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In order to cut the costs and overcome the leakage current of batteries caused in traditional method, this study introduces an improved voltage transfer method for lithium battery string management chip. This proposed circuit based on the improved voltage transfer method is fabricated in 180‐nm Bipolar‐CMOS‐DMOS is correct technology, and has been successfully applied to a three lithium batteries string management chip. These measurements indicate that this circuit transfers each cell’s voltage reliably and adopt protection against abnormal conditions. Furthermore, analysis of 50 samples shows that the improved method can greatly eliminate the battery leakage. The circuit reduces the leakage current to nanoampere scale and is integrated into the lithium battery string management chip, which is helpful for battery voltage balance and low cost.

Procontarinia robusta Li, Bu & Zhang (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induces distinctive brown conical galls on the upper side of mango leaves. Here, we describe the larva and pupa and illustrate the gall of P. robusta collected at type locality in China and use gall morphology to identify galls reported previously from India and Indonesia. Analyses of the cytochrome oxidase unit I mitochondrial gene segment showed significant differ- ences between P. robusta and two other pests of mango, P. mangicola (Shi) and P. pustulata Kolesik, and confirmed the identification of P. robusta specimens from East Timor.Asummary of the biology of P. robusta is provided.

The physiological indices of Chinese cabbage(Brassica chinensis L.) grown under different intercropping systems used for this study included total soluble protein content, soluble sugar content, reducing sugar content, nitrate content, and pigment concentration. The objective of the present study is to discover the physiological level changes in Chinese cabbage in intercropping systems. The intercropping systems studied involved Chinese cabbage- garlic (Allium sativum L.) (CG), and Chinese cabbage-lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) (CL). Chinese cabbage monoculture served as control (CK). Overall, higher mean soluble protein content and nitrate content were found in Chinese cabbage grown in the intercropping systems than those in CK. Significantly higher chlorophyll a content was found in cabbages from CL than CK during the latter half of the growing season. No significant difference in soluble sugar concentrations was found in CG and CL, as compared with CK. Reducing sugar content varied over the growing period of the Chinese cabbage in CG and CL. These results suggest that Chinese cabbage intercropped with noncrucifer plants increase the plant nutrient content.

Grammars are traditionally used to recognize or parse sentences in a language, but they can also be used to generate sentences. In grammar-based test generation (GBTG), context-free grammars are used to generate sentences that are interpreted as test cases. A generator reads a grammar G and generates L(G), the language accepted by the grammar. Often L(G) is so large that it is not practical to execute all of the generated cases. Therefore, GBTG tools support ‘tags’: extra-grammatical annotations which restrict the generation. Since its introduction in the early 1970s, GBTG has become well established: proven on industrial projects and widely published in academic venues. Despite the demonstrated effectiveness, the tool support is uneven; some tools target specific domains, e.g. compiler testing, while others are proprietary. The tools can be difficult to use and the precise meaning of the tags are sometimes unclear. As a result, while many testing practitioners and researchers are aware of GBTG, few have detailed knowledge or experience. We present YouGen, a new GBTG tool supporting many of the tags provided by previous tools. In addition, YouGen incorporates covering-array tags, which support a generalized form of pairwise testing. These tags add considerable power to GBTG tools and have been available only in limited form in previous GBTG tools. We provide semantics for the YouGen tags using parse trees and a new construct, generation trees. We illustrate YouGen with both simple examples and a number of industrial case studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The reduction of benzylidenemalononitrile by 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide undergoes via a one-step hydride transfer mechanism rather than a multistep mechanism involving initial electron transfer.

1-Benzyl-1, 4-dihydronicotinamide (1) and KCN reacted with 2-(o-bromomethyl)-benzylidene-1, 3-indandione (2) to give 7, 12-dihydro-1-oxoindeno[3, 2-c][2]benzooxepine (3) and 1′-cyano-3′-hydro-2, 2′-spirobi[2H-indene]-1, 3-dione (4), respectively, and the selectivity of O-alkylation and C-alkylation is discussed.