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This article discusses the (re)construction and use of an Early modern instrument, better known as Herman Boerhaave's (1668–1738) little furnace. We investigate the origins, history and materiality of this furnace, and examine the dynamic relationship between historical study and reconstructing and handling an object. We argue that combining textual analysis with performative methods allows us to gain a better understanding of both the role of lost material culture in historical chemical practice, pedagogy, and knowledge production, and provide a deeper understanding of the embodied experiences and knowledge of historical actors. Having made and used two versions of Boerhaave's furnace, we provide insight in what present‐day working models can tell us about historical materials and practices approximately three centuries ago.

Objective The term “labyrinthine concussion” has evolved to mean audiovestibular dysfunction in the absence of a temporal bone fracture (TBF). Despite a multitude of case descriptions of labyrinthine concussion, the precise pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we explore the historical otopathologic underpinnings of the diagnosis of labyrinthine concussion with a focus on the auditory pathway during the late 19th to the mid‐20th centuries and conclude with a discussion of its contemporary relevance. Methods and Data Sources A review of primary and secondary medical sources written in English, German, and French on otopathology labyrinthine concussion studies from the late‐19th to the mid‐20th centuries. Results Around the turn of the 20th century, otopathologists identified histologic changes in the temporal bones of individuals that sustained head injury without TBFs. Based on these otopathologic findings in humans, early experiments investigating the pathophysiology of labyrinthine concussion were performed in animals through either the delivery of blows to the head or direct introduction of a pressure wave into the labyrinthine fluid. Collectively, otopathologists hypothesized that predominant mechanisms for labyrinthine concussion included inner ear hemorrhage, cochleovestibular nerve traction injury, direct damage from a labyrinthine fluid pressure wave, or vasomotor dysfunction. Conclusion Historical study shows a variety of inner ear pathologies potentially responsible for auditory dysfunction following head injury. Understanding the history and otopathology of labyrinthine concussion may help clinicians focus on new pathways toward novel research and improved patient care.

This paper presents an introduction to gated communities in the Philippines and its correlation with another community concept: the barangay. In particular, we examine the historical context of the concept, with an overview of the physical, economic, political, and cultural characteristics of the Republic, to further understand the existing urban landscape. This paper begins with the definitions of the term “gated community,” and then presents notions of its origins, offering an explanation of the foundations on which the system was instituted in the country. This paper focuses on an aspect of architecture and cities that is foreign to some parts of the world but well‐established in others. Each nation in the world has its own deep history, with many societies having parallel beginnings. Existing in different continents and separated by vast seas, and then living through analogous occurrences and reaching identical philosophies, much can be deduced and discovered to assist in the progress of our own cultures.

Previous research in the history of physics has led us to believe that Yoshio Nishina (1890-1951) virtually single-handedly imported quantum physics into Japan. However, there are first-hand accounts that Yoshikatsu Sugiura (1895-1960) also played an important role. Sugiura made his name in quantum chemistry with his contribution to the Heitler-London theory of the chemical bond. Yet, historians of physics have paid scant attention to him. This paper brings forward information on Sugiura from his letters, his scientific papers, and his own recollections until ca. 1930. By examining this material, the present paper studies Sugiura's accomplishments in Europe and his contributions to the development of quantum physics in Japan. We conclude that Sugiura was one of the most important physicists when it comes to the arrival of quantum physics in Japan. In addition, we assess why he has been under-appreciated in the history of physics in Japan. Our historical study on Sugiura suggests that, in addition to the position Nishina and his students rightfully occupy, there still are important unexplored aspects in the history of Japanese quantum physics.

Phylogenetic methods offer a promising advance for the historical study of language and cultural relationships. Applications to date, however, have been hampered by traditional approaches dependent on unfalsifiable authority statements: in this regard, historical linguistics remains in a similar position to evolutionary biology prior to the cladistic revolution. Influential phylogenetic studies of Bantu languages over the last two decades, which provide the foundation for multiple analyses of Bantu sociocultural histories, are a major case in point. Comparative analyses of basic lexica, instead of directly treating written words, use only numerical symbols that express non-replicable authority opinion about underlying relationships. Building on a previous study of Uto-Aztecan, here we analyse Bantu language relationships with methods deriving from DNA sequence optimization algorithms, treating basic vocabulary as sequences of sounds. This yields finer-grained results that indicate major revisions to the Bantu tree, and enables more robust inferences about the history of Bantu language expansion and/or migration throughout sub-Saharan Africa. "Early-split" versus "late-split" hypotheses for East and West Bantu are tested, and overall results are compared to trees based on numerical reductions of vocabulary data. Reconstruction of language histories is more empirically based and robust than with previous methods.

Aim To describe the life and work of the international nurses of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War and to examine their role in relation to their contribution to Spanish nursing in this period. Methods This historical study is based primarily on the memoirs of the international nurses who joined the war health services of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. The evidence that was elicited from these sources was compared and contrasted with other contemporary documents in order to compare their perspectives with those of other contemporaries. Results The nurses of the International Brigades joined the front line health services as part of the mobile medical and surgical teams that were attached to the fighting units. They lived and worked under extreme conditions, often under fire. Their work while in Spain was not limited to care delivery but also included managerial and educational aspects. The international nurses' observations of Spanish nursing at the time were not always accurate, which might be explained by a lack of contact with qualified Spanish nursing staff due to a shortage of fully qualified nurses. Conclusion In the absence of the voices of the Spanish nurses themselves, the written records of the international nurses were invaluable in analyzing Spanish nursing in this period. Their testimonies are, in essence, the international nurses' legacy to the Spanish nurses who stayed behind after the departure of the International Brigadists in 1938.

The language of letters, especially from lower social strata, may provide some of the best data available for pre-twentieth-century language history from below, because it may accurately represent features of spoken language. To illustrate how much variation – and examples of ‘non-standard’/vernacular usage – may be extracted from letters, this study reports on a survey of citations in an early historical study of Irish emigration based on letters. The survey of citations from a study by a historian reveals numerous features of potential interest to linguists working on earlier Irish English and its influence on other Englishes, thus indicating the wealth of vernacular features that may be found in collections and corpora of personal letters.

This article responds to Leonardo Ambasciano's review of The Scientification of Religion: An Historical Study of Discursive Change, 1800–2000 by Kocku von Stuckrad. It criticizes a narrative that presents naturalism and science as the ultimate system of knowledge. Contesting this rhetoric, the article underscores the plurality and hybridity of knowledge systems, which is the main topic of the book under review.

Through a comparative historical study of community pharmacy in the UK, Italy, Sweden and the USA, the authors examine what happens to institutional arrangements designed to resolve ongoing conflicts between institutional logics over extended periods of time. It is found that institutional arrangements can reflect the heterogeneity of multiple logics without resulting in hybridization or dominance. Because logics remain active, similar conflicts can reappear multiple times. It is found that the durability of the configurations of competing logics reflects the characteristics of the polities in which fields are embedded. The dominance of any societal institutional order leads to more stable field-level arrangements. The authors suggest that the metaphor of institutional knots and the related image of institutional knotting are useful to capture aspects of this dynamic and to foreground the discursive and material work that allows multiple logics to coexist in local arrangements with variable durability.

In keeping with the aim of the Paton Memorial Lecture to 'facilitate the historical study of pharmacology', this overview, which is my distinct honour to write, represents a 'Janus-like' personal perspective looking both backwards and forwards at the birth and growth of 'receptor molecular pharmacology' with special relevance to inflammatory diseases. The overview begins in the Oxford Department of Pharmacology in the mid-1960s and then goes on to provide a current perspective of signalling by proteinases. Looking backwards, the synopsis describes the fruitful Oxford Pharmacology Department infrastructure that Bill Paton generated in keeping with the blueprint begun by his predecessor, J H Burn. Looking forwards, the overview illustrates the legacy of that environment in generating some of the first receptor ligand-binding data and providing the inspiration and vision for those like me who were training in the department at the same time. With apologies, I mention only in passing a number of individuals who benefitted from the 'South Parks Road connection' using myself as one of the 'outcome study' examples. It is also by looking forward that I can meet the complementary aim of summarizing the lecture presented at a 'BPS 2014 Focused Meeting on Cell Signalling' to provide an overview of the role of proteinases and their signalling mechanisms in the setting of inflammation.

This article surveys the historiography of the global advertising industry, identifying the key challenges and debates raised by American and British scholars, and then discusses two important questions for historians of Australian advertising. First, if advertising is a globalised and ‘Americanised’ industry, exactly how Australian is the Australian advertising industry? Second, can we understand how advertising works by analysing advertisements, or are new forms of analysis required? The article introduces a fresh analytical approach that seeks to answer these questions before discussing the scope, methodology and preliminary findings of a historical study of the Australian advertising industry that is currently utilising this approach.

Historical sociology has achieved a reasonable degree of respectability in the discipline, and there is much interesting work being produced. But a pronounced aspect of much of this work is an indifference to the question of the value of studying the past as a way to understanding the present. This article argues that, rather than trying to outdo the historians by producing “better,” more theoretically sophisticated history, sociologists would better advance the case for historical sociology by showing how any particular historical study helps illuminate contemporary concerns. The article draws upon the writings of C. Wright Mills and Alexis de Tocqueville to show not just the need for historical sociology but also as indications of how this might best be done.

Over the last hundred years, Anzac Day (25 April), the anniversary of the initial landing of Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) at Gallipoli in 1915, has captured the Australian and New Zealand national imaginations. The day remembers the first significant engagement involving Australian and New Zealand soldiers in the First World War. This article is an early report of a major project that will chart Anzac Day’s origins, development and contested meanings. It is both an historical study, tracing changes in commemoration and remembrance over time, and an investigation of the ways in which Australians and New Zealanders mark Anzac Day in the present day. It will interrogate the shaping of historical sensibility by exploring the complex connections between personal and collective remembrance. One of the challenges to understanding Anzac Day is dealing with the multiplicity of meanings of such a large-scale, diverse and now venerable (in modern Australian terms) observation. It will also examine the neglected subject of Anzac Day’s observance outside the Australia and New Zealand – in Europe, Asia, North Africa and the Pacific – where it has long played a role in expressing the identities of Antipodean expatriate communities.

A highly original study of a neglected area of healthcare history. The paper traces the important work undertaken by the European Nursing and Midwifery Unit of the WHO in the later twentieth century, and offers significant new insights into the dramatic changes that took place in attitudes to healthcare during this era.

Von der Historiographie der Informatik wurde der bahnbrechende Beitrag Konrad Zuses (1910—1995) bei der Entwicklung des Computers in den letzten Jahren umfassend herausgearbeitet ([1] bis [4]). Dagegen wurde der Zusammenhang seiner Rechnerentwicklung mit dem damaligen Stand der Baustatik nur ansatzweise analysiert ([5] bis [11]). Die historisch interessierten Informatiker und Bauingenieure gaben sich mit der Feststellung zufrieden, dass das umfangreiche statisch unbestimmte Rechnen um 1930 Zuse wesentlich motivierte. Des Weiteren bedienten populare Darstellungen des Lebenswerkes von Zuse und viele der Laudationes auf ihn die vorherrschende Abneigung gegen das Rechnen im Allgemeinen und das statische Rechnen im Besonderen. So stimmen zum 100. Geburtstag von Zuse manche Zeitgenossen ein in den Chor “Er war zu faul zum Rechnen“ und schliesen kurz, dass er deshalb den Computer erfunden hatte. Vor der Folie der Kalkulisierung der Baustatik sowie der Rationa lisierung und Schematisierung des statischen Rechnens im ersten Drittel des vorigen Jahrhunderts wird der Einflus der Berliner Schule der Baustatik (s. [9, S. 389—404]) auf Zuses Ideenkreis um die Automatisierung des Rechnens bis 1935 herausgearbeitet. Als Prolegomenon von Zuses Rechnerentwicklung kann seine Mitte 1934 vollendete Studienarbeit uber die Berechnung eines 9fach statisch unbestimmten Systems gelten. Aus der Perspektive des operativen Symbolgebrauchs in der Konsolidierungsperiode der Baustatik (1900—1950) erscheint ihre Geschichte in diesem Zeitraum als Vorgeschichte der Computerstatik. Konrad Zuse and the theory of structures — a prologue to computational mechanics (part 1). The pioneering role of Konrad Zuse (1910—1995) in the development of the computer has been covered comprehensively in the historical study of informatics in recent years ([1] to [4]). However, the relationship between his computer development work and the situation in theory of structures at the time has so far been given only a rudimentary analysis ([5] to [11]). Those computer scientists and construction engineers interested in the history of their professions have seemingly been happy just to know that the need for extensive statically indeterminate computations around 1930 were Zuse’s main motivation. Furthermore, popular accounts of his life’s work and many of the tributes paid to him exploit the fact that there was a widespread aversion to calculations in general and structural calculations in particular. Thus, on the 100th anniversary of Zuse’s birth, some contemporaries could be heard joining in with the “he was too lazy to calculate” chorus, and quickly coming to the conclusion that this was the reason why he invented the computer. The influence of the Berlin school of structural theory (s. [9, S. 389— 404]) on Zuse’s notions surrounding the automation of computa tions up until 1935 is shown here against the background of the introduction of formalised theory into structural analysis plus the rationalisation and schematisation of structural calculations in the first 30 or so years of the 20th century. Zuse’s project concerning the calculation of a system with nine degrees of static indeter minacy, which was completed in 1934 while he was a student, can be regarded as a preface to his later computer development. Looked at from the perspective of the practical use of symbols during the consolidation period of theory of structures (1900—1950), the history of structural analysis over these years seems to be a prologue to computational mechanics.

A review of the early Extension career of Martha Van Rensselaer. It has been determined that hers was one of the first Extension home economics or family and consumer science programs in the United States, and this work led to contributions establishing new programs throughout the country and in parts of the world. She received many awards, but sadly few books or articles have been written about her. This historical study attempted to address and clarify aspects of her life.

This essay follows from an historical study of Heron Island (Baie des Chaleurs), and in particular, the relationship between the island and the members, past and present, of the Eel River Bar Band, from the reserve of the same name. It aims to explore elements brought to light through my observation of members of the band, and notably the processes by which the latter strive to fashion a renewed connection with Heron Island; that is, to Self and to the world. Purposefully multidisciplinary, this study focusses on the representation/construction of space and on the manner in which it acts upon its derivatives in the form of collective memory and identity. Situated at the intersection of the symbolic and material realms, this essay endeavours to shed light on the formation of the narratives that, in this instance, constitute the production (mise en scene) of a perspective space of symbolization and social objectification—a process articulated on the enunciation of goals related to socio-economic development and autonomy. At the same time, it is an attempt to account for a number of correlates to discourse, particularly practices related to social reconfiguration and the exercise of power, in a context marked by a quest for self-determination and revitalism. In short, it is an examination of a case of resistance and accommodation by a small indigenous group seeking a new world-vision. Le present essai decoule d'une etude historique portant sur l'ile au Heron (Baie-des-Chaleurs) et en particulier sur les liens qui s'eta-blissent entre celle-ci et les membres, passes et presents, de la bande Eel River Bar, de la reserve du meme nom. Il vise a explorer les elements mis en relief par des observations faites dans le cadre de mes relations avec des membres de la bande, notamment les processus de l'elaboration d'un rapport renouvelea l'ile au Heron, c'est-a-dire au Soi et au monde. Resolument multidisciplinaire, c'est une etude de cas qui porte sur la representation/construction de l'espace et sur la facon dont celle-ci influe sur la memoire collective et sur l'identite qui en derive. Sis a l'intersection de l'univers symbolique et de l'univers materiel, cet essai cherche a mettre au jour la formation des recits qui, dans ce cas, constituent la mise en scene d'un espace perspectif de symbolisation et d'objectivation sociale, un processus articule sur l'enonciation de desseins de developpement socio-economique et d'autonomie. Parallelement, il s'attache aeclairer les pratiques correlatives au discursif, qui se nomment reconfiguration sociale et deploiement du pouvoir, dans un contexte de prise en main et de velleites revitalistes. En somme, il s'agit d'examiner un cas de resistance et d'accommodement de la part d'un groupe autochtone de petite taille, en mal de vision-monde.

The instruments and approach taken from the toolbox proposed by Michel Foucault are used in this first political and historical study of the constitution of knowledge relating to corruption in Bolivia between 1982 and 1999. By reflecting on the links between the discontinuity of knowledge in this phenomenon and the various strategies deployed to fight against it, a genealogy of corruption unveils the profound transformations in politics and policies that Bolivia experienced over two decades.

What factors cause a mature industry to re-enter a period of technological turbulence? This paper addresses this question by developing a model of technological evolution that incorporates both technological trajectories and a new concept: preference trajectories, which are cycles of incremental and discontinuous change in preferences. Preference discontinuities turn out to play an important role in triggering technological transitions in an industry. I illustrate the model with an historical study of the typesetter industry, which underwent three major technological transitions, each of which was driven by preference discontinuities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

We examine the role of institutional settings in determining rent appropriation by employees. Based on an inductive historical study of owner–player relations in Major League Baseball from the inception of professional baseball to the present, we show that both formal and informal institutional rules can dramatically influence rent appropriation. We draw upon anthropology research on social relations to understand how differences in informal norms regarding the social relations between the owners and the players affect appropriation. Our findings show that when social relations are defined by authority ranking, pay is determined more by fiat than by market forces or bargaining. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggestive experts: The rise of American communication studies (1930s to 1950s). - The history of social engineering and its rise in the first half of the twentieth century is a well developed field today. This article attempts to add the history of communications research to this field of historical study. The focus lies on the experts for mass communication and their difficulties to combine scientific methodology with the promise to explore how human behaviour can be influenced by the mass media.

In the 1970s and 1980s, there was an important revisionist moment in the historical study of the Spanish Inquisition. Now, in the early twenty-first century, scholars are beginning to revise and add nuance to these now classic surveys of inquisitorial history. New historical studies have used Inquisition sources to revise depictions of the converso and morisco communities of early modern Spain; they have mined them on questions of gender. In addition, with the proliferation of Anglophone scholarship on the Spanish Inquisition, historians are uprooting the last vestiges of the Black Legend.

Knowledge and science transfer - introductory remarks. The article presents introductory remarks on the historical study of knowledge and science transfer. Discussion focuses initially on the reasons for speaking of knowledge transfer and not only about science transfer, and the relations of this topic to current research in general history on cultural transfer. Multiple levels of knowledge / science transfer are then discussed, specifically: (1) transfer by means of migration or other movement of people across geographic boundaries; (2) scientific changes related to the transfer of objects (such as plant specimens or instruments) across continents or disciplines; (3) knowledge or science transfer in practical contexts. Addressed throughout is the problematic character of the concept of transfer itself. The author suggests that users of this concept often presuppose a static conception of scientific and cultural contents being more or less successfully transferred; more interesting, however, are the changes in science and culture conditioned or caused by the migration of individuals as well as the transfer of culture by other means.

The term ‘Radical Conservatism’ has come to denote a group of Unionists who called for extensive government intervention and greater imperial consolidation in the opening decades of the twentieth century. Despite a revival of interest in the historical study of this movement, there has been little coverage of Radical Conservatism's difficult years during the Great War and its aftermath. This article examines the Tariff Reform League (TRL) which was the leading Radical Conservative pressure group during this period. It suggests that Radical Conservatism's more controversial, imperial policies had significantly more popular support than has previously been realized by historians. This article also challenges the idea that Radical Conservatism can be treated as a single, unified movement. It had several divisions throughout the early twentieth century, and effectively ruptured with Henry Page Croft's creation of the National Party in the autumn of 1917. The formation of this organization led to a crisis of confidence within the TRL, which precipitated its sudden decline in 1918–19.

Philippe Buc, The Dangers of Ritual: Between Early Medieval Texts and Social Scientific Theory. Gerd Althoff, Spielregeln der Politik im Mittelalter: Kommunikation in Frieden und Fehde. Frans Theuws and Janet L. Nelson (eds). Rituals of Power from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Joelle Rollo-Koster (ed), Medieval and Early Modern Rituals: Formalized Behavior in Europe, China and Japan.

We studied the establishment and inclusion of native and alien plant species in nature reserves in the Czech Republic. Our aim was to answer the following questions: Do young and old nature reserves contain the same proportion of invasive plant species? Does the time of their introduction affect their representation in these reserves? We obtained recent lists of vascular plant species for 302 reserves established since 1838 and designated the species as native or alien. We divided the latter category into archaeophytes and neophytes, introduced before and after 1500, respectively. The increase in the number of reserves and species was evaluated by inclusion curves. For inclusion curves describing an increase in the number of reserves, the estimated time of 50% inclusion indicated when half the reserves of a particular type were established. For inclusion curves describing an increase in the number of species, the estimated time of 50% inclusion indicated when half the species of a particular category ( native species, all aliens, archaeophytes, neophytes ), reported from the country, were included in the nature reserves. The forest and dry-grassland reserves were established earlier than those in wetlands and peat bogs, whereas humid-grassland reserves tended to be the most recently established. Half the native species were included significantly earlier ( after 25 years ) than half of alien species ( 86 years ), and half the neophytes were included later ( 143 years ) than half the archaeophytes ( 31 years ). Early reserves harbor a significantly lower number of alien species than those established later. These reserves include a higher proportion of the Czech Republic's native species and archaeophytes than of its neophytes. There was no difference in the relative rates of inclusion of native species, archaeophytes, and neophytes. However, the fact that the same inclusion rate applies to neophytes, a group with an increasing species pool, as to archaeophytes and native species, which both have constant species pools, suggests that natural vegetation in nature reserves is an effective barrier against the establishment of alien species. On a historical time scale, the early establishment of nature reserves in a given country decreases the probability that the reserve will be invaded by alien plants. Resumen: Estudiamos el establecimiento e inclusion de especies de plantas nativas y exoticas en reservas naturales en la Republica Checa. Nuestra meta era contestar las siguientes preguntas: ?Contienen la misma proporcion de especies de plantas invasoras las reservas recientes y antiguas? ?El tiempo que llevan introducidas afecta su representacion en estas reservas? Obtuvimos listas recientes de las especies de plantas vasculares para 302 reservas establecidas desde 1838 y designamos a las especies como nativas o introducidas. Dividimos a esta ultima categoria en arquefitas y neofitas (introducidas antes y despues de 1500, respectivamente). Se evaluo el incremento en el numero de reservas y especies mediante curvas de inclusion. Para curvas de inclusion que describian un incremento en el numero de especies, el tiempo estimado de 50% de inclusion indicaba cuando se incluyeron la mitad de las especies registradas para el pais, de una categoria particular ( especies nativas, todas las exoticas, arquefitas y neofitas ) en reservas naturales. Las reservas forestales y de pastizales secos se establecieron antes de que se establecieran las de humedales y turberas, mientras que las reservas de pastizales humedos tendieron a ser las establecidas mas recientemente. La mitad de las especies nativas se incluyeron significativamente antes ( despues de 25 anos ) que la mitad de las especies exoticas ( 86 anos ), y la mitad de las neofitas fueron incluidas despues ( 143 anos ) que los arquetipos ( 31 anos ). Las reservas mas antiguas contienen un numero significativamente menor de especies exoticas que las establecidas mas recientemente. Estas reservas incluyen una mayor proporcion de especies nativas y de arquetipos que de neofitas de la Republica Checa. No hubo diferencia en las tasas relativas de inclusion de especies nativas, arquefitas y neofitas. Sin embargo, el hecho de que la misma tasa de inclusion vale tanto para neofitas, un grupo cuyo numero de especies aumenta, como para arquefitas y especies nativas, con numeros de especies constantes, sugiere que la vegetacion natural en las reservas constituye una barrera efectiva contra el establecimiento de especies exoticas. En una escala de tiempo historico, el establecimiento temprano de reservas naturales en un pais determinado disminuye la probabilidad de que la reserva sea invadida por especies exoticas.

Juan Luis Vives (1492–1540) is justly celebrated as a philosopher of education, language, and psychology. Unfortunately, posterity has largely overlooked Vives's historical thought. Notably in De disciplinis (1531), the most comprehensive of his writings, Vives unfolds a remarkable view of the meaning of the past which runs through his work like a continuous thread, giving a historical dimension to his ideas on culture and education. This article aims to demonstrate the importance of Vives as a historical theorist, examining his discussion of the nature of history in De disciplinis, his idea of progress, and his views on the study of history. In particular two diverging accounts of the origins of learning emerge, which have philosophical implications, as well as a number of important restrictions on the study of history. Comparison of his views with those of contemporary humanists, notably Erasmus, brings out clearly Vives's originality in this field. (pp. 69–83)

This article raises the problem of how to teach and research the critical and historical study on an A level art course. I have recently completed my doctoral study on this area of the art curriculum, which was conducted during the period of change to all post sixteen qualifications after the 1996 Dearing report. In this article I show how personal and critical knowledge was a necessary part of the practical investigation and helped to foster inquiry learning among my two research groups of sixth form students. The experience has given me renewed hope that students are able to problematise meaning in art and communicate what values and positions they adopt in the course of their investigations into the work of others.

Each culture defines the appropriate ways for people to use their bodies (Mauss 1934). In this paper we examine the uses of the body in a technical skill, that of Zinacantec Maya backstrap loom weaving. We hypothesize that native learners of weaving are different from non-native learners in that they are endowed from birth on with the biology and cultural experience needed for weaving. Maya newborns have distinctive patterns of motor behavior and visual attention. These patterns, reinforced by cultural experience, are utilized when girls learn to weave, highlighting the interplay between culture and biology. Non-native learners do not begin life with the same patterns of motor behavior or cultural experience and thus begin the acquisition of the body techniques involved in the complex skill of weaving with a deficit. Conclusions are based on an empirical, historical study of two generations of girls learning to weave in Nabenchauk, a Zinacantec Maya hamlet in Chiapas, Mexico.

Australia and the United States adopt radically different approaches to occupational health and safety regulation, even though their ultimate objectives in this policy area are effectively the same. The US regulatory style is more centralised, legalistic and adversarial, in contrast to Australia’s state-based and more consensual approach. This difference in regulatory approach dates from the 1970s: for the 100 years prior to that, workplace health and safety regulation in both countries took a similar legal, institutional and administrative form. The reasons for the contemporary regulatory divergence lie in the distinct national configurations of state and societal institutions in the two countries and the different constellation of political actors involved in regulatory design and reform.

Nine years after the beginning of the epidemic of freebase (crack) cocaine abuse in the Bahamas, this historical study was done to characterize the natural course of the epidemic and to estimate the effectiveness of control measures. The authors's data include the incidence of new cases at the only psychiatric hospital in the Bahamas and at the primary community psychiatric clinic in the nation. The Bahamian response included 1) demand reduction, 2) supply reduction, and 3) reduction of money laundering. The annual number of new cases of crack abuse presenting for treatment declined from 1987 to mid-1991 in both facilities, but in 1992 it began rising again in the inpatient setting only. The changes in recent years have been accompanied by an increase in violent crimes against persons, especially robberies.

Hugh Jackson’s Australians and the Christian God is a valuable first attempt to articulate the historical relationship of Australians to the Christian God. Although this book contains some discussions that may serve to stimulate further investigation, its major shortcoming is that it is simply too short and therefore covers its subject matter only superficially. Disciplines Arts and Humanities | Law Publication Details Matesic, J. (2014). Book Review: Hugh Jackson: Australians and the Christian God: An Historical Study. Journal of Religious History, 38 (2), 292-293. This journal article is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/1487

This paper constitutes a historical study of the roots of the decision by Arthur Andersen & Co. in 1946 to adopt a two-part auditor's opinion for all of its engagements, and of its eventual decision in 1962 to return to the standard form of the auditor's report. The essence of the two-part opinion was to decouple the auditor's opinion on fairness of presentation from the opinion on conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. The paper also treats the factors that prompted the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants to adopt a two-part opinion, and the reasons why it opted to return to the single-opinion format in 1976. Resume. L'auteur retrace l'historique de la decision prise en 1946 par Arthur Andersen & Cie de presenter l'opinion du verificateur en deux volets dans toutes ses missions, et de sa decision ulterieure, en 1962, de ramener le rapport du verificateur a sa forme standard. Le choix de l'opinion en deux volets reposait sur l'intention de distinguer l'opinion du verificateur quant a la fidelite avec laquelle est presentee l'information de l'opinion du verificateur relative au respect des principes comptables generalement reconnus. L'auteur traite egalement des facteurs qui ont amene l'Institut Canadien des Comptables Agrees a adopter l'opinion en deux volets, et des raisons pour lesquelles il a choisi de retablir l'opinion unique en 1976.

On the Fusion of the Journals „Journal fur praktische Chemie ” and „Chemiker-Zeitung” A Historical Account The fusion of the journals „Journal fur praktische Chemie” (founded in 1828 in Leipzig) and „Chemiker-Zeitung” (founded in 1877 in Kothen) is the background for a historical study on the journals' development. „Journal fur praktische Chemie” was founded by O.L. Erdmann in Leipzig and is the oldest German chemical journal; its original title was „Journal fur technische und okonomische Chemie”. It has always been a scientific journal while „Chemiker-Zeitung” in its beginnings mainly provided information about practical applications. Its founder and first editor was the chemist G. Krause from Kothen (until 1905). In the 1950s the editors decided to publish a journal with a higher scientific orientation, the result of which was the wellknown „Chemiker-Zeitung”.

This paper continues to study issues developed in a preceding manuscript which provided a definitional context for accounting history, its uses and limitations as a method of inquiry related to educational endeavours, standard setting and practice. In this study two aspects of the development of the history of accounting, subject matter and methodology, are extensively explored within the context of a definition of historiography. A set of outline tables is provided to assist researchers considering the topic areas as well as the process of historical inquiry, especially those scholars who do not specialise in historical study. As in the previous paper, an extensive bibliography is provided.

This paper defines and relates contemporary applications of accounting history and is intended to assist scholars who do not specialize in historical study. A definitional distinction is drawn between history as a social science, with an emphasis on interpretation, criticism, and method, and history as a descriptive narrative form. Arguments are presented for the relevance of published accounting history studies to accounting pedagogy, policy and practice. The inherent limitations of historical inquiry are also explored. An appendix provides information on accounting history organizations, publications, and activities worldwide. A related paper which develops an accounting historiography will appear in a later issue of this journal.

The evolution of the graphical structure diagram as a means of communication of chemical structure information is traced from its origins through to the mid-20th century. The impact of developments in structural theory on the representation of structures is discussed. A study of how structures were represented in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the Journal of the Chemical Society and its predecessors, the Journal of the American Chemical Society and United States patents was made, making use of electronic journal and patent archives. The problems associated with representing structures graphically are discussed.

Aestheticism, the literary theory that dared not speak its name, has started to come back into view. Both as an object of historical study (the late-nineteenth-century ‘British Aestheticism’ of Rossetti, Swinburne and Pater, as American scholars carefully label it), and as a mode of contemporary critical thought, an unfashionable body of artistic and philosophical assumptions is being rediscovered. The nineteenth-century Aesthetic Movement has been the object of lively attention, not just from conventional literary historians, but also from critics working in such fields as cultural materialism, gender studies and deconstruction. And a review, in 1993, of one such book, Jonathan Loesberg's Aestheticism and Deconstruction: Pater, Derrida and de Man, suggested the need for ‘a new aestheticism’. Since 1993 that movement has been rapidly gathering strength. In the hands of art critics like Dave Hickey, philosophers like Alexander Nehamas, and literary scholars such as Andrew Bowie and Susan Wolfson, the ‘New Aestheticism’ and ‘New Formalism’ have been reasserting the importance for modern critical practice of concepts associated with the creed of Art for Art's Sake.