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Cosmology is one of the three key domains used by anthropologists to define hunter‐gatherers. Although there is much variety found among hunter‐gatherers, broad continuities are typically envisaged across a range of cosmological themes including animism, shamanism, double creation, sacred geographies, tricksters, and worldview. Since the 1980s, researchers have problematized many of these categories and taken cosmology from the field of “primitive” religion and spirits to human relations with other humans, and human relations with nonhuman persons. By interrogating many of the assumptions about subject–object relations and human relationships with nature, which anthropologists have received as part of their European intellectual heritage, scholars of hunter‐gatherer cosmology are reuniting spheres of knowledge of science and philosophy that have been divorced since the nineteenth century.

Scientific research on the microbiome offers an ecological model of the human, comprised of myriad forms of microbial life. The composition and dynamics of this human microbiome are increasingly implicated in discussions of health. Attention has focused on missing microbes and their links to a range of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Pathological dysbiosis is understood to result from both the excessive presence and the absence of microbes. Microbial declines have been indexed to modern hygiene and healthcare practices and there is a growing interest in the therapeutic use of beneficial microbes. This reappraisal of the salutary potential of microbes challenges the negative associations prevalent in health geography and the field of Global Health. This paper develops relational and multispecies approaches to the health geography to examine situations of microbial excess, absence and controlled reintroduction. The analysis focuses on human relations with hookworms. Hookworms areanimal members of the microbiome. They co-evolved with humans, live in us and are understood to manage the human microbiome to enable immunological tolerance. Both the excessive presence and the absence of hookworms can be pathological. They are currently the subjects of concurrent, but spatially discrete, programmes to deworm and reworm avariegated world. Focusing on this seeming spatial paradox, the analysis examines three types of human-hookworm relation: the parasite, the ghost and the mutualist. The conclusion reflects on the implications of this analysis for the human and nonhuman subjects of Global Health and the microbiopolitics of prevalent forms of antibiotic and probiotic healthcare.

This essay integrates the largely separate trajectories of climate and water histories, their distinct historiographies, and their different methods and expertise. Informed by the human‐nature insights of environmental history and historical geography, this paper identifies four intersections between histories of climate and water: first, conceptualizations of the climate and hydrological systems; second, adaptations to climate and hydrological variability and change; third, weather control; and finally, water over time. These particular intersections shed light on shared concerns for human relations to water and climate across different spatial and temporal scales; the development and function of networks of environmental knowledge; the formation and impact of environmental imaginaries; and the emergence of particular cultures of risk and resilience. The English‐language histories of climate and water to which I refer pertain largely to the study of the 19th and 20th centuries in relation to the spread of European and North American empires. Histories of water, I argue, offer more personal and localized insights into histories of climate and climate change. This article is categorized under: Climate, History, Society, Culture > World Historical Perspectives

This essay analyses scenes of exchange between the French ans the Tahitians as represented in the accounts of Louis Antoine de Bougainville's voyage around the world (1766-69). It argues that such representations suggest how in the contact zone human relations are organized around and through objects as they are exchanged in barter, gift-giving, theft and restitution. In representations of hand to hand exchanges, objects also have a type of agency: they move the emotions of those directly involved in the encounter. Representations of exchange operated similarly on those who read the voyage accounts especially when rendered as "tableaux", vivid textual images calculated to arouse the reader's response.

The emergence of progressive filmmaking in the interwar period is often associated with John Grierson, the British documentary movement and the influence it traced abroad. This paper argues, however, that more particular attention needs to attend the specific context for progressive filmmaking in the United States. To make this argument, this paper foregrounds two strands of progressive filmmaking that were pursued alongside, and often in tension with each other at the Rockefeller Boards between 1934 and 1945. The Rockefeller Boards pursued both a version of social-realist documentary in the Griersonian tradition as well as a project focused on “human relations” films. As this paper suggests, the human relations project contrasted with Grierson's social documentary by linking film to a particular kind of psychological interior; a self not oriented to the social world but to the internal spaces of psychological and personality development. This implies a complex process of cultural diffusion in which Grierson's model was filtered through, and ultimately displaced by, a set of concerns and preoccupations unique to the American context.

In the controversy that broke out in 1911 over Frederick W. Taylor's scientific management, many critics contended that it ignored "the human factor" and reduced workers to machines. Psychologists succeeded in positioning themselves as experts of the human factor, and their instruments and expertise as the necessary complement of Taylor's psychologically deficient system. However, the conventional view that the increasing influence of psychologists and other social scientists "humanized" management theory and practice needs to be amended. Taylor's scientific management was not less human than later approaches such as Human Relations, but it articulated the human factor differently, and aligned it to its own instruments and practices in such a way that it was at once external to them and essential to their functioning. Industrial psychologists, on the other hand, at first presented themselves as engineers of the human factor and made the human mind an integral part of management.

Fil: Zangrando, Atilio Francisco Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Cientificas; Argentina

Two approaches to organizational consultation – psychodynamic systems and socio-technical systems theories – originally developed at the Tavistock Institute for Human Relations but diverged several decades ago. We describe each approach and analyze its effectiveness in a community consultation in which the presence of social hierarchies presented a considerable challenge. We then discuss a consultation in which both approaches were combined, and argue for the benefits of this joint technique. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Revisiting Lacan's discussion of the puzzle of the prisoner's dilemma provides a means of elaborating a theory of the trans-subjective. An illustration of this dilemma provides the basis for two important arguments. Firstly, that we need to grasp a logical succession of modes of subjectivity: from subjectivity to inter-subjectivity, and from inter-subjectivity to a form of trans-subjective social logic. The trans-subjective, thus conceptualized, enables forms of social objectivity that transcend the level of (inter)subjectivity, and which play a crucial role in consolidating given societal groupings. The paper advances, secondly, that various declarative and symbolic activities are important non-psychological bases—trans-subjective foundations—for psychological identifications of an inter-subjective sort. These assertions link interesting to recent developments in the contemporary social psychology of interobjectivity, which likewise emphasize a type of objectivity that plays an indispensible part in co-ordinating human relations and understanding.

For over two decades, ecological literacy has sought to integrate foundational premises for addressing environmental problems. Here Jody Boehnert of EcoLabs explains how she has developed graphics resources and tools for designers in order for them to understand the perceptual shifts that are necessary to learn the causality and complexity of ecology and how it is embedded in human relations.

Over the past decade, ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY has published a number of features covering the relationship between anthropology and the security state. Here, David Price draws attention to an aborted counterinsurgency project, known as the M-VICO project. Building on the categories and structures employed in the Human Relation Area Files (HRAF), this project relied on anthropologists to encode data cross-culturally on all forms of behaviour in as many strategic localities as possible, which the security services subsequently scrutinize and probe for possible weaknesses that could be exploited. In this article, David Price shows that, in the secrecy that often surrounds the financing and precise purposes of its projects, anthropology is not all that different from many other disciplines, with some projects serving what he calls ‘dual-use’ ends. Since civilian researchers are not supposed to have full knowledge of these ends, research into these semi-covert purposes is particularly challenging.

The concept of situations has a long past, but the conceptualization of situations only has a short history. This article provides a survey of the concept of situations. Based upon Milgram’s [Human Relations 18 (1965), 57] vision toward ‘a compelling theory of situations,’ the authors examine the concept of situations in three specific literatures: definitions of situations, taxonomies of situations, and interrelationships among persons, situations, and behaviors. To further integrate the literature, the authors propose that the essence of a situation is its affordance of human goals, and that situations are largely characterized by two specific principles of goal processes (what happened, is happening, or might happen to people’s goals) and goal contents (the specific goals afforded in the situation).

In this article we explore the level of job satisfaction and the sources of job dissatisfaction for 210 secondary school teachers in southwest England and compare our results with the results from a similar study published in 1962. Using anonymous questionnaires, we asked 210 secondary teachers in southwest England (63% female) to rate their level of job satisfaction and to rate 16 sources of job dissatisfaction that we adapted from the 1962 study. Teachers in 2007 rated their job satisfaction significantly lower and ordered the sources of job dissatisfaction significantly differently than did teachers in 1962. Whereas teachers in 1962 were most concerned with external sources of job dissatisfaction (e.g. salary, condition of buildings and equipment and poor human relations), teachers in 2007 expressed the most concern about factors relating to teaching itself (e.g. time demands and pupils' behaviour). The changes in sources of dissatisfaction hold true for male and female teachers, with no difference in ...

This essay centers on a storyteller's performance of ritual in stories to draw associations between the life of the Biblical Mary with her son Jesus and the subjectivities and dispositions of people living in impoverished conditions. The storyteller explores these subjectivities and dispositions, characterizing the exploration as a journey. She also defines an ethical position where the self meets otherness—both sacred and cultural—to engender positive human relations. The essay combines the storyteller's performance with the author's to reproduce the effects, advance the ethics, mitigate the politics of representation, and provide an understanding of the journey's end—a place called home.

In Languedoc, sheep can be raised only if they are brought to summer pastures: this is a climatic necessity. And sheep are as indispensable in the plains as in the highlands. Transhumance has thus shaped the landscape, the paths, and human relations. In this context, the shepherd's knowledge has proved to be effective and pertinent. Today, questions are raised concerning the transmission of this knowledge in a global economy that does not necessarily need sheep, but is preoccupied by the biodiversity resulting from and saved by the traffic and the grazing of the flocks.

Elliott Jaques studied medicine, and later became a major in the Canadian Army. He acted as a liaison offier with the Psychiatric Division of the British Army under Brigadier JR Rees, and in this role he made contact with psychoanalysts who worked in the British Army. Several of these officers, along with Jaques and myself, trained as psychoanalysts. Jaques was one of the founder members of the Ta vistock Institute of Human Relations. In 1961 Jaques was elected as Scientific Secretary of the British Psychoanalytic Society. In 1965 he was appointed Professor and Head of the School of Social Sciences at Brunel University. In 1967 he asked me to work as a part-time senior lecturer in the School. Jaques was a prolific writer and became known to organizations world-wide. He was a consultant to a number of institutions, and later to governments, including the Pentagon. In 1980 he left London for the USA. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

How can I give you a reason to believe what I tell you? I can influence the evidence available to you. Or I can simply invite your trust. These two ways of giving reasons work very differently. When a speaker tells her hearer that p, I argue, she intends that he gain access to a prima facie reason to believe that p that derives not from evidence but from his mere understanding of her act. Unlike mere assertions, acts of telling give reasons directly. They give reasons by inviting the hearer's trust. This yields a novel form of anti-reductionism in the epistemology of testimony. The status of testimony as a sui generis source of epistemic warrant is entailed by the nature of the act of telling. We can discover the nature of this illocution, and its epistemic role, by examining how it functions in the real world of human relations.

La relation entre l'etre humain et le rat est exemplaire de l'ambiguite des relations de l'homme avec la nature et les animaux, entre conflit et complementarite. L'A. examine trois domaines de la relation homme-rat dans le monde occidental : le rat considere comme aimable (animal de compagnie), detestable (animal nuisible et vermine), et scientifiquement neutre (animal de laboratoire). Elle propose un bref apercu historique afin de montrer que le developpement de chaque domaine de la relation homme-rat possede une dynamique interne et un moment historique propre. Meme si les trois domaines ne sont pas separes hermetiquement, ils sont toujours etonnamment independants, etant plus particulierement en relation avec les changements des conceptions generales de la nature et des animaux.

This study investigates whether different job-relevant competencies vary in terms of Black-White subgroup differences exhibited. There were 633 participants (545 Whites, 88 Blacks) who completed a managerial assessment center that evaluated 13 competency dimensions across 8 assessment exercises. Participants also completed a cognitive ability test. The results suggest that subgroup differences vary by the content domain of the competency. As predicted, significant subgroup differences emerged for a majority of the more cognitively loaded competencies (e.g., judgment) while nonsignificant differences were associated with a majority of the less cognitively loaded competencies (e.g., human relations). Furthermore, when cognitive ability was controlled, 12 of 13 competency scores demonstrated incremental validity in predicting supervisory job performance ratings. In addition, competencies with greater cognitive load tended to more strongly predict cognitive aspects of job performance as compared to noncognitive aspects. However, competencies with less cognitive load did not differentially predict cognitive and noncognitive aspects of job performance.

In these remarks I take up two central themes with which I have been preoccupied throughout my life, and which are expressed in the development of my theological reflection from a very early age on: the problem of God?the questionableness of all our thinking and talking about God (probably going back to before my high school days); and my life-long concern that human relations should be pervaded, above all, by loving, caring, responsible attitudes and activities (going back at least to the seventh grade). The more visible of these two themes in my writing has been my attempt to get clear, and to make new proposals respecting, the problematic of God-talk today; but underlying, and deeply shaping my thinking about God (as we shall see in what follows) have been my moral commitments, my convictions about how we humans should live.2

This essay looks at material culture from the production end of the economic cycle in Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton and North and South where, as an elusive luxury glimpsed only in passing, the consumption of commodities remains oddly and conspicuously absent. Gaskell's writing, that is, shows not so much commodity culture, but the industrial and social conditions required to underwrite it, the human machinery of an industrial market economy. In particular, the essay examines Gaskell's response to the reifying influence of the commodity on productive society and the ways in which industrial conditions serve as a matrix for human relations. In Gaskell, the commodity and its attendant cultural practices have an alienating and dehumanizing influence on society's productive membership. The novels, however, resist that influence every step of the way, investigating ways in which to restore humanity and so reconcile a fractured society.

This article attempts to narrow the gap between the studies of workaholism and human relations/organizational development and workaholism and cross-cultural research and family counseling. Important studies on workaholism in the cross-cultural and family counseling fields, which are typically absent in the organizational and career research literature, are reviewed. Recommendations for future research considerations also are presented.

This paper presents two case studies from a small-scale qualitative study which the writers have undertaken. In each case, a participant from a number of years ago reflects on their memories of and feelings about the small group training component of an MA in Human Relations programme in which they had been involved. They go on to consider how they feel these experiences affected their subsequent professional practices. The writers conclude by discussing the implications of what these former students say.

The aim of the study was to examine perceived job insecurity and its organizational antecedents and outcomes within a one-year time period. The study was carried out by means of questionnaires, which were responded to twice, in 1995 (Time 1) and 1996 (Time 2), by employees in three organizations: a factory, a bank, and a municipal social and health care department. The present article is based on the data of those employees (n=210) who participated in the study in both years. The results indicated that perceived job insecurity varied with gender and organization, but not with time. In particular, female employees in the bank reported a high level of job insecurity compared with men. The use of a restorative strategy by management at Time 1 decreased job insecurity at Time 2, whereas job insecurity at Time 1 weakened the quality of human relations and perceived efficiency within the organizations at Time 2. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This study examined the effects of self-efficacy on adjustment to college among 1385 Japanese college students. The College Adjustment Self-Efficacy Scale (CASES) was constructed in order to evaluate the degree of confidence in the skills necessary for college adjustment. Three subscales were identified in the CASES: judgmental ability based on objective information, self-controlled persistence of activity, and self-adjustment in human relations. There were slight gender differences in the first and the third subscales. The CASES subscale scores were compared between well and poorly adjusted students in each college major. Differences in the score patterns of well adjusted students were compared across 13 college majors. The implications for academic career counseling are discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to expound the legal meaning of self-ownership, to examine its internal logic and its applications to both men and women within the two major spheres of human relations. To date, discussion of the self-proprietor has largely been confined to his public manifestation. This paper provides a critical study of the person as proprietor of his person in both his public and private lives. More particularly, it considers whether women, as well as men, can be said to have property in their persons, not only when they are engaged in acts of gainful employment, but also when they enter lawful sexual relations.

Large non-union firms such as IBM, Hewlett-Packard and Marks & Spencer are frequently cited as ‘role models’ for ‘soft HRM’. The key elements of sophisticated human relations practised by these firms are well-known, but there is little evidence of employees’ perceptions or experience of this particular management style. Data from a high street retail store which follows the Marksist version of sophisticated human relations reveals a significant gap between aspirations (rhetoric) and outcomes (reality).

A group of 82 teachers from a wide range of educational settings attended a one-term, 30-hour counselling module which was embedded in a Master's Degree programme in Human Relations. This article reports an evaluation of the extent to which the participants applied this learning in their professional and personal lives. The use of a self-report inventory demonstrated no significant changes in the use of the counselling strategies immediately after the training, but significant changes one year later. This implies a substantial sleeper effect, where the positive effects of the training were appearing well after the module had ended. The study provides information on the general effectiveness of counselling training and in relation to specific counselling strategies. Differences according to age, gender, length of work experience and previous experience of counselling courses were identified. Qualitative reports including interviews, diary reports and goal setting, indicate substantial applications of counselling strategies in both professional and personal life.

This article provides a survey of the local dimensions of a particular, but at the same time emblematic, Central European border landscape; the problems caused by the dividing of a consolidated historical region after World War II; and the phenomenon of its persistence in the field of human relations; thereby providing a basis for a gradual reintegration of the two border areas. The analysis of the regional structure and cross-border behaviour leads to the conclusion that social and functional cross-border integration is determined less by the proximity of the border than by a common social, cultural and territorial background of the border population. In fact, a lower degree of cultural affinity between the two sides of the border has a clearly negative influence on the intensity of cross-border relations, even if the two sides have a similar or functionally complementary socio-economic structure.

Here the author examines continuities and tensions between the discourses of Business Process Re-engineering and Human Resource Management. Addressing their respective assumptions and claims, especially with regard to the organization of ‘human resources', critical attention is focused upon their shared advocacy of employee empowerment and strong leadership from senior managers.

This study investigated the sensitivity of executives' descriptions of the problem-formulation process to decision styles, to the decision functions that comprise decision styles, and to executive experience. to refine previous research in this area, four types of organizational problem were included for comparison: strategic, operating, human relations, and technical. In addition, the study included executive experience with each problem type, rather than general management experience. the results indicated that decision functions explained more of the variation in problem descriptions for all four of the problem types than did either decision styles or experience. Particularly, the sensing perceptual function related to problem descriptions of the illstructured problem types, strategic and human-relations, and the thinking judgemental function related to problem descriptions of the well-structured problem types, operating and technical. Though this offered support for the premise suggested by Ramaprasad and Mitroff (1984) regarding the usefulness of decision functions, it also raised concern about the available technology for measuring executives' experience in particular contexts.

The Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) comprise a searchable database of ethnographic materials, exhaustively coded and indexed to enable systematic cross-cultural research. The HRAF allows researchers to test psychological and developmental hypotheses cross-culturally by easily retrieving correlational data about behavioral items in 400 cultures. For example, John and Beatrice Whiting hypothesized that harsh male initiation ceremonies could be explained by the presence of strong Oedipal attachments that could be measured objectively by the presence of exclusive mother-child sleeping, long postpartum sex taboos, and harsh initiations into manhood. To test the hypothesis, the Whitings chose a sample of 56 societies. A panel of separate judges rated the societies for each element by reading the ethnographic material supplied by the HRAF. The hypothesis was supported; in the 20 societies where both mother-child sleeping and long post-partum sex taboos occurred, 14 had exceptionally harsh male initiation ceremonies. In the six societies that did not, there was a compensating cultural alternative, the “couvade” (cultural practice in which the father goes to bed as if he had borne the child). Keywords: methodology; anthropology; statistical methods in psychology

SUMMARY: The authors describe a 69 item sexual knowledge questionnaire that covers the areas: physiology, pregnancy, the sex act, masturbation, contraception, types of sexuality, and venereal disease. There is also a ‘Belief in Myths’ scale. Mean scores for delinquent boys and young mentally handicapped adults are given, with the latter having lower scores. All areas correlate with total score. The handicapped group showed increased sexual knowledge when re-tested after a human relations course. A control group, tested after the same interval, showed only random changes. Further research is suggested.

Kimberly D. Elsbach, Dan M. Cable and Jeffrey W. Sherman, ‘How passive face time affects perceptions of employees: Evidence of spontaneous trait inference”, Human Relations 63, no. 6, June 2010.