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Some older adults cannot meaningfully participate in the testing portion of a neuropsychological evaluation due to significant cognitive impairments. There are limited empirical data on this topic. Thus, the current study sought to provide an operational definition for a futile testing profile and examine cognitive severity status and cognitive screening scores as predictors of testing futility at both baseline and first follow-up evaluations. We analysed data from 9,263 older adults from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set. Futile testing profiles occurred rarely at baseline (7.40%). There was a strong relationship between cognitive severity status and the prevalence of futile testing profiles, χ(2)(4) = 3559.77, p < .001. Over 90% of individuals with severe dementia were unable to participate meaningfully in testing. Severity range on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) also demonstrated a strong relationship with testing futility, χ(2)(3) = 3962.35, p < .001. The rate of futile testing profiles was similar at follow-up (7.90%). There was a strong association between baseline dementia severity and likelihood of demonstrating a futile testing profile at follow-up, χ(2)(4) = 1513.40, p < .001. Over 90% of individuals with severe dementia, who were initially able to participate meaningfully testing, no longer could at follow-up. Similarly, there was a strong relationship between baseline MoCA score band and likelihood of demonstrating a futile testing profile at follow-up, χ(2)(3) = 1627.37, p < .001. Results can help to guide decisions about optimizing use of limited neuropsychological assessment resources.

'Florigraze' rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) is productive and persistent under moderate shade and has potential as an understory forage for grazing in southeastern U.S. pine (Pinus spp.) plantations. When grown in full sun, Florigraze has high forage quality, but the effect of shade on its nutritive value is not known. A 2-yr field study was conducted on a siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Paleudult soil to determine nutritive value of Florigraze herbage when grown under 34, 54, 78, and 100% of incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Treatments were arranged in three replicates of a randomized complete block design, and there were three harvests in both 1989 and 1990. Leaf crude protein (CP) increased 20 to 40 g kg -1 as PPFD increased from 34 to 100% in both years while leaf in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) increased 20 to 30 g kg -1 and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased 20 to 50 g kg -1 with increasing PPFD only in the second year. Stem CP increased 10 to 20 g kg -1 and IVOMD 50 to 100 g kg -1 with increasing PPFD in at least two harvests each year while NDF and lignin concentrations decreased with increasing PPFD (50-80 and 15-25 g kg -1 , respectively). In conclusion, leaf and stem nutritive value of shaded rhizoma peanut are lower than when grown in full sun, but they are not so low as to limit use of rhizoma peanut as an understory forage crop.

With respect to oral communication, international students have rules and expectations that differ from those of the teacher, and these influence how students conduct themselves in the classroom.

American Dialect Research. Dennis R. Preston. ed. Centennial Series of the American Dialect Society. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1993. 460 pp.

The influence of a purified rat diet containing 20 or 33% of the saturated medium chain-length triglycerides (MCT) with and without linoleic acid supplements on growth, caloric requirements for weight maintenance and weight increase, fertility, lactation performance, and serum cholesterol levels was compared with that of similar diets containing lard, coconut oil, or no fat.

In view of the interest in the biological properties of products of fat oxidation, lauroyl and myristoyl peroxides were fed and their nutritional effects compared with those of autoxidized cottonseed oil, which had been analyzed for its composition. Purified diets containing no fat +2% of linoleic acid, 5% lauroyl or myristol peroxide, or 10% oxidized cottonseed oil were fed to weanling male albino rats for 73 to 98 days, after which they were killed and their organs weighed. Their sera, livers, and testicular fat bodies were used for lipid analysis. With peroxides, growth was significantly depressed but not as much as when oxidized cottonseed oil was fed. Analysis of organ weight data showed that peroxides and oxidized cottonseed oil differed in their effects. Animals fed the latter had significantly heavier livers, kidneys, and hearts. The rats fed peroxides were also different from those fed the fat-free diet and those kept on restricted food intake. Gas chromatographic analysis of the testicular fat bodies revealed a greater deposition of oleate in the animals fed oxidized cottonseed oil, which suggested that these animals were unable to use the oxidized oil for depot fat formation. In the anials fed lauroyl and myristoyl peroxides, appreciable amounts of laurate and myristate, respectively, were found. The composition of the liver neutral fat of the animals fed peroxides was similar to that of the animals fed the low-fat diet +2%, linoleic acid. Serum cholesterol levels of the rats fed peroxides were about 70 mg. %, and of those fed oxidized cottonseed oil, 53 mg. %. The groups fed peroxides also had significantly higher liver cholesterol levels, which suggests that peroxides and oxidized cottonseed oil differed in their effects on cholesterol formation and transport.

Lard and cottonseed oil which had been autoxidized at about 100°C. for 210 hrs. were fractionated by a technique involving molecular distillation, conversion to ethyl esters, urea-complex formation, and redistillation. The ethyl esters were then fed to rats for three weeks at a level of 8% in a purified diet. Growth, water intake, organ weights, total liver lipids, and serum and liver cholesterol levels were determined. Groups fed 8% lard served as controls. Growth was severely depressed by the residue fractions of the urea-complex- and noncomplex-forming portions of the original molecular distillates. Of the three fractions from the original molecular distillation residues, the dimeric and polymeric fractions were the most active. The relative liver and kidney weights were usually increased by feeding the growth-depressing fractions. However there were a number of exceptions indicating more specific effects from some of the fractions. Water intakes were lower with the fractions derived from the original molecular distillates than with those from the original molecular distillation residues. Testicular fat body weights suggested that feeding of autoxidized CSO fractions led to less neutral fat deposition than feeding of corresponding autoxidized lard fractions. Dry weight of the enlarged livers was higher, and the total lipid lower than of the control livers. Total liver cholesterol was higher in animals with smaller livers, but there was no difference in the cholesterol content of the total liver lipids. Serum cholesterol levels were lower in animals with large livers. Further study of those fractions having pharmacological properties is suggested.

1. Effects of medium-chain (C6–C12) saturated triglycerides (MCT) and long-chain (C14–C18) saturated triglycerides (LCT) with and without linoleic acid (LA) supplementation were studied on rats fed purified diets 2. With 2% linoleic acid rats fed MCT and LCT grew somewhat better than those on a low-fat diet with the same supplement. Without linoleic acid those fed MCT grew better, and those fed LCT grew worse than those on the corresponding low-fat diet. MCT seemed to decrease, and LCT to increase linoleic acid requirements. 3. In survival studies 14 out of 18 rats fed 20% MCT were alive after 2 years; of their controls fed 20% lard, 10 out of 19 survived. 4. Reproduction studies in females gave equally poor results on unsupplemented low-fat, MCT, and LCT diets regarding implantation, birth weight, and survival rate. The weaning weights of the young on MCT were however the highest. With 2% LA weaning weights were equally high with LCT and MCT but lower with low-fat diet. 5. In animals fed low-fat diets not supplemented with LA, low serum cholesterol was associated with high liver cholesterol. With MCT, serum values were higher and liver values were significantly lower. With unsupplemented LCT, serum and liver values were high. When the three diets were supplemented with 2% LA, there were no longer any differences in the serum levels and in the liver levels. Whether ar not the presence of some oleate in the MCT and LCT influenced the cholesterol results is not certain. 6. The differences in the effects of MCT and LCT are discussed.

Fresh and oxidized cotton seed oil (CO) olive oil (OO), chicken fat (CF) and beef fat (BF) were fed to male weanling rats for 33 to 108 weeks. Groups fed oxidized fats except OO showed a higher death rate than those fed the corresponding fresh fats. Groups fed oxidized CO and BF had the highest death rate. Histological studies of animals dying from natural causes showed more pronounced cardiac lesions in the animals fed oxidized CO. Serum, liver and brain cholesterol levels were not influenced by oxidized fats. Fatty acid composition of depot fats and of heart and liver lipids did not show significant differences between groups fed fresh and the corresponding oxidized fats.

The biological effects of MCT (medium-chain triglycerides) differed from those of conventional fats, and certain of these suggested examination of the fatty acid composition and triglyceride structure of the adipose tissues and other organs of rats which were fed medium- or long-chain triglyceride mixtures with two levels of linoleic acid. Fatty acid compositions and TG patterns varied with the tissue, with the dietary fat, and with the level of linoleate in the diet. Increasing the latter resulted in the deposition of more linoleate at the expense of oleate and in the deposition of more of the dietary fatty acids. The percentage of completely saturated triglyc-erides (S3), in adipose tissue with the higher linoleate supplement in the rats fed MCT, decreased in those fed LCT and was unchanged in the controls fed a fat-free diet. The increased deposition of the dietary fatty acids was more pronounced in the S3 band.

There is increasing evidence that the abnormal nutritional properties of highly autoxidized fats are related to the polymers which develop during autoxidation. Lard and cottonseed oil were aerated at 95°C. for 200 hrs. and molecularly distilled; and the residue fractions, non-volatile at 275 to 300°C., were studied.

Two matching groups of weanling male albino rats were fed a purified diet containing 5% dihydroxystearic acid. All animals survived until they were killed; the first group was sacrificed at age 150 days and the second at 305 days. Fecal fat analyses showed that at least 80% of the ingested dihydroxystearic acid was not exereted. Growth was depressed during the first four weeks; this was followed by a period of rapid weight inerease. The weight of the epididymal fat pads indicated depression of neutral fat deposition. Livers and adrenals were relatively heavy in the group killed earlier and essentially normal in those killed later. This and the eventual weight increase showed that the rats adapted themselves to the intake of the material. Gas liquid chromatography carried out on the methyl ethers of the epididymal fat did not reveal the presence of dihydroxystearic acid. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of serum, kidney, liver and epididymal fat was determined on the methyl esters of the lipid extracts.