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The Infant Mental Health Journal is committed to ending systemic racism and promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion in academic publishing. IMHJ unequivocally denounces all forms of racism and white supremacy, including systemic racism in academic publishing. We commit to investigating and working to terminate the ways in which systemic racism has become normalized in academic publishing, including examining our practices and processes at IMHJ. We invite you to join us in intentional, anti-racist work through your scholarship. As part of this effort, IMHJ has updated the author guidelines to include new information regarding how authors can express the ways in which they are engaging with intention in diverse, anti-racist research. These guidelines are available under the author guidelines section on the IMHJ website (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10970355). As a second immediate response relative to promoting diverse, equitable, and inclusive research, IMHJ is releasing the following Call to Action, focusing on centering Blackness in infant and early childhood mental health research. This call is designed as a first step in our efforts, and IMHJ looks forward to coming initiatives aimed at disrupting systemic racism in infant and early childhood mental health research for the many scholars studying and working with diverse populations marginalized by racism and systemic inequities.La Revista de Salud Mental Infantil está comprometida a terminar el racismo sistémico y promover la diversidad, la equidad y la inclusividad en las publicaciones académicas. La Revista IMHJ censura categóricamente toda forma de racismo y supremacía de la raza blanca, incluyendo el racismo sistémico en publicaciones académicas. Estamos comprometidos a investigar y trabajar para erradicar los medios por los cuales el racismo sistémico se ha convertido en la norma en las publicaciones académicas, incluyendo el examinar nuestras prácticas y procesos dentro de la Revista IMHJ. Les invitamos a que se nos unan en nuestro esfuerzo intencional, antirracista, por medio de sus investigaciones profesionales. Como parte de este esfuerzo, la Revista IMHJ ha actualizado los parámetros para los autores para incluir nueva información acerca de cómo los autores pueden expresar de qué maneras están trabajando con intención en investigaciones diversas, antirracistas. Estos parámetros se encuentran disponibles bajo la sección de parámetros de autor en la página electrónica de la Revista IMHJ (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10970355). Como una segunda respuesta inmediata en relación con el fomento de la investigación diversa, igualitaria e incluyente, la Revista IMHJ presenta esta Llamada a la Acción, la cual se enfoca en centralizar la Negritud en la investigación de salud mental en infantes y la temprana niñez. Esta llamada está diseñada como un primer paso en nuestros esfuerzos y la Revista IMHJ anticipa próximas iniciativas dedicadas a poner fin al racismo sistémico en la investigación sobre salud mental en infantes y la temprana niñez para los muchos investigadores profesionales que estudian y trabajan con grupos diversos de población marginalizados por el racismo y las desigualdades sistémicas.Le Infant Mental Health Journal s'engage à mettre fin au racisme endémique et à promouvoir la diversité, l’équité, et l'inclusion dans les publications académiques. L'IMHJ dénonce sans équivoque toutes les formes de racisme et de suprématie de la race blanche, y compris le racisme systémique dans les publications académiques. Nous nous engageons à déterminer comment le racisme systémique s'est normalisé dans les publications académiques et nous nous engageons à travailler à éradiquer cette normalisation ainsi qu’à examiner et à disséquer les pratiques et les processus de l'IMHJ. Nous vous invitons à nous rejoindre dans ce travail intentionnel, délibéré et anti-raciste à travers vos recherches. Dans cette optique l'IMHJ a mis à jour les directives pour les auteurs afin d'inclure plus d'informations sur la manière dont les auteurs peuvent exprimer les façons dont ils s'engagent délibérément dans des recherches diverses et anti-racistes. Ces directives sont disponibles dans la section « directives pour auteurs » dans le site de IMHJ (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10970355). De plus, en tant que deuxième réaction immédiate liée à la promotion de recherches diverses, équitables et inclusives, l'IMHJ rend publique l'Appel à l'Action suivant, mettant l'accent sur la nécessité de centrer la condition noire dans les recherches sur la santé mentale du nourrisson et de la petite enfance. Cet appel est le premier pas de nos efforts et l'IMHJ attend avec intérêt les initiatives à venir se donnant pour but de contrecarrer le racisme systémique dans les recherches sur la santé mentale du nourrisson et de la petite enfance pour les nombreux chercheurs étudiant et travaillant avec des populations diverses marginalisées par le racisme et les inéquités systémiques.Aufruf zum Handeln: Schwarzsein in den Mittelpunkt rücken und den strukturellen Rassismus in der Forschung zur psychischen Gesundheit von Kindern und in der akademischen Publizistik durchbrechen Das Infant Mental Health Journal setzt sich für das Ende von strukturellem Rassismus und für die Förderung von Vielfalt, Gleichberechtigung und Inklusion im akademischen Publikationswesen ein. Das IMHJ prangert unmissverständlich alle Formen von Rassismus und weißer Vorherrschaft an, einschließlich des strukturellen Rassismus im akademischen Verlagswesen. Wir verpflichten uns, die Art und Weise, in der struktureller Rassismus im akademischen Verlagswesen normalisiert wurde, zu untersuchen und daran zu arbeiten, ihn zu beenden. Dies schließt die Überprüfung unserer Praktiken und Prozesse beim IMHJ ein. Wir laden Sie ein, sich uns mit ihrer Forschung bei der bewussten, antirassistischen Arbeit anzuschließen. Als Teil dieser Bemühungen hat das IMHJ die Autor:innenrichtlinien aktualisiert. Es wurden neue Informationen darüber aufgenommen, wie Autor:innen zum Ausdruck bringen können, wie sie sich explizit für eine vielfältige, antirassistische Forschung einsetzen. Diese Richtlinien sind auf der IMHJ-Website unter dem Abschnitt Autor:innenrichtlinien zu finden (https://emea01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url = https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley. com%2Fjournal%2F10970355data = 04%7C01%7C%7C04fcb2ce91b44348abfe08d9958a88dd%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637705244491301364%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000sdata = kPRKcHYbAwvFHz1JT4QOX4igY7VelpdZoRcynlhJI4w%3Dreserved = 0). Als zweite unmittelbare Reaktion bzgl. der Förderung einer vielfältigen, gerechten und inklusiven Forschung veröffentlicht das IMHJ den folgenden Aufruf zum Handeln, der Schwarzsein in den Mittelpunkt der Forschung zur psychischen Gesundheit von Säuglingen und Kleinkindern rücken will. Dieser Aufruf soll ein erster Schritt in unseren Bemühungen sein. Das IMHJ freut sich auf kommende Initiativen, die darauf abzielen, den strukturellen Rassismus in der Forschung zur psychischen Gesundheit von Säuglingen und Kleinkindern für die vielen Wissenschaftler:innen zu durchbrechen, die mit verschiedenen Bevölkerungsgruppen arbeiten, die durch Rassismus und strukturelle Ungleichheiten marginalisiert werden.行動喚起:乳幼児精神保健研究及び学術出版において、Blacknessを中心に置き、制度的人種差別を止める 乳幼児精神保健ジャーナル(IMHJ)は、学術出版において、制度的人種差別を終わりにし、多様性・公平性・包括性を促進することに全力を注ぐ。IMHJ は明確に、学術出版における制度的人種差別を含めた、あらゆる形態の人種差別と白人至上主義を非難する。我々は、IMHJでの実践と過程を調査することを含め、制度的人種差別が学術出版において常態となることを終結させるために、調査し取り組むことに全力を注ぐ。是非、あなた方も研究を通じて、意図的で反人種差別の取り組みに参加してほしい。この取り組みの一環として、IMHJは著者が意図をもって、多様性と反人種差別の研究に取り組んでいることを表現できる仕方に関する新しい情報を含めるために著者ガイドラインを更新した。これらのガイドラインは、IMHJのホームページ(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10970355)**f__;44Gu6JGX6ICF44Ks44Kk44OJ44Op44Kk44Oz44Gu44K7!!HXCxUKc!ht5w9WS1VrQQFy9SI4HWUAtrMwPyYhW_DVUgwdRcA6WwVEqIKIONvSQ97ePUYa1R$ クションの下から入手できる。多様性、公平かつ包括的な研究の促進に関連する２番目の即時対応として、IMHJは、乳幼児精神保健の研究においてBlacknessを中心に置くことに焦点を当て、後述の行動喚起を公表している。この喚起は、我々の取り組みの第一歩としてデザインされている。そしてIMHJは、人種差別と制度的不平等によって阻害された多様な人々と共に研究し活動している多くの研究者にとって、乳幼児精神保健研究における制度的人種差別を止めることを目的とした新機軸となることを期待する。.摘 要:《婴儿心理健康杂志》致力于结束系统性种族主义, 促进学术出版的多样性、公平性和包容性。IMHJ明确谴责所有形式的种族主义和白人至上主义, 包括学术出版中的系统性种族主义。我们致力于调查并努力终止学术出版中系统性种族主义的常态化, 包括审查我们在IMHJ的做法和流程。我们邀请您通过学术研究加入我们有意识的反种族主义工作。作为这项工作的一部分, IMHJ更新了作者指南, 纳入了有关作者如何表达他们主动参与各种反种族主义研究的新信息。这些指南可在IMHJ网站的作者指南部分找到 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10970355 )。作为促进多样性、公平性和包容性研究的第二个直接回应, IMHJ发布以下行动呼吁:重点关注婴幼儿心理健康研究中“以黑人为中心”的问题。这一呼吁是我们努力的第一步, 对于那些与因种族主义和系统性不平等而被边缘化的不同人群学习工作共事的学者来说, IMHJ期待着未来推出更多旨在消除婴幼儿心理健康研究中系统性种族主义的举措。.دعوة للعمل: تسليط الضوء على قضايا السود ووقفالعنصرية المنهجية في أبحاث الصحة النفسية للرضع والنشر الأكاديمي الملخص جريدة الصحة النفسية للأمهات والرضع ملتزمة بإنهاء العنصرية النظامية وتعزيز التنوع والمساواه والشمول في النشر الأكاديمي.وتدين الجريدة بشكل قاطع جميع أشكال العنصرية واستعلاء البيض ، بما في ذلك العنصرية الممنهجة في النشر الأكاديمي. نلتزم بالتحقيق والعمل على إنهاء الطرق التي أصبحت بها العنصرية الممنهجة من الأمور البديهية في النشر الأكاديمي ، بما في ذلك فحص ممارساتنا وعملياتنا في الجريدة. ندعوكم للانضمام إلينا في العمل الذي يستهدف مناهضة العنصرية من خلال أعمالكم البحثية. كجزء من هذا الجهد ، قامت الجريدة بتحديث إرشادات المؤلفين لتشمل معلومات جديدة تتعلق بكيفية تعبير المؤلفين عن الطرق التي يستطيعون بها أن يساهموا في بحث متنوع مناهض للعنصرية. تتوفر هذه الإرشادات ضمن قسم إرشادات المؤلف على موقع الجريدة على الانترنت. (https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10970355__;!!HXCxUKc!hyF7qF-DmF3dFfiOpsPozODIYhPA-gI6zgEstSsNmHtjzYL7TjBEIwLMRX6bxSGA$) وكاستجابة فورية ثانية فيما يتعلق بترويج البحوث المتنوعة والعادلة والشاملة ، تطلق جريدة الصحة النفسية للأطفال والرضع هذه الدعوة للعمل ، مع التوجه لتسليط الضوء على قضايا السود في أبحاث الصحة النفسية للرضع والأطفال في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة. تم تصميم هذه الدعوة كخطوة أولى في جهودنا ، وتتطلع الجريدة إلى المبادرات القادمة التي تهدف إلى تعطيل العنصرية المنهجية في أبحاث الصحة النفسية للرضع والأطفال في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة للعديد من الباحثين الذين يدرسون ويعملون مع مجموعات سكانية متنوعة مهمشة بسبب العنصرية وعدم المساواة المنهجية.

The Building Early Emotional Skills (BEES) parenting program is designed to promote parent-child relationships and more optimal social-emotional development by addressing four sequentially built skills in parenting infants/toddlers: (1) building parental awareness of emotions in self and child; (2) listening and interacting sensitively; (3) identifying and labeling emotions; and (4) intentionally supporting early self-regulation skills. BEES used an 8-session format delivered in online or face-to-face platforms (N = 264 female caregivers; n = 214 online, n = 50 face-to-face). Linear mixed modeling for pre-to-post changes showed significant increases in knowledge, emotion coaching beliefs, acceptance of negative emotions, and self-reported emotionally supportive responses to emotions; and, significant decreases in rejection of emotions, emotionally unsupportive responses, and parenting distress. Results suggested no differences in rate of change by program delivery type. Caregivers with more depressive symptoms showed greater improvement in their parenting distress. The BEES program may be a tool to support early positive parenting.

BACKGROUND Behaviour problems and obesity are related but research findings have been inconclusive regarding the direction of effects. OBJECTIVES This study examined the cross-lagged associations between behaviour problems, body mass index (BMI) and obesity in preschoolers, and whether sex modified these associations. METHODS Repeated measures of teacher-reported externalizing (EXT) and internalizing behaviour problems (clinically significant T scores were >90th percentile), BMI z-scores (BMI-Z) and obesity status (BMI ≥95th for age and sex) were assessed in the fall (T1) and spring (T2) of the school year in Head Start preschoolers (N = 423). Associations were examined with cross-lagged modelling. RESULTS Prospective paths from T1 clinically significant EXT to both T2 BMI-Z (β = .05) and obesity (β = .18) were significant. There was no evidence that T1 BMI-Z or obesity preceded T2 behaviour problems. However, sex-specific models indicated that T1 BMI-Z was prospectively associated with higher T2 EXT for boys (β = .13), but not girls. T1 EXT was predictive of subsequent BMI-Z (β = .09) and obesity (β = .33) at T2 for girls only. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that behaviour problems, particularly externalizing behaviours, are prospectively related to childhood obesity, and early prevention methods should reflect sex-specific modifications.

This study examined whether children's representations of parenting (perceptions of authoritative discipline and empathy) moderated the association between harsh punishment—including corporal punishment (CP) and verbal punishment (VP)—and children's emotion regulation at the age of five years. Participants were 559 low-income mother-child dyads. Maternal self-reports and home observations were used to measure punishment. Children's representations were assessed using the MacArthur Story Stem Battery. Children's emotion regulation was assessed by observer rating via the Leiter International Performance Scale–Revised. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that children's authoritative disciplinary representations moderated the effects of both VP and CP on children's emotion regulation. Empathic representations moderated the effects of VP only on children's emotion regulation. The current findings highlight the role of children's internal representations as potential protective factors in the context of harsher forms of punishment.

Infant Mental Health based interventions aim to promote the healthy development of infants and toddlers through promoting healthy family functioning to foster supportive relationships between the young child and his or her important caregivers. This study examined impacts of an Infant Mental Health home-based Early Head Start (IMH-HB EHS) program on family functioning. The sample includes 152 low-income families in the Midwestern United States, expectant or parenting a child younger than 1 year of age, who were randomly assigned to receive IMH-HB EHS services (n = 75) or to a comparison condition (n = 77). Mothers who received IMH-HB EHS services reported healthier psychological and family functioning, outcomes that are consistent with the IMH focus, when their children were between the ages of 3 and 7 years of age. Specifically, mothers in the IMH-HB EHS group reported healthier family functioning and relationships, better coping skills needed to advocate for their families, and less stress in the parenting role versus those in the comparison condition. The study also examined support seeking coping, some of which changed differently over time based on program group assignment. Overall, findings suggest that the gains families achieve from participating in IMH-HB EHS services are maintained after services cease.

The current study, utilizing data from the National Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project (Love et al., 2005) explored the relationship between biological father presence and emotion regulation over toddlerhood among children from low-income families. Conceptualizing biological father presence as a proxy for family role development, results are interpreted from a role development theoretical perspective. The latent growth curve model was compared based on child ethnoracial status (African American, Caucasian, Hispanic) and child gender. Consistent biological father presence was associated with toddlers’ regulatory development across toddlerhood, and this relationship was most robust among Caucasian toddlers as compared to African American toddlers. Findings for Hispanic toddlers were not significantly different from those of Caucasian or African American families. Results bolster the literature on father presence and child outcomes. Analyses address consistency in father presence as a proxy for coherent role development and define a link between consistent father presence and children's regulatory development, demonstrating ethnoracial differences which are likely attributed to the social construction of family roles. RESUMEN El presente estudio, utilizando informacion del Estudio de Investigacion y Evaluacion Nacional de “Early Head Start,” exploro las relaciones entre la presencia del padre biologico y la regulacion emotiva en cuanto a la primera infancia entre ninos de familias de bajos recursos. Al conceptualizar la presencia del padre biologico como poder en el desarrollo del rol familiar, los resultados se interpretan desde una perspectiva teorica de desarrollo del rol. Se comparo el modelo de la curva latente de crecimiento con base en la condicion etnico-racial y el genero sexual del nino(a) (blanco, afroamericano, blanco, hispano). Se asocio la consistente presencia del padre biologico con el desarrollo regulatorio del infante a traves de la primera infancia, y esta relacion fue mas fuerte entre los infantes blancos tal como se les comparo con los infantes afroamericanos. Los resultados en el caso de infantes hispanos no fueron significativamente diferentes de los resultados de familias blancas o afroamericanas. Los resultados apoyan la literatura existente sobre la presencia del padre y los resultados en el nino. Los analisis se refieren a la consistencia en cuanto a la presencia del padre como un poder para el coherente desarrollo del rol y definen una conexion entre la consistente presencia del padre y el desarrollo regulatorio del nino, demostrando diferencias raciales y etnicas que probablemente se atribuyen a la construccion de los roles familiares. RESUME Cette etude, utilisant des donnees du programme americain de l'Etude d'Evaluation et de Recherche du Programme National de Head Start (National Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Study, Head Start est un programme federal americain du Departement de la Sante et de l'Education de soutien aux enfants et familles de milieux defavorises), a explore la relation entre la presence du pere biologique et la regulation de l'emotion durant la petite enfance chez les enfants issus de familles a faibles revenus. Conceptualisant de la presence du pere biologique en tant que procuration pour le developpement du role familial, les resultats sont interpretes dans la perspective theorique du developpement de role. Le modele latent de la courbe de croissance a ete compare au status ethnoracial de l'enfant (blanc, noir americain, hispanique) et au sexe de l'enfant. La presence constante du pere biologique a ete liee au developpement regulateur des jeunes enfants au fil de la petite enfance et cette relation etait la plus robuste chez les enfants blancs compares aux enfants noirs. Les resultats pour les jeunes enfants hispaniques n’etaient pas tres differents des resultats pour les familles blanches ou noires. Les resultats soutiennent les recherches sur la presence du pere et les consequences pour l'enfant. Les analyses s’attardent sur la constance dans la presence du pere en tant que procuration du developpement d'un role coherent et definissent un lien entre la presence constante du pere et le developpement regulateur des enfants, demontrant ainsi qu’il existe des differences raciales et ethniques qui sont surement attribuees a la construction sociales des roles familiaux. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die aktuelle Studie, die Daten aus der Studie “National Early Head Start Research and Evaluation” nutzt, untersucht bei Kindern aus Familien mit geringem Einkommen die Assoziation zwischen der Prasenz des biologischen Vaters und der Emotionsregulation uber das Kleinkindalter hinweg. Die Prasenz des biologischen Vaters wird als Proxy fur die Entwicklung von Familienrollen konzeptualisiert, die Ergebnisse werden aus einer entwicklungstheoretischen Rollenperspektive interpretiert. Das latente Wachstumskurvenmodell wurde auf Basis des ethnischen Status (Kaukasier, Afroamerikaner, Hispanoamerikaner) und des Geschlechts des Kindes verglichen. Eine konsistente Prasenz des biologischen Vaters war mit einer regulatorischen Entwicklung im Kleinkindalter assoziiert. Diese Assoziation war bei kaukasischen Kleinkindern im Vergleich zu afroamerikanischen Kleinkindern besonders robust. Die Ergebnisse fur hispanische Kleinkinder unterschieden sich nicht signifikant von denen der kaukasischen oder afroamerikanischen Familien. Die Ergebnisse starken die Literatur zur Prasenz von Vatern und damit einhergehenden Resultaten auf Seiten des Kindes. Die Analysen thematisieren die Bestandigkeit der vaterlichen Prasenz als Vertreter fur koharente Rollenentwicklung und definieren eine Verbindung zwischen konsistenter vaterlicher Prasenz und regulatorischer Entwicklung der Kinder, indem sie auf ethnische Unterschiede verweisen, die wahrscheinlich der sozialen Konstruktion von Familienrollen zugeschrieben werden konnen. ABSTRACT 抄録：この研究は、全米早期ヘッドスタート調査評価研究 the National Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Study のデータを利用して、低所得家庭の子どもたちのあいだで、生物学的な父親がいることと幼児期 toddlerhood の情緒調整 emotion regulation の関係性を調査した。生物学的な父親がいることを家族役割発達の代理 proxy として概念化し、結果は役割発達理論の視点から解釈される。潜在成長曲線モデルが、子どもの民族人種の立場（白人、アフリカ系アメリカ人、白人、ヒスパニック）と子どもの性別に基づいて比較された。生物学的父親が一貫して存在することは、幼児期にわたる幼児の調節発達に関連した。そしてこの関係性はアフリカ系アメリカ人の幼児と比較して白人の幼児に最も強かった。ヒスパニックの幼児の所見は、白人あるいはアフリカ系アメリカ人の家庭の所見と有意な違いはなかった。結果は父親の存在と子どもの発達結果についての文献を支持する。分析は、父親の存在の一貫性をまとまりのある役割発達の代理として注目し、一貫した父親の存在と子どもの調整発達との間に関連を定義し、人種－民族の違いを示した。これは家族役割の社会構造に起因するだろう。

Profiles of maternal well-being and family emotional climate were identified and examined in relation to toddler boys' and girls' social-emotional outcomes in a low-income sample (n = 136). Four distinct profiles, reflecting variations in maternal well-being and family emotional climate, were confirmed using K-Means clustering, following initial hierarchical clustering methods: Competent, Distressed, Emotionally Expressive, and Emotionally Controlled Parenting. Results suggested that multiple patterns of maternal well-being and emotional climate were related to children's positive behavioral outcomes. Significant relations were found between maternal cluster differences and toddlers' internalizing, externalizing, and dysregulatory behaviors as rated by their mothers and for toddlers' behavioral competencies as rated by their mothers and by early intervention staff. In gender-specific analyses, profile differences were related to boys' and girls' mother-reported dysregulation and competencies, to girls' mother-reported externalizing behaviors, and to girls' competencies rated by early intervention staff. Language: en

Early social-emotional development occurs in the context of parenting, particularly via processes such as maternal emotion socialization and parent–child interactions. Results from structural equation modeling indicated that maternal contingent responsiveness partially mediated the relationship between maternal emotion socialization of toddlers (N = 119, ages 12–36 months) and toddlers' social-emotional competence. Effect size was strongest for the direct path between maternal emotion socialization and toddler social–emotional competence. Toddler age and maternal demographic risk status (covariates) predicted toddler competence. Study results extend the previous literature on early competencies by focusing on toddlers rather than preschool-aged children and by employing a contextual model in which both low-income mothers' emotion socialization and their contingent responsiveness predicted toddlers' competencies.

Variation in perceptions of resources and in coping strategies among low-income parents likely influences parenting. The purposes of this study were to identify differences in parental profiles, as indicated by receipt of public assistance, perceptions of adequacy of resources, and coping strategies, and to examine these profiles relative to parenting. Results showed that perceptions of resource adequacy and coping strategies best differentiated parental profiles, whereas use of constructive coping strategies predicted cognitive stimulating parenting. Key Words: coping, low-income, parenting, perceptions of resources, public assistance, toddlers. One in six children in the United States is currently living with a family whose income falls below the Federal poverty guidelines (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, & Mills, 2006; Gershoff, Aber, Raver, & Lennon, 2007). Living with constant financial difficulties is highly stressful for parents and, indirectly, for their children as well (Ennis, Hobfoll, & Schroder, 2000). Parents and children in low-income families often suffer from a lack of adequate material resources, including food, residential stability, and medical insurance (Gershoff et al., 2007). Lack of material resources influences children's outcomes indirectly by placing a significant toll on family functioning, thereby presenting barriers to effective parenting (McLoyd, 1998; Mistry, Lowe, Benner, & Chien, 2008). Specifically, economic disadvantage has been linked to children's poor school achievement through less than optimal early parent-child interactions (McLoyd). Outcomes within low-income groups, however, differ greatly, with some parents in poverty demonstrating very effective parenting skills and their children exhibiting positive outcomes (Amato & Fowler, 2002). Research efforts since the 1990s have focused increasingly on identifying within-group differences among low-income parents relative to parental functioning and parenting behaviors (McGroder, 2000). These efforts play an important role in understanding the contexts in which low-income parents demonstrate resilience (Chase-Lansdale, Brooks-Gunn, & Zamsky, 1994) despite the stresses associated with poverty (Bradley & Corwyn, 2002; McLoyd, 1998). The current study focused on (a) identifying profiles of low-income parents according to variations in parents' perceptions of adequacy of resources and use of coping strategies, and (b) examining the relationship between parental profiles and parents' provision of cognitive stimulating parenting. Resilience As scholars have moved toward using strengthbased models within family systems in lieu of deficit-based models (Hawley & DeHann, 1996), characteristics associated with resilience in parents have been identified. For example, within low-income populations, material and psychological resources likely buffer the impacts of poverty on parenting and child outcomes (Amato & Fowler, 2002). Relative to the known risks associated with poverty, less is known about strengths identified within low-income samples and how certain characteristics may influence optimal parenting. Under the umbrella of resilience, Belsky 's ( 1 984) model of parenting and Pearlin and colleagues' (Pearlin, Lieberman, Menaghan, & Mullen, 1981) transactional stress model both guided the current study. These models have been applied previously in examining within-group differences among impoverished parents (Milburn & D'Ercole, 1991 ; Torquati, 2002) and provide a framework for better understanding variations in parents' perceptions of their resources and their coping strategies. Belsky's model emphasizes the role of personal and psychological resources that buffer against Stressors and contribute to more optimal parenting. Pearlin and colleagues suggest that perceptions of what constitutes Stressors, and available resources to reduce Stressors, are key influences in interactional processes between the individual and the environment that predict children's developmental outcomes. …

Three aspects of parenting, positive family communication, facilitation of supportive family relationships, and maintenance of standards in the family, were examined as predictors of positive values and social competencies in sixth- (n = 1,453), seventh- (n = 3,732), and eighth- (n = 4,474) grade youth. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that parenting processes were significant indicators of youth outcomes, both independently and in interac tion with each other. 'Whereas perceptions of parenting processes declined across grade level, the effects of parenting on youth outcomes did not. Parental contributions to basic youth competencies continue to be an important contri bution to positive youth development work throughout early adolescence.

Cette etude s'est donne pour but d'explorer les interactions pere (de milieu pauvre et defavorise)-nourrisson dans des situations didactiques. Quarante-quatre peres et nourrissons biologiques, recrutes lors d'une etude en cours sur l'intervention precoce, ont ete observes en utilisant l'Echelle Didactique NCAST durant un exercice didactique a la maison. Les resultats ont indique que les peres qui vivaient avec leurs bebes etaient plus sensibles aux signaux de l'entant pendant les interactions. De plus, les peres identifies comme etant a bas risque,' hase sur un index de risque cree a partir de caracteristiques, etaient plus sensibles a leurs nourrissons durant les interactions, avaient des scores pere NCAST plus eleves et des scores NCAST plus eleves durant les interactions didactiques.

Despite numerous studies on parenting stress suggesting negative influences on parent–child interactions and children's development, the majority of these studies focus on mothers' parenting stress with little or no acknowledgement of fathers. Using data from the National Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project, this study examined (i) the effects of fathers' parenting stress during toddlerhood on children's language and cognitive outcomes when children are 3 years old (ii) whether the effects of fathers' parenting stress on children's language and cognitive development vary by child gender? Results from mixed linear models showed fathers' parenting stress predicted children's lower cognitive scores, but there were no gender differences in the effects of fathers' parenting stress on children's cognitive outcomes. In the language domain, boys, not girls, were found to be more susceptible to the effects of fathers' parenting stress. These findings indicated that fathers, in addition to mothers, should be included in early parenting research and interventions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.