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The purpose of this study was to define the concept of comprehensive accessibility of community support for people with mental disorders and to clarify the multidimensional structures of comprehensive accessibility. We developed a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 47 items. A complete list of the municipalities in Japan was prepared, and the questionnaire was mailed to 3310 municipalities. Principal component analyses were applied to valid data in order to analyse the index and multidimensional structures of comprehensive accessibility. As a result, 14 principal components of community support for people with mental disorders were extracted. These principal components were interpreted as the scales for the evaluation of comprehensive accessibility. The two first principal component scores were interpreted as the index indicating the level of comprehensive accessibility. The other 12 principal components were interpreted as the scales constituting the multidimensional space of comprehensive accessibility.

The purpose of the present study was to develop an environmental assessment tool related to the living of the mentally disabled and to examine the health care professionals' perception of the current situations and its importance. The relationships between the current and ideal environmental situations were analyzed. The survey was conducted at 3310 municipalities nationwide by mailing self-report questionnaires, which consisted of 52 items developed by specialists for the mentally disabled and their families. The 52-item questionnaire was rated with a five-point scale for both current and important environmental situations. The main findings included statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the current and important environmental situations, items perceived as important at a similar degree, and those suggesting the largest gap between the current and important situations related to learning opportunities. These results could be useful for implementation in community health nursing.

Phlebosclerosis of the mesenteric vein is a rare cause of ischemic colitis. The current report includes two patients with segmental ischemic colitis associated with marked calcifications of the mesenteric vessels. No evidence of systemic vasculitis, tuberculosis nor amyloidosis was observed. The patients were previously healthy and had no history of drug use of any kind. Clinical findings included abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant and diarrhea alternating with constipation, and colonic narrowing were discoverd by barium enema. An abdominal X-ray examination revealed some patchy calcifications in the right and left upper quadrants. An angiography of the superior mesenteric artery revealed sclerosis of the artery, disturbance of colonic blood flow, and calcifications of the mesenteric vessels. The patients were treated with an anticoagulant. In follow-up studies, barium enema and colonoscopy revealed a gradual progression of the disease over the last five years. Treatment with an anticoagulant may have prevented rapid advancement of the disease and thereby eliminated the need for emergency operations. These unusual venous lesions have been rarely reported, and their etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown.

It is generally considered that early lesions detected macroscopically in Crohn's disease are aphthoid ulcers. The lesions are usually found close to more advanced lesions and sometimes observed in the distal colon. However, there are a few patients who have almost only aphthoid ulcers without any typical major lesions through the alimentary tract. We studied 5 such cases (4 men and 1 woman, 15–31 years old) out of 107 patients who had not undergone any surgery at the time of their first visit. Four patients had aphthoid ulcers in both the small and large intestine as well as some lesions (ulcer, erosion and redness) in the gastroduodenal region. The remaining case had some lesions only in the large intestine. Non-caseating epitheloid cell granulomas were detected in the biopsy specimens obtained from the aphthoid ulcers of the colon in 4 cases. These cases with granulomas were considered to suffer from Crohn's disease and were treated with an elemental diet. Aphthoid ulcers showed a remarkable improvement but relapse followed the beginning of an oral diet. In 3 cases, the lesions in the small intestine developed into longitudinal ulcers 18, 27 and 37 months after the first visit, respectively. Although a female patient in whom granulomas could not be proven was not diagnosed as having Crohn's disease, she had bloody stool again 17 months later, and a barium enema revealed a cobblestone appearance in the colon so that she was diagnosed as having Crohn's disease. Consequently, aphthoid ulcers developed into longitudinal ulcers or cobblestoning, with repeated disappearance and reappearance during the follow-up period in 4 of the 5 cases. Almost only aphthoid ulcers with granulomas in non-operated cases are considered to be in the earliest stage of what can be diagnosed as being Crohn's disease.

Two cases of eosinophilic gastroenteritis with colonic involvements and rare complications are described. Case 1. A 39-year-old male was admitted with diarrhea. He had a previous medical history of early gastric cancer two years prior to this admission. A barium enema showed a diffuse nodular granularity from the transverse colon to the rectum. A sigmoidoscopic examination demonstrated nodular granularity, spotty erythema and shallow irregular ulcers with normal intervening mucosa in the rectum and the sigmoid colon. Mucosal biopsies obtained from the rectum and the sigmoid colon revealed infiltrations of eosinophils in the lamina propria and histological reexamination of the resected stomach also revealed an infiltration of eosinophils in the subserosa. One year later the patient suffered from eosinophilic cellulitis. Case 2. A 25-year-old female was admitted for the investigation of suspected cholestasis. Based on the findings of a liver biopsy and an endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) a diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) was made. A barium enema showed moderate granularity, lack of haustration from the cecum to the splenic flexure with a rigid ileocecal valve which was open to reflux. A colonoscopic examination revealed mucosal granularity, diffuse erythema and friability in the same regions. Mucosal biopsies obtained from both the abnormal and the normalappearing mucosa showed infiltrations of eosinophils into the lamina propria. Blood peripheral eosinophilic was present in each case.

To assess the validity of mass screening tests for gastric cancer conducted with three types of radiographic techniques, i.e., photofluorography by a mirror camera, photofluorography by an image intensifier, and direct radiography, 105,122 persons who underwent a total of 272,667 screening tests during 1970 through 1982 were followed through December 31, 1983 by means of a record linkage to the Osaka Cancer Registry, Osaka, Japan. The results of 1 year's follow-up from screening were defined as the gold standard and test performance values were calculated. Sensitivity of screening with photofluorography by a mirror camera, photofluorography by an image intensifier, and direct radiography was 90%, 89%, and 91%, and specificity was 86%, 92%, and 91%, respectively. The receiver operating characteristics curve for screening with photofluorography by an image intensifier resembled that for direct radiography and these two curves were located somewhat to the left of the curve for screening with photofluorography by a mirror camera. The authors conclude that the validity of screening with photofluorography by an image intensifier is almost equivalent to that of screening with direct radiography and both are superior to that of screening with photofluorography by a mirror camera.

This report is based on 1,139 patients with gastric cancer (GC) detected by mass screening conducted by the Center for Adult Diseases, Osaka during 1961-1985. Early GC totalled 527 patients and advanced GC totalled 612 patients. In 859 patients curative resection was performed. Their vital status was traced yearly and six patients were lost to follow-up. Relative survival rates of screening-detected GC patients were 69-70% and almost constant after 5 years from operation/diagnosis. The survival curve in which only death from GC was counted as a death was almost equal to the relative survival curve in its shape and value. The hazard rates of screening detected GC patients decreased rapidly within 7 years and remained low after 7 years. It was confirmed by this long-term follow-up study that about two thirds of GC patients detected by screening were successfully cured of their disease.

New acrylic rubbers with a pendant epoxy group were prepared by copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) with vinylbenzyl glycidyl ether (VBGE). The modification of an epoxy system (bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether/p,p′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone) with the acrylic rubbers was carried out in order to increase the toughness of the cured epoxy resin. The addition of 20 wt.-% of the copolymer containing 74% of BA and 26% of VBGE units resulted in a 30% increase in the fracture toughness (KIC) of the cured resin at minimal expenses of strength and modulus of the resin. The modified epoxy resin had two-phase morphology in which the rubber particles with average diameter of 2 μm are dispersed in the epoxy matrix. The copolymer without the pendant epoxy group, prepared from BA and vinylbenzyl methoxyethyl ether, was ineffective as a modifier, indicating that the reaction of the pendant epoxide with the epoxy matrix resulted in good interfacial adhesion between the rubber particles and the matrix, and in the increased toughness. The epoxide-containing copolymers with 55 or 86% of BA units were also insufficient modifiers. The addition of the former yielded cured resins with homogeneous structure, whereas that of the latter resulted in macroscopic phase separation between the rubber and the epoxy resin. Durch Copolymerisation von Butylacrylat (BA) mit Vinylbenzylglycidylether (VBGE) wurden neue Acrylkautschuke mit Epoxyseitengruppen hergestellt. Um die Zahigkeit eines geharteten Epoxidharzes (Bisphenol A/Diglycidylether/p,p′-Diaminodiphenylsulfon) zu erhohen, wurde dieses mit den erhaltenen Acrylkautschuken modifiziert. Eine Zugabe von 20 Gew.-% eines Copolymeren mit 74% BA und 26% VBGE-Einheiten fuhrte zu einer 30proz. Zunahme der Bruchzahigkeit (KIC) des geharteten Harzes bei einer minimalen Einbuse an Festigkeit und Steifigkeit. Die modifizierten Harze wiesen eine Zwei-Phasen-Morphologie auf, bei der Kautschukteilchen mit einer mittleren Grose von 2 μm in eine Epoxymatrix eingebettet sind. Das Copolymere ohne Epoxyseitengruppen, das aus BA und Vinylbenzylmethoxyethylether hergestellt wurde, war als Modifier unwirksam, was darauf hindeutet, das die seitenstandigen Epoxidgruppen zu einer guten Zwischenphasenadhasion zwischen Kautschukteilchen und Matrix, und damit zu erhohter Zahigkeit fuhren. Kautschuke, die 55 oder 86% BA-Einheiten enthielten, waren ebenfalls ungenugende Modifier. Zugabe des ersteren ergab Harze mit einer homogenen Phasenstruktur, wahrend die Zugabe des letzteren zu einer Phasentrennung zwischen Kautschuk und Epoxidharz fuhrte.

The effect of addition of sulfur hexafluoride as an electron scavenger on quantum efficiency was investigated for the decay of trapped electrons in 3-methylhexane matrices at 77 K during photobleaching in the wavelength range 700–1900 nm. Since the quantum efficiency for the decay of trapped electrons in pure matrices is independent of the initial concentration, almost all the recombination of liberated electrons with the cations is geminate. The increase in quantum efficiency for the decay of trapped electrons by the addition of the electron scavenger SF6 was analyzed quantitatively. The quantum efficiency for the photoliberation of trapped electrons from the trapping sites may be about unity. The liberated electrons in the absence of the electron scavenger are retrapped or neutralized. The ratio of the former process to the latter at a wavelength greater than 1500 nm is much larger than that at a shorter wavelength. The wavelength dependence of the ratios of the electron scavenging process to these proc...

The effects of various additives, i.e., nltrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide, on the yield of the trapped electrons produced in the gamma -irradiated 3-methylhexane (3MHX) glass at 77'K have been investigated by the ESR technique. The yields of the trapped electrons were reduced by the addition of all the solutes examined; the efficiency of electron scavenging was found to be in the order of SF/sub 6/ > CH/sub 3/Cl > N/ sub 2/O > SO/sub 2/. The concentration dependence of the electron scavengers showed that the efficiency of the electron scavenging in the glassy state had values intermediate between those in the gas and liquid phases. The high efficiency observed in the glassy state suggests that the non-solvated electrons before being trapped move about rapidly in the glassy matrix as the form of quasi- free electrons. The ESR-power saturation of the trapped electrons was considerably reduced by the addition of N/sub 2/O; a possible mechanism of the relaxation of the ESR is proposed. (auth)