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Abstract Objective The Salzburg EEG criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) have been proposed as consensus criteria for NCSE. We aimed to perform an independent study of their diagnostic accuracy. Methods A prospective study was carried out at Oslo University Hospital, including all consecutive patients ≥15 years old who were referred for an EEG with an explicit or implicit question of NCSE from February 2020 to February 2022. Two independent EEG readers scored the included EEGs according to the Salzburg criteria and blinded to the clinical data. The reference standard was defined as the clinical diagnosis the patient received based on all available clinical and paraclinical data. Diagnostic accuracy in identifying “certain/possible NCSE” was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value with their 95% confidence intervals. Results In total, 469 patients/EEGs were included in the study. The prevalence of NCSE according to the reference standard was 11% (n = 53). The criteria showed a sensitivity of 94% (95% CI: 92–96%), a specificity of 77% (95% CI: 73–81%), a positive predictive value of 34% (95% CI: 30–39%), and a negative predictive value of 99% (95% CI: 98–100%). False positives for “certain NCSE” (n = 16) included many serial seizures and stimulus‐induced rhythmic and periodic discharges (SIRPIDs), as well as a focal cortical dysplasia. False positives for “possible NCSE” (n = 79) were mainly represented by different encephalopathies and postictality. Interpretation The low specificity of the Salzburg criteria calls for refinement before implementation into daily clinical practice.

Abstract Objective Ketogenic diets like the modified Atkins diet (MAD) are increasingly used in patients with refractory epilepsy. For epilepsy patients, stress is a well‐known seizure‐precipitating factor. New possibilities for measuring biomarkers of stress are now available. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of MAD on endocrine stress biomarkers. Methods Forty‐nine patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy were investigated at baseline and after 12 weeks on MAD. Cortisol and cortisol‐binding globulin (CBG) were measured and free cortisol index (FCI) calculated. We also measured metanephrine, normetanephrine, and methoxytyramine, all markers of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, respectively. Changes were analyzed according to sex and antiseizure medications. The different markers at baseline and after 12 weeks of MAD treatment were correlated with seizure frequency and weight loss, respectively. Results The change in total cortisol was modest after 12 weeks on the diet (from 432.9 nmol/L (403.1–462.7)) to 422.6 nmol/L (384.6–461.0), P = 0.6). FCI was reduced (from 0.39 (0.36–0.42) to 0.34 (0.31–0.36), P = 0.001). CBG increased during the study (from 1126.4 nmol/L (1074.5–1178.3) to 1272.5 nmol/L (1206.3–1338.7), P