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Physical activity is well-established on the cancer survivorship research agenda, but prostate cancer survivors remain an understudied population. Additionally, the unique relationships between sedentary time and health outcomes have not yet been considered in this group. We examined the associations of accelerometer-assessed physical activity and sedentary time with waist circumference in 103 prostate cancer survivors from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004 and 2005-2006. Participants wore an Actigraph accelerometer for 7 days, and activity levels were summarised as moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity (accelerometer counts/minute ≥ 1952), light-intensity activity (counts/minute 100-1951) and sedentary time (counts/minute < 100). Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity was inversely associated with waist circumference (β=-6.728, 95% CI: -12.267, -1.190, P= 0.020), equating to a top versus bottom quartile difference of 13.7 cm. No discernable relationship existed between light-intensity activity or sedentary time and adiposity. This is the first study to objectively measure the activity levels of prostate cancer survivors. Increasing moderate-to-vigorous activity may assist this population with weight management. More research into the relationships of light-intensity physical activity and sedentary behaviour with health outcomes among prostate cancer survivors is warranted, given the strong relationships seen in the broader population., (© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Background: Current recommendations to control the consequences of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia include the careful management of fluids, with avoidance of fluid overload and thus avoidance of cerebral oedema. Recommendations for fluid restriction in a neonate are based on the experience of restricting fluid intake in adults or older children. The extrapolation from studies in adults, older children and animals to the human neonate is fraught with hazard due to the different physiology and mechanisms of injury., Objectives: The objective of this review was to determine the effects of fluid restriction on short-term (mortality within the first 28 days of life, grade of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, electrolyte disturbances, renal function, seizure activity) and long-term outcomes (death during the first year of life, CT or MRI changes, or severe neurodevelopmental disability at or equal to 12 months of age or more) in term infants following perinatal asphyxia. Subgroup analyses were planned on the basis of the severity of the resulting hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, degree of fluid restriction, and length of fluid restriction., Search Strategy: Searches were undertaken of MEDLINE October 2004 back to 1966, CINAHL back to 1966, the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004). Searches were made of previous reviews including cross-references and abstracts. The search was not limited to the English language; reports in foreign languages were translated., Selection Criteria: Randomised or quasi-randomised trials of fluid restriction in term newborn infants with perinatal asphyxia., Data Collection and Analysis: No studies were found meeting the criteria for inclusion in this review., Main Results: No studies were found meeting the criteria for inclusion in this review., Authors' Conclusions: Given that fluid restriction for the treatment of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia is recommended in standard textbooks, there is a need for randomised, controlled trials to establish if this practice affects mortality and morbidity. As it may not be ethical to include neonates with acute renal failure in a randomised trial, these babies will have to be excluded from the trial. These studies should investigate the effects of fluid management on outcomes such as mortality, seizure activity, evidence of cerebral damage on histology, and effects on renal function and electrolytes.

The CO2 laser was first introduced for surgery of the aerodigestive tract in 1971. Since that time, great advances in application have been made in both the adult and pediatric population. Recent reports of isolated complications have appeared in the literature. However, a realistic complication rate in a large series of patients has yet to be reported. This report relates the combined experience of the authors in a total of 4416 cases during the 11-year period from 1971 to 1982. There were nine instances of complications, representing a complication rate of 0.2%. These complications provided a unique learning experience for the authors, and led to the establishment of certain basic principles that should be followed in all laser operations. This survey indicates that the CO2 laser is a safe, extremely useful surgical modality in the aerodigestive tract.

A case of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy has been presented, and the etiology, clinical presentation, and management of this rare tumor have been discussed. The tumor may not be familiar to most otolaryngologists and should be included in the differential diagnosis of pediatric head and neck neoplasms.

The fourth branchial cleft anomaly has long been postulated. A case in which a lower neck sinus tract extended under the clavicle near the subclavian vessels is presented. The distinguishing features of bronchogenic and branchogenic anomalies are discussed. It appears that unless a complication (e.g., abscess, inflammatory process) of the fourth branchial cleft sinus tract occurs within the mediastinum, mandating full exploration, the complete form of the anomaly may continue to remain undocumented.

Rhabdomyosarcoma represents the most common soft-tissue neoplasm of the head and neck found in children. The tumor is most commonly seen in Caucasian children under the age of 12, usually presenting as a painless mass. Distant metastases are frequently present, especially in regional lymph nodes, lung, and bone marrow. All patients suspected of having this disorder should have a thorough examination of the head and neck, as well as a complete radiographic evaluation of the primary region. Histologic disagnosis should be made as rapidly as possible. Once this has been accomplished, a thorough search for metastatic disease can be undertaken. Therapy must be individualized, and a team approach is advocated. The roles of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are discussed. A staging system and a treatment-therapy plan are outlined.