. Both diets contained 15% corn silage and 55% concentrate (dry matter basis). In terms of forage sources, rice straw-based diets (RS) contained 30% rice straw, whereas alfalfa-based diets (AH) contained 23% alfalfa hay plus 7% Chinese wild rye hay.; Results: The concentrations of Na+ , Na+ /K+ ratio, bovine serum albumin, and plasmin in the milk, the plasma lactose concentration, and the mRNA abundance of BCL2 associated agonist of cell death, phosphatase and tensin homolog, and insulin like growth factor binding protein 5 in the mammary gland were greater in RS-fed cows than in AH-fed animals. Mammary expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and occludin was lower in RS-fed cows compared with the AH-fed group. The expressions of growth hormone receptor, claudin-1, -3, -4, and ZO-1 were similar in the two diet groups.; Conclusion: The cows fed RS showed higher mammary alveolar permeability, likely due to its effect on proliferation/apoptosis rates of mammary epithelial cells. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dairy milk consists of more than 85% water. Therefore, understanding the regulation of fluid absorption in the mammary gland is relevant to improving milk production. In recent decades, studies using different approaches, including blood flow, transmembrane fluid flow, tight junction, fluid flow of the paracellular pathway and functional mammary epithelial cell state, have been conducted aiming to investigate how mammary gland fluid absorption is regulated. However, the relationship between regulation mechanisms of fluid flow and milk production has not been studied systematically. The present review summarizes a series of key milk yield regulatory factors mediated by whole-mammary fluid flow, including milk, mammary blood flow, blood/tissue fluid-cell fluid flow and cell-alveolus fluid flow. Whole-mammary fluid flow regulates milk production by altering transporter activity, ion channels, local microcirculation-related factors, driving force of fluid transport (osmotic pressure or electrochemical gradient), cellular connection state and a cell volume sensitive mechanism. In addition, whole-mammary fluid flow plays important roles in milk synthesis and secretion. Knowledge gained from fluid flow-mediated regulatory mechanisms of the dairy mammary gland will lead to a fundamental understanding of lactation biology and will be beneficial for the improvement of dairy productivity. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Objectives To determine the impact of body mass index (BMI) on peri-operative and oncological outcomes following robotic radical cystectomy (RRC) with intra-corporeal urinary diversion (ICUD). Subjects and Methods A total of 216 patients undergoing RRC, extended lymphadenectomy and ICUD (07/2010-12/2015) were categorized into four BMI groups according to the 2004 World Health Organization (WHO) obesity classification

Neurosteroids are synthesized in the nervous system from cholesterol or steroidal precursors imported from peripheral sources. These compounds are important allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors, which play a vital role in modulating hippocampal functions. Chronic pain is accompanied by increased neurosteroid production in the spinal cord and thalamus. We hypothesize that hippocampal neurosteroids participate in pain or pain-associated emotions, which we tested with high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacological behavioral tests. We observed increased levels of hippocampal neurosteroids (pregnenolone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, and allopregnanolone) in rats with chronic neuropathic pain (28 days after spared nerve injury). Meanwhile, the expression of the translocator protein, the upstream steroidogenesis rate-limiting enzyme, increased in the ventral but not dorsal hippocampus of neuropathic rats. In both naive and neuropathic rats, in vivo stereotaxic microinjection of PK 11195, the translocator protein inhibitor, into the ventral hippocampus exacerbated anxiety-like behaviors. These results indicate anxiolytic effects of hippocampal neurosteroids in both normal and neuropathic rats. Neurosteroids could be considered as agents for treatment of general and pain-related anxiety disorders.

Purpose To explore the morphological and functional characteristics of prostatic arterial embolization (PAE) in a canine model of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with 3T multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) and whole-mount step-section pathology correlation. Materials and Methods Eight adult male beagle dogs with hormone-induced BPH underwent 3T mp-MRI before and 1, 3, and 6 months after PAE, with subsequent whole-mount step-section pathologic assessment. Images were acquired using T1-weighted images (T1WI), T2WI, 3D-SPACE, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), T2-mapping, and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) sequences. Variance analysis was performed to assess statistical differences in prostatic volume (PV), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and T2 values. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to correlate ADC, T2, and PV. Results The PV decreased from baseline to 1, 3, and 6 months after PAE from (25.88 ± 7.09) cm3 to (6.48 ± 2.08) cm3, (6.48 ± 3.39) cm3, (6.20 ± 2.88) cm3. The ADC values sequentially decreased from baseline to 1, 3, and 6 months after PAE from (1497.06 ± 222.72) × 10−6 mm2/s to (1056.00 ± 189.46) × 10−6 mm2/s, (950.48 ± 77.85) × 10−6 mm2/s, (980.98 ± 107.78) × 10−6 mm2/s. The T2 values decreased from baseline to 1, 3, and 6 months after PAE were (83.74 ± 5.29) msec, (68.72 ± 5.66) msec, (53.96 ± 15.04) msec, (49.81 ± 13.34) msec, respectively. ADC and T2 values were positively correlated with PV (r = 0.823 and 0.744, respectively). Microhemorrhages and hemosiderin were found on SWI after PAE. Conclusion 3T mp-MRI may facilitate noninvasive assessment of morphological and functional changes of BPH after PAE. Level of Evidence: 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1220–1229.

BACKGROUND Synthetic dyes present in wastewater from many industrial sections and they cause serious problems to human and aquatic life. The development of novel and effective peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator is highly demanded in order to eliminate dyes pollution. In this regard, new magnetic nanocomposite Fe3O4@C/MnCo2O4 was prepared and characterized. The activity of Fe3O4@C/MnCo2O4 as heterogeneous catalyst for PMS activation was evaluated by the decolorization of Acid Orange II (AO II). RESULTS With “Fe3O4@C/MnCo2O4 + PMS” system, the dye solution could be nearly completely decolorized in about 25 min within a wide pH range (pH 4.1−8.1), and 98% removal could be achieved in 15 min without pH adjustment (pH = 6.38). The influences of solution pH, dosages of catalyst and PMS, reaction temperature, and PMS activation mechanism were studied. It was found that sulfate radicals were the primary species responsible for the oxidation of AO II. The catalyst was magnetically separable and displayed good stability and reusability for six cycles use without deterioration in its performance. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the easy recycling and high activity of Fe3O4@C/MnCo2O4 composite in PMS activation for the decolorization of AO II solution. It supplies a promising way for the decontamination of organic pollutants.

The effects of CO2 addition to the fuel on the temperature field and soot formation in a co-flow laminar diffusion flame of ethylene/air over the pressure range of 1 to 8 atm were investigated experimentally. The flame was produced in a high pressure combustion chamber. A technique of diffuse-light two-dimensional line-of-sight attenuation (diffuse 2D-LOSA) was applied to measure soot volume fraction distribution in the flame. The influence of CO2 dilution on flame appearance at various pressures was investigated. The quantity of soot formation decreases with the increase in CO2 addition at all pressures, with the decrease rates being slower under higher pressure than lower pressure. With the addition of CO2 to fuel side, the sooting zone decreases and tends to be concentrated toward the tip of flame. Generally, the overall soot temperatures of the CO2 dilution flames decrease with increasing pressure and CO2 addition, the most significant change in the lower and middle of the flame. At same pressure, the CO2 addition has little impact on the flame height. As the pressure rises, however, the axial diameter of flame decreases to give an overall stretched appearance. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2016