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Due to unique properties, nanoparticles (NPs) have become a preferred material in biomedicine. The benefits of their use are indisputable, but their safety and potential toxicity are becoming more and more important. Especially, excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by the strong oxidation potential of metal NPs could evoke adverse effects associated with damage to nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Our study gives a view on the potential cytotoxicity of gold NPs (Au NPs) of different size from the perspective of the redox state of healthy (HEK 293 T) and cancer (A375 and A594) cell lines. These cells were incubated in the presence of two concentrations of Au NPs for 24 h or 72 h and total antioxidant capacity, 8-isoprostane, and protein carbonyl levels were determined. Furthermore, the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase was detected in cell lysates. Our results compared to the results of other laboratories are very contradictory. The outcomes also differ between healthy and cancer cell lines. However, there are certainly changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, as well as the damage to biological molecules due to increased NP-induced oxidative stress. But the final decision of the effect of Au NPs on the oxidative state of selected cell lines requires further research., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Monika Dvorakova et al.)

Background and Purpose: Src homology 3-domain growth factor receptor-bound 2-like endophilin interacting protein 1 (SGIP1) interacts with cannabinoid CB 1 receptors. SGIP1 is abundantly and principally expressed within the nervous system. SGIP1 and CB 1 receptors co-localize in axons and presynaptic boutons. SGIP1 interferes with the internalization of activated CB 1 receptors in transfected heterologous cells. Consequently, the transient association of CB 1 receptors with β-arrestin2 is enhanced and prolonged, and CB 1 receptor-mediated ERK1/2 signalling is decreased. Because of these actions, SGIP1 may modulate affect, anxiety, pain processing, and other physiological processes controlled by the endocannabinoid system (ECS)., Experimental Approach: Using a battery of behavioural tests, we investigated the consequences of SGIP1 deletion in tasks regulated by the ECS in SGIP1 constitutive knockout (SGIP1 -/- ) mice., Key Results: In SGIP1 -/- mice, sensorimotor gating, exploratory levels, and working memory are unaltered. SGIP1 -/- mice have decreased anxiety-like behaviours. Fear extinction to tone is facilitated in SGIP1 -/- females. Several cannabinoid tetrad behaviours are altered in the absence of SGIP1. SGIP1 -/- males exhibit abnormal behaviours on Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol withdrawal. SGIP1 deletion also reduces acute nociception, and SGIP1 -/- mice are more sensitive to analgesics., Conclusion and Implications: SGIP1 was detected as a novel protein associated with CB 1 receptors, and profoundly modified CB 1 receptor signalling. Genetic deletion of SGIP1 particularly affected behavioural tests of mood-related assessment and the cannabinoid tetrad. SGIP1 -/- mice exhibit decreased nociception and augmented responses to CB 1 receptor agonists and morphine. These in vivo findings suggest that SGIP1 is a novel modulator of CB 1 receptor-mediated behaviour., (© 2021 The Authors. British Journal of Pharmacology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Pharmacological Society.)

Cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases are proinflammatory enzymes; the former affects platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, vasodilatation and later the development of atherosclerosis. Red wines from Georgia and central and western Europe inhibited cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) activity in the range of 63-94%, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity in the range of 20-44% (tested at a concentration of 5 mL/L), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity in the range of 72-84% (at a concentration of 18.87 mL/L). White wines inhibited 5-LOX in the range of 41-68% at a concentration of 18.87 mL/L and did not inhibit COX-1 and COX-2. Piceatannol (IC50 = 0.76 μM) was identified as a strong inhibitor of 5-LOX followed by luteolin (IC50 = 2.25 μM), quercetin (IC50 = 3.29 μM), and myricetin (IC50 = 4.02 μM). trans-Resveratrol was identified as an inhibitor of COX-1 (IC50 = 2.27 μM) and COX-2 (IC50 = 3.40 μM). Red wine as a complex mixture is a powerful inhibitor of COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX, the enzymes involved in eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway.