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Research on knowledge sources and innovation has focused mainly on external knowledge sources and the generation of technological innovations. This study contributes by examining the dual role of internal and external sources of knowledge and information on the adoption of managerial innovations, a type of non‐technological innovation deemed essential for organizational effectiveness but not examined sufficiently. It also contributes to the innovation adoption literature by analysing adoption as a process, rather than a dichotomous choice. We investigate how the involvement of stakeholders for the selection of a new programme, and organizational actions for the implementation of that programme, affect its adoption. Regression analyses of privatization of 64 services in 1,512 public organizations provide empirical evidence in support of the influence of internal and external involvement, and internal, but not external, implementation actions. We also find that while the relative influence of internal and external stakeholders’ involvement on innovation adoption does not differ, internal implementation actions have a stronger effect than external implementation actions. We discuss the implications of our findings for the adoption of innovations in organizations and offer research ideas for understanding non‐technological innovations and their effects on organizational conduct and outcomes.

Spamming botnets present a critical challenge in the control of spam messages because of the sheer volume and wide spread of the botnet members. In this paper, we advocate the approach for recipient mail servers to filter messages directly delivered from remote end-user EU machines, given that the majority of spamming bots are EU machines. We develop a support vector machine SVM-based classifier to separate EU machines from legitimate mail server LMS machines, using a set of machine features that cannot be easily manipulated by spammers. We investigate the efficacy and performance of the SVM-based classifier using a number of real-world data sets. Our performance studies show that the SVM-based classifier is indeed a feasible and effective approach in distinguishing EU machines from LMS machines. For example, training and testing on an aggregated data set containing both EU machines and LMS machines, on average, we found that the SVM-based classifier can achieve a 99.25% detection accuracy, with very small false positive rate 0.35% and false negative rate 1.27%, significantly outperforming eight Domain Name System-based blacklists widely used today. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The impact of apathy on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in recently diagnosed Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been systematically investigated. The objective of this cross-sectional survey (ANIMO study) was to examine the contribution of apathy to HRQOL in a Spanish sample of recently diagnosed PD patients. PD patients, diagnosed within 2 years of inclusion, were recruited at 102 outpatient clinics in 82 communities throughout Spain. Apathy was quantified using the Lille Apathy Rating Scale and HRQOL with the EuroQol-5D questionnaire. A mean EuroQol-5D index score of 0.89 obtained from population references in Spain was used as the cutoff for this study. The relationship between apathy and the dichotomized EuroQol-5D index score (

We calculated ranges for the cost per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) treatment during an ongoing epidemic of CL in Chaparral, Colombia. Using operational clinical and cost data, we calculated that the cost of treating leishmaniasis patients with standard pentavalent antimony was US$345 (95% CI 277-488) per patient treated and cured. The cost per DALY averted per patient cured with antimony was estimated to be approximately US$15 000 (95% CI 12 226-21 532).

Arylsulfotransferase (AST, EC 2.8.2.22), an enzyme capable of sulfating a wide range of phenol-containing compounds was purified from a Clostridium innocuum isolate (strain 554). The enzyme has a molecular weight of 320 kDa and is composed of four subunits. Unlike many mammalian and plant arylsulfotransferases, AST from Clostridium utilizes arylsulfates, including p-nitrophenyl sulfate, as sulfate donors, and is not reactive with 3-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). The enzyme possesses broad substrate specificity and is active with a variety of phenols, quinones and flavonoids, but does not utilize primary and secondary alcohols and sugars as substrates. Arylsulfotransferase tolerates the presence of 10 vol% of polar cosolvents (dimethyl formamide, acetonitrile, methanol), but loses significant activity at higher solvent concentrations of 30-40 vol%. The enzyme retains high arylsulfotransferase activity in biphasic systems composed of water and nonpolar solvents, such as cyclohexane, toluene and chloroform, while in biphasic systems with more polar solvents (ethyl acetate, 2-pentanone, methyl tert-butyl ether, and butyl acetate) the enzyme activity is completely lost. High yields of AST-catalyzed sulfation were achieved in reactions with several phenols and tyrosine-containing peptides. Overall, AST studied in this work is a promising biocatalyst in organic synthesis to afford efficient sulfation of phenolic compounds under mild reaction conditions.

A methodology for the design and evaluation of bioprocess control strategies is presented. The strategies manage nutrient supply with demand and vary with the metabolic condition and phase of fermentation operation. Six carbon source addition strategies are based on different combinations of available measurements; they are described and evaluated under different operating conditions for yeast cultivation. It is concluded that a single control strategy is not the most appropriate under all possible operating conditions. An oxygen uptake rate-based control strategy performs better with a mean respiratory quotient (RQ) value less than 1.1 during an oxygen limitation than an ethanol control strategy which had a mean RQ of 14. The designed strategies and an approach of applying the strategy that best matches fermentation conditions consistently enables achievement of high cell densities 78.7 g DCW/L and yields 0.50 g DCW/g glucose as the mean values for three fermentations.

Mice were immunized with dengue type 2 virus (DEN 2) under a schedule favoring the production of IgE antibody. The antibody obtained could sensitize peritoneal resident mast cells both in vitro and in vivo so that the sensitized cells were degranulated and released histamine on challenge with the DEN 2 antigen. It was also demonstrated that the antibody was cytophilic and heat-labile. The above observations suggest that the present experimental system can be used to detect anti-DEN 2 IgE antibody in mice.