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Abstract Multifunctional materials facilitate lightweight and slender structural solutions for numerous applications. In transportation, construction materials that can act as a battery, and store electrical energy, will contribute to realization of highly energy efficient vehicles and aircraft. Herein, a multicell structural battery composite laminate, with three state‐of‐the‐art structural battery composite cells connected in series is demonstrated. The experimental results show that the capacity of the structural battery composite cells is only moderately affected by tensile loading up to 0.36% strain. The multicell structural battery laminate is made embedding the three connected structural battery composite cells between carbon fiber/glass fiber composite face sheets. Electrochemical performance of the multicell structural battery is demonstrated experimentally. High charge transfer resistance for the pack as well as the individual cells is reported. Mechanical performance of the structural battery laminate is estimated by classical laminate theory. Computed engineering in‐plane moduli for the multicell structural battery laminate are on par with conventional glass fiber composite multiaxial laminates.

Abstract Multifunctional structural batteries are of high and emerging interest in a wide variety of high‐strength and lightweight applications. Structural batteries typically use pristine carbon fiber as the negative electrode, functionalized carbon fiber as the positive electrode, and a mechanically robust lithium‐ion transporting electrolyte. However, electrochemical cycling of carbon fibre‐based positive electrodes is still limited to tests in liquid electrolytes, which does not allow for to introduction of multifunctionality in real terms. To overcome these limitations, structural batteries with a structural battery electrolyte (SBE) are developed. This approach offers massless energy storage. The electrodes are manufactured using economically friendly, abundant, cheap, and non‐toxic iron‐based materials like olivine LiFePO4. Reduced graphene oxide, renowned for its high surface area and electrical conductivity, is incorporated to enhance the ion transport mechanism. Furthermore, a vacuum‐infused solid‐liquid electrolyte is cured to bolster the mechanical strength of the carbon fibers and provide a medium for lithium‐ion migration. Electrophoretic deposition is selected as a green process to manufacture the structural positive electrodes with homogeneous mass loading. A specific capacity of 112 mAh g−1 can be reached at C/20, allowing the smooth transport of Li‐ion in the presence of SBE. The modulus of positive electrodes exceeded 80 GPa. Structural battery‐positive half‐cells are demonstrated across various mass‐loadings, enabling them to be tailored for a diverse array of applications in consumer technology, electric vehicles, and aerospace sectors.

Background: Complex syntax is affected by developmental language disorder (DLD) during the school years. Targeting areas of syntactic difficulty for children with DLD may yield useful assessment techniques., Aims: To determine whether wh-movement can be measured in language samples from typically developing mono- and bilingual school-aged children, and, if so, to provide preliminary evidence of validity by comparison with traditional measures of syntax in a cross-sectional, known-groups design., Methods & Procedures: Participants were 48 typically developing children recruited from the Canadian province of Nova Scotia in four groups: monolingual English and bilingual French-English children in early (7-8 years of age) and late (11-12 years of age) elementary school. Language samples were collected and analysed with mean use of wh-movement, mean length of utterance and clausal density. These measures were compared for effects of age, bilingual development and elicitation task., Outcomes & Results: The results from all measures closely paralleled each other, providing preliminary evidence of validity. Wh-movement-based and traditional measures demonstrated similar age-related and discourse genre effects. Neither demonstrated an effect of mono- versus bilingual development., Conclusions & Implications: The results confirm research interest in syntactic movement as an area of language assessment. Further research is required to understand its application to clinical populations. What this paper adds What is already known on the subject Complex syntax is known to be an area of difficulty for children with DLD. Certain syntactic constructions appear to be particularly difficult for these children. Assessments targeting these areas of difficulty are emerging. What this paper adds to existing knowledge The paper compares traditional measures of syntax with measures based on wh-movement. It shows similar results for both types of measures, suggesting construct and convergent validity. Results suggest that syntactic movement is an age-appropriate area of assessment for elementary school-aged children's language. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Language sample assessment measures based on wh-movement appear promising. The impact of task effects of the discourse genre on assessing syntax must be carefully considered in research and clinical practice., (© 2020 Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists.)