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PURPOSE To develop a novel approach to monitor lung ventilation/inflammation in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Lung assessment in CF patients is relevant given that most patients succumb to respiratory failure. Respiratory functional tests (forced expiratory volume in the first second; FEV1 ) and inflammatory markers are used to test pulmonary ventilation/inflammation, respectively. However, FEV1 is effort dependent and might be uncomfortable for CF patients. Furthermore, inflammatory marker detection is costly and not rapid. To overcome these limitations, we propose the measurement, by means of low field nuclear magnetic resonance, of the spin-spin relaxation time (T2m ) of water hydrogens present in CF patient sputum. In CF sputum, different biological components are pathologically increased and inversely related to lung functionality. Moreover, we showed that these components alter in a dose-dependent manner the T2m in synthetic CF sputum. METHODS Sputum samples were obtained from 42 CF subjects by voluntary expectoration; FEV1 , C-reactive protein (CRP), blood neutrophil counts together with cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-4, and vascular endothelial growth factor) quantifications were then evaluated. RESULTS In sputum samples, we observe that T2m directly correlates (rFEV1 = 0.44; P < 10-4 ; 169 samples) with FEV1 . Moreover, T2m inversely correlates with the circulating inflammation markers CRP/neutrophil number (rCRP = -0.44, P < 10-4 ; rNC = -0.37, P < 2 * 10-4 ; 103 and 86 samples, respectively) and with the sputum inflammatory cytokines TNFα/IL-β1 (rTNFα = -0.72, P < 10-4 ; rIL-1β = -0.685, P < 10-4 ; 27 samples). T2m variations also correspond to FEV1 values over time in defined patients. CONCLUSION These findings, together with the fast, reliable, and simple determination of T2m , make our approach a novel tool potentially usable in the real world of CF patients.

Alginates, both commercial and laboratory made, are strongly fluorescent due to small amounts of polyphenolic materials. These contaminants can be detected by fluorescence spectroscopy in concentrations lower than 1 ppm. This technique has been used to measure polyphenols in a wide range of alginates and various procedures for preparation of biotechnological-grade alginates have been evaluated.