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Background: Oral papillomas and verruca vulgaris have been associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, approximately half of these have remained HPV-negative when tested for mucosal HPV genotypes. In this study, we evaluated presence of α-, β-, and γ-HPVs in benign papillary and verrucous lesions., Methods: Eighty-three clinical lesions with suspected HPV etiology were analyzed for HPV types of genus α (n = 24), β (n = 46), and γ (n = 52). Immunohistochemistry was used for p16 as a possible surrogate marker of high-risk HPV, accompanied by Ki-67 proliferation marker., Results: Altogether, α-HPVs were detected in 6.4%, β-HPVs in 2.4%, and γ-HPV in 4.8%. The following genotypes were identified: HPV6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 161, and 170. Neither Ki-67 nor p16 positivity alone were associated with HPV but combined staining showed significant inverse association ( P  = .042)., Conclusion: HPV infection is found only in a minority of benign verrucous and papillary oral lesions, with the predominance of α-HPVs., Level of Evidence: 4.

Objective: To assess the rate of maternal complications related to cesarean section (CS) and to compare morbidity between elective, emergency and crash-emergency CS. To establish risk factors associated with maternal CS morbidity., Design: A prospective multicenter cohort study., Setting: Twelve delivery units in Finland., Population: Women delivering by CS (n = 2,496) during a 6 months period in the study hospitals., Methods: Data on pregnant women, CS, and maternal recovery during the hospital stay was collected prospectively on report forms. The complication rates by different CSs were calculated, and factors associated with morbidity were analyzed by odds ratios (OR)., Main Outcome Measures: Maternal complication rates in different types of CS. The association of risk factors with morbidity., Results: About 27% of women delivering by CS had complications; 10% had severe complications. The complication rate was higher in emergency CS than in elective CS, and highest in crash-emergency CS. Significant independent risk factors for maternal morbidity were emergency CS and crash-emergency CS compared to elective CS (OR 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-2.2), pre-eclampsia (OR 1.5; CI 1.1-2.0), maternal obesity (OR 1.4; CI 1.1-1.8) and maternal increasing age (OR 1.1; CI 1.03-1.2 per each 5 years)., Conclusions: Maternal complications are frequent in CS, and although performing CS electively reduces the occurrence of complications, the frequency is still high. The complication rate depends on the degree of emergency, and increases with maternal obesity, older age and pre-eclampsia.