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Abstract LiNiPO4 (working at ~5.1 V) shows potential advantages in the competition of cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of high energy density. However, the high‐voltage electrolyte developed can only remain relatively stable in the range of less than 4.8 V, so the operating voltage of LiNiPO4 needs to be adjusted to smaller to better exploit its high‐voltage advantages. To regulate the operating voltage of LiNiPO4 while ensuring the relative stability of its electrochemical properties, in this work, all the 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metals (TMs) are, respectively, doped into the Ni site of LiNiPO4 to screen out the doped models with excellent electrochemical performance. In particular, the changes in lattice structure, electronic properties, formation energy, mechanical properties, anisotropy, and working voltage were used as screening criteria. By considering the above screening criteria, the Cr‐ and Fe‐doped LiNiPO4 with open circuit voltage ~4.7 and ~4.8 V are considered to have leading performance and can be used for applicable high‐voltage LIBs. The screening results of this work can provide an overall understanding of the doping of LiNiPO4 by TMs and have advanced a theoretical idea for the design of new high‐voltage LIBs cathode materials.

The diurnal variation characteristics of raindrop size distribution (RSD) in the Ili River Valley are investigated in this study, using the RSD data from May to September during 2020-2021 collected by a Parsivel2 disdrometer in Zhaosu. Significant diurnal variations (02–07, 08–13, 14–19, and 20-01 local standard time (LST)) of precipitation and RSD in Zhaosu are revealed during the rainy seasons. Precipitation mainly occurs in the late afternoon and early evening. A higher concentration of small raindrops is observed in the morning, whereas more mid-size and large raindrops are observed in the afternoon. The RSD exhibits diurnal differences between different rainfall rate classes; the diurnal difference of RSD is more pronounced in the case of high rainfall rates. Stratiform precipitation can occur at any time of the day, yet convective precipitation mainly occurs during the late afternoon and early evening. The RSD of stratiform rainfall shows a similar distribution over the four time periods. For convective rainfall, the concentration of small raindrops is the highest (lowest) over 02–07 (14–19) LST, while the highest (lowest) concentration of medium and large drops is observed over 14–19 (02–07) LST. Convective rain in the Ili River Valley over 14–19 LST can be characterized as the continental convective cluster, while in the rest time of the day, it is neither in the maritime cluster nor in the continental cluster. The empirical relationships between the radar reflectivity factor and rainfall rate (Z-R) for stratiform and convective rain types are also derived. The purpose of this study is to advance our understanding of precipitation microphysics in arid mountainous region.

Abstract The microphysical processes of cloud and precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains still remain unclear due to the complex terrain and the lack of ground‐based observational data. In this study, the characteristics of summer raindrop size distribution (RSD) in the western and central Tianshan Mountains of China were investigated in 2020 and 2021. According to the average raindrop spectra, the RSD characteristics exhibit significant differences that the concentration of medium and large particles is relatively higher at Zhaosu than that at Tianchi. Weak precipitation prevails in the Tianshan Mountains most of the time, yet moderate rainfall and heavy rainfall have a great impact on the accumulated rainfall amount. For each rainfall rate class, raindrops of diameter less than 0.75mm have a lower concentration and raindrops of diameter greater than 3 mm have a higher concentration at Zhaosu as compared to those at Tianchi. Compared with Tianchi, Zhaosu has a larger mass‐weighted mean diameter (Dm) and a lower normalized intercept parameter (log10Nw). Compared with the classical convective spectrum, the RSDs at both Zhaosu and Tianchi are similar to the continental convective cluster. The relationships between the shape and slope (μ–Λ), and radar reflectivity and rainfall rate (Z–R) exhibit a significant difference in the western and central Tianshan Mountains of China.

Raindrop size distribution (DSD) is of great significance for understanding the microphysical process of rainfall and the quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE). However, in the past, there was a lack of relevant research on Xinjiang in the arid region of northwest China. In this study, the rainy season data collected by the disdrometer in the Yining area of Xinjiang were used for more than two years, and the characteristics of DSDs for all samples, for two rain types (convective and stratiform), and for six different rain rates were studied. The results showed that nearly 70% of the total samples had a rainfall rate of less than 1 mm·h−1, the convective rain was neither continental nor maritime, and there was a clear boundary between convective rain and stratiform rain in terms of the scattergram of the standardized intercept parameter (log10Nw) versus the mass-weighted average diameter (Dm). When the raindrop diameter was less than 0.7 mm, DSDs of the two rainfalls basically coincided, while when the raindrop diameter was greater than 0.7 mm, DSDs of convective rainfall were located above the stratiform rain. As the rainfall rate increased, Dm increased, while log10Nw first increased and then decreased. In addition, we deduced the Z−R (radar reflectivity-rain rate) relationship and μ−Λ relationship (shape parameter-slope parameter of the gamma DSDs) suitable for the Yining area. These conclusions are conducive to strengthening the understanding of rainfall microphysical processes in arid regions and improving the ability of QPE in arid regions.

The lack of online sensors for Mooney viscosity measurement has posed significant challenges for enabling efficient monitoring, control, and optimization of industrial rubber mixing process. To obtain real-time and accurate estimations of Mooney viscosity, a novel soft sensor method, referred to as multimodal perturbation- (MP-) based ensemble just-in-time learning Gaussian process regression (MP-EJITGPR), is proposed by exploiting ensemble JIT learning. This method employs perturbations on similarity measure and input variables for generating the diversity of JIT learners. Furthermore, a set of accurate and diverse JIT learners are built through an evolutionary multiobjective optimization by balancing the accuracy and diversity objectives explicitly. Moreover, all base JIT learners are combined adaptively using a finite mixture mechanism. The proposed method is applied to an industrial rubber mixing process for Mooney viscosity prediction, and the experimental results demonstrate its effectiveness and superiority over traditional soft sensor methods.

Based on hourly precipitation data and FY-2 satellite infrared (IR) digital satellite imagery collected during the warm season from 2005 to 2015 in the Tianshan Mountains and the adjacent areas in Xinjiang, China, the definition of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) was revised based on short-duration heavy precipitation processes. The spatiotemporal development of MCSs in terms of the initiation, maturation, dissipation, duration, and movement was statistically analyzed. Most mesoscale systems in the area were dominated by meso-β convective systems (MβCSs), which was in line with the annual heavy precipitation frequency. In meso-α convective systems (MαCSs), persistent elongated convective systems (PECSs) occurred more commonly than mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs). MCSs were common in summer, with the peak frequency of MαCS occurrence in June and the peak frequency of MβCS occurrence mainly in July and August. From the perspective of diurnal variations, MCSs initiated in the late afternoon, developed during the evening, and dissipated before midnight. MCSs in general lasted 6∼9 h between June and July and 9∼11 h in August. The MαCSs lasted approximately 14 h, and the MβCSs lasted from 7 h to 12 h. The development and termination stages of MCSs lasted 3∼6 h and 2∼7 h, respectively. In low-elevation areas and on the windward slope of the mountains, MCSs initiated more easily and more frequently over the northern and western slopes than that over the southern and eastern slopes. The central area of the Junggar basin hosted the development of MCSs, but the distribution of the convective systems at different scales varied. During the termination stage, these mesoscale systems were mainly located at the basin edges. In terms of tracks, most MCSs moved eastward under the influence of the westerlies and the MαCSs moved faster but in a more scattered manner than the MβCSs. Additionally, some unusual tracks appeared because of the effects of the underlying surface topography and environmental wind.

Based on observational data collected during the summer of 2009 from the southern Badain Jaran Desert, the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes and shallow soil thermal storage were obtained through corrections and quality control measures. The soil thermal properties and characteristics of the land surface energy budget before and after rainfall episodes were systematically analyzed. Short-term precipitation had a greater influence than systematic precipitation on the soil temperature (ST) and soil volumetric water content (VWC). After rainfall, the VWC rapidly increased, showing a decreasing growth rate trend with depth and time in all layers; the soil temperature change rate (TCR) exhibited the opposite tendency. The surface albedo, which was affected little by the solar elevation angle and short-term precipitation, fluctuated from low to high during short-term rainfall. The soil thermal parameters, including the volumetric heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and diffusivity, all increased after rainfall. The diurnal soil heat flux variations in each layer manifested as quasisinusoids, and the amplitude gradually decreased with depth. The energy balance ratio (EBR) without and with soil heat storage (S) varied differently; after incorporating S, the EBR increased by approximately 5-6% regardless of rainfall but remained lower afterward. Throughout the observation period, the maximum daytime EBR appeared approximately 1-2 days before or after rainfall and gradually declined otherwise. These findings are fundamental for understanding the influences of cloud and precipitation disturbances on radiation budgets and energy distributions and improving the parameterization of surface radiation budgets and energy balances for numerical models of semiarid areas.

This paper reported a comprehensive analysis on the diurnal variation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) in summer of Badain Jaran Desert and discussed deeply the effect of surface thermal to ABL, including the Difference in Surface-Air Temperature (DSAT), net radiation, and sensible heat, based on limited GPS radiosonde and surface observation data during two intense observation periods of experiments. The results showed that (1) affected by topography of the Tibetan Plateau, the climate provided favorable external conditions for the development of Convective Boundary Layer (CBL), (2) deep CBL showed a diurnal variation of three- to five-layer structure in clear days and five-layer ABL structure often occurred about sunset or sunrise, (3) the diurnal variation of DSAT influenced thickness of ABL through changes of turbulent heat flux, (4) integral value of sensible heat which rapidly converted by surface net radiation had a significant influence on the growth of CBL throughout daytime. The cumulative effect of thick RML dominated the role after CBL got through SBL in the development stage, especially in late summer, and (5) the development of CBL was promoted and accelerated by the variation of wind field and distribution of warm advection in high and low altitude.

Abstract The research investigated the tooth backlash influences the error in seedling picking trajectories of the gear train SPM. First, a sine function and the sum of random errors are taken into account is utilized to fit the tooth backlash of the firstly and secondary transmissions. Additionally, the analysis established the relationship between the fitting parameters and the tooth backlash of the firstly and secondary transmissions, in order to determine the appropriate fitting parameters. Next, the relationship between the tooth backlash of the firstly and secondary transmission in the seedling picking mechanism (SPM) and the x, y coordinates, as well as the velocity and acceleration of the seedling needle tip (SNT), is examined. This analysis is based on the error and movement variance of the coordinate and kinematic parameters of SNT. The results indicate that the tooth backlash of the firstly transmission has a more significant influence on the error of the seedling picking trajectory compared to the tooth backlash of the secondary transmission. When the tooth backlash of the noncircular gear in the firstly transmission reaches its maximum value of 0.24 mm, the x and y coordinates of the SNT can reach maximum values of 1 and 3.5 mm. The test of the jumping of the needle tip and idling trajectory description indicated that noncircular gears with larger tooth backlash exhibit higher positional jumping at the tip of the seedling needle.

Abstract Nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) lead the continuous development of organic solar cells (OSCs) with competitive efficiency over 19%. Design and synthesis of novel photovoltaic materials are effective methods to improve the OSCs performance, which can regulate the optoelectric properties, such as energy level, absorption spectra, charge transport, and so on. So far, hundreds of NFAs have been reported. Meanwhile, it has been demonstrated that intrinsic morphology of active layer is partially determined by the chemical structures of NFAs. Hence, only in‐depth understanding of the relationship between different structures of NFAs and morphology can guide the molecular design of NFAs for highly efficient OSCs. Herein, we review some state‐of‐the‐art NFAs according to their functional moieties, that is, arene core, end group and side chain, and discuss the relationship between molecular structure, morphology and device parameter. Additionally, the challenges and prospects for further development of OSCs based on NFAs are briefly considered. This review brings a unique insight into structure–function correlation in this field, which may help to rapidly develop efficient OSCs.

Four representative TS-RCR (three-soft rock-coal-rock) structural bodies were selected according to the lithofacies analysis of coal measures in the Xiangshui Coal Mine, Guizhou, China, to analyze the mechanical properties, internal structure damage characteristics, and crack evolution law of the TS-RCR structural body composed of a soft roof, a soft floor, and soft coal seams. The mechanical model of the TS-RCR structural body was proposed. (1) The stress-strain curves of TS-RCR structures with different lithologies under cyclic loading and unloading show a change rule of sparsity, density, and sparsity with the increased cycles. The deformation of TS-RCR structures under cyclic loading and unloading can be divided into four stages. When the height ratio of the TS-RCR structural body was the same, the higher the strength of the upper and lower rocks, the more cycles the TS-RCR structural body had, and the denser the cyclic loading and unloading curve. On the contrary, the fewer cycles the TS-RCR structural body had, the sparser the cyclic loading and unloading curve. (2) The T2 (transverse relaxation time) spectrum curves of the structural bodies were monitored at about 1 and 10 ms, and two obvious peaks were detected, indicating micropores and mesopores with a large volume in the structural body. Signal intensity increased at the relaxation time of 1 ms, decreased at 10–100 ms, and increased slightly at 100–1000 ms. The pore structure of the structural body with different lithologies changed significantly with the increased cycle number. (3) The damage and failure process of the structural body was roughly divided into three periods according to the time-history analysis of acoustic-emission AF (the ratio of acoustic-emission ringing count to duration) of the structural body: the active period with a relatively low AF value (AF

Abstract Background This study evaluated the predictive value of gene signatures for biochemical recurrence (BCR) in primary prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Methods Clinical features and gene expression profiles of PCa patients were attained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets, which were further classified into a training set (n = 419), a validation set (n = 403). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox (LASSO‐Cox) method was used to select discriminative gene signatures in training set for biochemical recurrence‐free survival (BCRFS). Selected gene signatures established a risk score system. Univariate and multivariate analyses of prognostic factors about BCRFS were performed using the Cox proportional hazards regression models. A nomogram based on multivariate analysis was plotted to facilitate clinical application. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses were then executed for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Results Notably, the risk score could significantly identify BCRFS by time‐dependent receiver operating characteristic (t‐ROC) curves in the training set (3‐year area under the curve (AUC) = 0.820, 5‐year AUC = 0.809) and the validation set (3‐year AUC = 0.723, 5‐year AUC = 0.733). Conclusions Clinically, the nomogram model, which incorporates Gleason score and the risk score, could effectively predict BCRFS and potentially be utilized as a useful tool for the screening of BCRFS in PCa.

Abstract The molecular orientation has a profound influence on the performance of organic solar cells. Both donor and acceptor adopt face‐on orientation guarantees efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport, which is a key to achieving high device performance. However, the molecules usually adopt edge‐on orientation in some blend systems, take small molecules based on an oligothiophene (DRCN5T): fused‐ring electron acceptor based on indacenodithieno[3,2‐b]‐thiophene core and thienyl side‐chains (ITIC‐Th) blend, for instance, the orientation of DRCN5T is edge‐on, which is detrimental to the photophysical process of the device. Herein, a solid additive strategy, that is, adding N2200 as a nucleus for DRCN5T, was proposed, which combined the nucleation process with molecular diffusivity, thus realizing the orientation transformation of DRCN5T from edge‐on to face‐on. Consequently, the device performance was significantly improved, and a clear relationship between molecular orientation and energy loss/biomolecular recombination was established. More importantly, this study revealed not only the thermodynamic factors, including the crystallinity of solid additive, the lattice matching degree, and miscibility between DRCN5T and solid additive but also the kinetic parameter, such as the diffusivity of DRCN5T are very important to efficiently regulate the molecular orientation. Overall, this study presents the in‐depth mechanism of orientation transformation via adding solid additives, which may provide a guideline for solid additive choices.

Abstract Effects of high hydrostatic pressure‐assisted thawing (HPAT, 100, 150, and 200 MPa) on the physicochemical characteristics of silver pomfret were evaluated in comparison with conventional (water immersion thawing, WIT) thawed samples. HPAT significantly decreased the thawing time, as well as the cooking and total losses. The maximum water holding capacity was observed at 100 MPa. Color changed obviously at ≥150 MPa, resulting in a cooked appearance. Samples thawed with HPAT showed better texture quality and lower lipid oxidation. The levels of myofibrillar protein oxidation and surface hydrophobicity increased, while Ca2+‐ATPase activities decreased as the pressure increased. The oxidation of myofibrillar protein was significantly decreased at 100 MPa; total sulfhydryl content was 30.85% higher than that of WIT. Overall, 100 MPa is the optimum treatment condition for silver pomfret thawing without negative effects on quality of the product. HPAT can be a potential alternative to produce high‐quality thawed fish.

Abstract Reliable monitoring of metabolites in biofluids is critical for diagnosis, treatment, and long‐term management of various diseases. Although widely used, existing enzymatic metabolite assays face challenges in clinical practice primarily due to the susceptibility of enzyme activity to external conditions and the low sensitivity of sensing strategies. Inspired by the micro/nanoscale confined catalytic environment in living cells, the coencapsulation of oxidoreductase and metal nanoparticles within the nanopores of macroporous silica foams to fabricate all‐in‐one bio‐nanoreactors is reported herein for use in surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐based metabolic assays. The enhancement of catalytical activity and stability of enzyme against high temperatures, long‐time storage or proteolytic agents are demonstrated. The nanoreactors recognize and catalyze oxidation of the metabolite, and provide ratiometric SERS response in the presence of the enzymatic by‐product H2O2, enabling sensitive metabolite quantification in a “sample in and answer out” manner. The nanoreactor makes any oxidoreductase‐responsible metabolite a candidate for quantitative SERS sensing, as shown for glucose and lactate. Glucose levels of patients with bacterial infection are accurately analyzed with only 20 µL of cerebrospinal fluids, indicating the potential application of the nanoreactor in vitro clinical testing.

A compact printed ultrawideband (UWB) diversity antenna with a size of 30 mm × 36 mm operating at a frequency range of 3.1–10.6 GHz is proposed. The antenna is composed of two semielliptical monopoles fed by two microstrip lines. Two semicircular slots, two rectangular slots, and one stub are introduced in the ground plane to adjust the impedance bandwidth of the antenna and improve the isolation between two feeding ports. The simulated and measured results show that impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna can cover the whole UWB band with a good isolation of < −15 dB. The radiation patterns, peak antenna gain, and envelope correlation coefficient are also measured and discussed. The measured results show that the proposed antenna can be a good candidate for some portable MIMO/diversity UWB applications.

Traditional mutual information (MI) function aligns two multimodality images with intensity information, lacking spatial information, so that it usually presents many local maxima that can lead to inaccurate registration. Our paper proposes an algorithm of adaptive combination of intensity and gradient field mutual information (ACMI). Gradient code maps (GCM) are constructed by coding gradient field information of corresponding original images. The gradient field MI, calculated from GCMs, can provide complementary properties to intensity MI. ACMI combines intensity MI and gradient field MI with a nonlinear weight function, which can automatically adjust the proportion between two types MI in combination to improve registration. Experimental results demonstrate that ACMI outperforms the traditional MI and it is much less sensitive to reduced resolution or overlap of images.