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Background The aerial application of insecticides is a primary method used to prevent the spread of pine wilt disease by reducing the population density of Monochamus beetles, the vector insects of pine wood nematodes (PWNs). This study investigated the mortality of vector insects and the ratio of PWN-infected trees according to systemically remaining thiacloprid residues in Pinus densiflora. To do this, thiacloprid was sprayed on a nursery of 5-year-old P. densiflora in meshed cages. Then Monochamus alternatus adults carrying PWNs were placed into meshed cages 1 and 15 days post-treatment (T1 and T15 groups for thiacloprid spraying, and N1 and N15 groups for nonsprayed groups) and tree mortality was monitored. We also measured the thiacloprid residues in pine branches in each treatment. Results In pine trees, more thiacloprid residues were found in the T1 group than in the T15 group, but most M. alternatus adults died in the T1 and T15 groups and PWNs were detected in 51.3% of all recaptured beetles. In the 16th week after each treatment, the average tree mortalities in T1 and T15 were 0% and 16.7%, respectively, whereas mortality of ≈50-60% of all tested trees in the nonsprayed groups was observed. Conclusion The current aerial application of insecticides may have a limitation in preventing PWN transmission from dying M. alternatus adults when they are exposed to low thiacloprid residues in pine trees.

Understanding of dynamic response of offshore wind turbine is important to reduce vibration of offshore wind turbine induced by structural and environmental loadings. Although dynamic characteristics of the offshore wind turbine such as natural frequency and seismic behavior are affected by foundation and soil conditions, there are little experimental studies about the dynamic behavior of offshore wind turbine with consideration of proper soil–foundation–structure interaction (SFSI). The goal of this research is to evaluate the natural frequency and seismic behavior of offshore wind turbine with a monopod foundation considering SFSI. Scaled model of offshore wind turbine and monopod foundation is produced for this research. Geotechnical centrifuge tests in fixed-based and SFSI condition were performed to measure natural frequency in each case. Also, a series of seismic loadings with different intensities are applied to observe seismic behaviors of the offshore wind turbine during the earthquake and permanent changes after the earthquake. Experimental results show apparent natural frequency reduction in SFSI condition compared with the fixed-based condition, non-linear changes in dynamic response during a series of earthquakes and permanent changes occurred in natural frequency and rotational displacement after earthquakes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Summary This paper proposes a dynamic centrifuge model test method for the accurate simulation of the behaviours of a liquid storage tank with different types of foundations during earthquakes. The method can be used to determine the actual stress conditions of a prototype storage-tank structure. It was used in the present study to investigate the soil-foundation-structure interactions of a simplified storage tank under two different earthquake motions, which were simulated using a shaking table installed in a centrifuge basket. Three different types of foundations were considered, namely, a shallow foundation, a slab on the surface of the ground connected to piles and a slab with disconnected piles. The test results were organised to compare the ground surface and foundation motions, the slab of foundation and top of structure motions and the horizontal and vertical motions of the slab, respectively. These were used to establish the complex dynamic behaviours of tank models with different foundations. The effects of soil–foundation–structure interaction with three foundation conditions and two different earthquake motions are focused and some important factors, that should be considered for future designs are also discussed in this research. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The aro genes in bacteria encode enzymes needed for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, and mutant bacteria that are defective in the enzymes can replicate only a limited number in vertebrates owing to the lack or scarceness of chorismate, through which the mutant bacteria of the aro genes become attenuated. In the present study, the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (aroA) gene-knockout Vibrio anguillarum (ΔaroA V. anguillarum) were generated by the allelic exchange method, and its vaccine potential was evaluated in the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, by comparing the protective efficacy of a formalin-inactivated V. anguillarum. The LD50 (50% lethal dose) value of ΔaroA V. anguillarum was 1000 times higher than that of wild-type V. anguillarum in olive flounder fingerlings, and the growth of ΔaroA V. anguillarum was significantly suppressed by coincubation with nonimmune olive flounder serum compared with that of wild-type V. anguillarum. The survival rates and serum agglutination titers of fish immunized with ΔaroA V. anguillarum were significantly higher than those of fish immunized with the same amount of formalin-inactivated V. anguillarum, suggesting that although the inactivated V. anguillarum vaccine can provide a high protection in olive flounder, the protective efficacy can be enhanced by immunization with an auxotrophic mutant ΔaroA V. anguillarum.

Summary The effects of rice koji inoculated with Aspergillus luchuensis on the biochemical and sensory properties of fish sauce produced from sailfin sandfish (Arctoscopus japonicus) with different salt concentrations (10% and 20%) were investigated over 10 months. Fish sauces prepared from sailfin sandfish with rice koji and a low salt concentration had higher total nitrogen, amino nitrogen and total free amino acid than did those without rice koji or with a high salt concentration. Sensory evaluation of fish sauces prepared with rice koji and a low salt concentration found better taste, flavour and overall acceptance than those prepared without rice koji during fermentation (P

We investigated the effects of the polysaccharide from the sporophyll of a selected brown alga Undaria pinnatifida on serum lipid profile, fat tissue accumulation, and gastrointestinal transit time in rats fed a high-fat diet. The algal polysaccharide (AP) was prepared by the treatment of multiple cellulase-producing fungi Trichoderma reesei and obtained from the sporophyll with a yield of 38.7% (dry basis). The AP was mostly composed of alginate and fucoidan (up to 89%) in a ratio of 3.75:1. The AP was added to the high-fat diet in concentrations of 0.6% and 1.7% and was given to male Sprague-Dawley rats (5-wk-old) for 5 wk. The 1.7% AP addition notably reduced body weight gain and fat tissue accumulation, and it improved the serum lipid profile, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. The effects were associated with increased feces weight and shortened gastrointestinal transit time. In addition, the lipid peroxidation of the liver was decreased in both groups.

To develop an optimal attractant for Monochamus saltuarius (Gebler) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), the synergistic effects of a few potential attractants (ethanol and α-pinene as host-plant volatiles, and ipsenol and ipsdienol as bark beetle pheromones) were tested in a pine forest combined with 2-(1-undecyloxy)-1-ethanol (monochamol), the aggregation pheromone of Monochamus species, for two consecutive years, 2014 and 2015. Total number of catches was 65 and 33 in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Ethanol or ethanol + monochamol (a base blend) were not attractive to M. saltuarius with no difference from the control. Addition of α-pinene and ipsdienol to the base blend did not significantly increase catches. However, ipsenol was significantly synergistic to the base blend in attracting M. saltuarius in 2014, and the blend (ipsenol + base blend) attracted meaningfully higher numbers of M. saltuarius in 2015. Our study illustrates the potential for monochamol and ipsenol baits for monitoring and trapping of M. saltuarius in the field.

Objectives To compare post-nephrectomy renal function between kidney donors and renal cell carcinoma patients, to evaluate trends in recovery, and to identify factors relevant to renal failure. Methods Patients who had radical or donor nephrectomy from four different institutions between 2003 and 2012 were reviewed. Propensity score matching was carried out and 79 patients were selected for each group. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula preoperatively and postoperatively at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months. Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was compared, and the difference between preoperative values and each preceding date was calculated. A multivariate logistic regression was used to determine independent factors for a decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate to

Background Although previous studies have suggested clinical benefits of complete revascularization in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, it is still controversial whether preventive percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) leads to better clinical outcomes in the clinical setting of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods Relevant studies through September 2014 were searched and identified in the electronic databases. Primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at the longest follow-up. Secondary endpoints included myocardial infarction (MI), repeat revascularization, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Results From 836 initial citations, 7 randomized trials, and 23 observational studies with 44,256 patients (8,087 preventive and 36,169 culprit-only) were included in this study. Preventive PCI was associated with a significant reduction in repeat revascularization (odds ratios [OR]: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.51–0.99) with no differences in all-cause mortality (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.76–1.29) or MI (OR: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.62–1.87) as compared with culprit-only PCI. Comparison of preventive PCI to the culprit-only PCI group revealed OR for MACE of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.57–1.12). Stratified analysis according to revascularization strategy demonstrated a significant survival benefit of culprit-only PCI over multivessel PCI during the index procedure and a significantly lower incidence of all-cause mortality with staged PCI as compared with culprit-only or multivessel PCI during the index procedure. Conclusions Preventive PCI strategy appears to be effective in reducing the risk of repeat revascularization without significant benefits for mortality or MI when compared with culprit-only revascularization in STEMI patients with multivessel disease. (J Interven Cardiol 2015;28:1–13)

Summary Cheomseongdae is known to be the oldest astronomical observatory in Asia. According to historical records, the Gyeongju area, where Cheomseongdae is located, suffered from numerous medium-scale earthquakes. Cheomseongdae has a masonry structure, which is apparently vulnerable to horizontal dynamic loads such as earthquakes. However, despite its appearance, features such as the filler of the lower half, inner irregular-shaped stones which can induce high frictional resistance, eight long horizontal tie stones inside the artefact, and a grid of interlocking headstones increase its resistance to horizontal dynamic loads. Dynamic centrifuge model tests were performed on Cheomseongdae in order to evaluate the seismic response characteristics of this architectural heritage structure. Model tests were executed on two 1/15-scale models: one which was an exact duplicate of the original Cheomseongdae and the other without the long horizontal tie stones and grid of interlocking headstones. On the basis of the amplification patterns in the time and frequency domains, the differences in seismic behaviour between the two Cheomseongdae models, and a broken stone at the 19th layer during tests, the long horizontal tie stones and headstones were found to increase the seismic resistance within Cheomseongdae and provide a glimpse of the ‘seismic design’ of our ancestors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The protective coating on mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) byssus has attracted considerable research interest because of its excellent mechanical properties such as hardness and extensibility. These special properties are known to be highly related with specific interactions between mussel foot protein-1 and metal ions. In particular, the complexation between catechols in mfp-1 and iron(III) has been identified as a key interaction. This finding has given opportunities for pursuing promising applications. Herein, we report that emulating the properties of the mussel byssus cuticle provides an important platform for developing reversible layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition, an advanced technique for surface modification. LbL films were constructed on solid substrates by sequential immersion of substrates into solutions containing iron(III) and catecholic compounds. The thickness of the LbL films was effectively controlled by increasing the immersion steps, and the reversibility of the LbL deposition was demonstrated by addition of a chelating agent.

Effects of feed type and temperature on growth and body composition of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino, were determined. A 2 (feed types: formulated diet and dry sea tangle) × 3 (temperature conditions: 20, 23 and 26 C) factorial design with triplicate was used. Seventy juvenile abalone averaging 4.7 g were randomly distributed into each of 18, 50-L plastic rectangular containers. Six containers were placed into each temperature condition of three 1.3 ton concrete flow-through raceway systems. Abalone were daily fed with either the formulated diet or dry sea tangle once a day to satiation level. Survival was affected by feed type, but not by temperature. Weight gain of abalone was affected by both feed type and temperature. Regardless of temperature, weight gain of abalone fed the formulated diet was better than that of abalone fed the dry sea tangle. Shell length and width were affected by feed type, but not by temperature. In conclusion, weight gain of abalone was affected by both feed type and temperature, but feed type had a stronger effect than temperature. The formulated diet achieved better growth of abalone than the dry sea tangle regardless of temperature and 20 C seemed to be recommendable for abalone among temperature tested.

Background: Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the most common cause of invasive neonatal infections in developed countries. The incidence of early-onset GBS disease in Korea is known to be much lower than that in other developed countries; however neonatal GBS disease has been frequently reported in recent years in Korea. This retrospective study sought to determine the current status and clinical presentation of neonatal GBS disease in Korea. Methods: From January 1996 through December 2005, GBS cases (n= 157) diagnosed in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or other sterile body fluids among infants

Background: The absolute benefit of drug-eluting stents (DES) in low-risk patients and lesions is not well established. Hypothesis: The long term clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention in a single coronary artery disease may not be affected by the type of stent. Methods: This study assessed and compared 2-year clinical outcomes of 304 consecutive patients (147 BMS patients and 157 DES patients) treated with a single coronary stent (4.0 mm) for single de novo large coronary artery disease in 3 referral cardiac centers. The primary outcome was a composite of major adverse cardiac events at 2 years after the index procedure. Results: The reference vessel diameter was similar in both groups (3.92 ± 0.29 mm in BMS vs 3.95 ± 0.24 mm in DES, P = 0.50). Late loss was larger in the BMS group (1.04 ± 0.83 mm vs 0.73 ± 0.91 mm in DES, P = 0.03). The incidence of major adverse cardiac events at the 2-year clinical follow-up was very low, 24 of 304 patients (7.9%), regardless of stent type deployed (7.5% in BMS vs 8.3% in DES, P = 0.83). The rate of target vessel revascularization was also similar in both groups (4.8% in BMS vs 5.7% in DES, P = 0.80). Conclusions: Two-year clinical outcomes after PCI with a single large coronary stent (4.0 mm) were excellent. The clinical outcomes were not affected by the type of stent used. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.

Background The advent of drug-eluting stent (DES) use has raised concerns regarding later occurring stent thrombosis, especially very late stent thrombosis (VLST), and little is known about long-term clinical outcomes after VLST occurrence. Hypothesis Long-term clinical outcomes after detection of VLST may be poor. Method We evaluated 3572 consecutive patients who received DES implantation from May 2004 to July 2007 at 3 hospitals. The primary outcomes were a composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), target-lesion revascularization (TLR), and target-vessel revascularization (TVR) after VLST occurrence. Results We identified 19 patients (0.53%) with angiographically documented stent thrombosis developing over 1 year after DES implantation. The mean time to VLST occurrence was 899 days (899 ± 353). Discontinuation of antiplatelet drugs was noted in 4 (21%) patients and the average duration of discontinuation was 4 days. Clinical presentations of VLST were mainly MI (17 patients, 89%). Balloon angioplasty was only performed in 12 patients (63%) and stent implantation in 7 patients (37%). Mean follow-up duration from VLST occurrence was 620 days (620±256). During clinical follow-up after VLST occurrence, no cardiac deaths or MIs were detected. Target-vessel revascularization was done in 2 (11%) patients and TLR in 1 patient (6%). Major adverse cardiac events occurred in 3 (16%) patients during long-term clinical follow-up. Conclusions Clinical presentation of VLST after DES implantation is associated with serious adverse events, such as MI. Long-term follow-up outcomes after VLST occurrence appear unfavorable and more data from larger studies are warranted. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

BACKGROUND: The data of long‐term outcomes of sirolimus‐eluting stent (SES) according to lesion location of unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) is scarce. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long‐term outcomes after implantation of the SES in LMCA. METHODS: A total of 84 patients (51 males) who had undergone SES implantation for the treatment of native LMCA stenosis were enrolled. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on angiographic lesion location: those with significant stenosis in the ostium and/or body (group 1; n = 39) and those involving bifurcation (group 2; n = 45). RESULTS: All of the group 1 patients were treated with simple lesion coverage while different stenting techniques were used in group 2 (cross‐over: 44.8%, T: 6.7%, kissing: 37.8%, and crush techniques: 11.1%). The 8‐month quantitative angiographic findings and in‐hospital and 2 year rates of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were compared between the 2 groups. Although angiographic success and in‐hospital MACE rates were similar in both groups with 1 cardiac death due to acute stent thrombosis in group 2, at 2‐year follow‐up, the MACE rate was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 at 2 years (22.2% vs 2.6%, respectively, P = 0.008). Coronary angiography revealed a significantly higher binary restenosis rate in group 2 compared with group 1 (20% vs 0%, respectively, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Interventional treatment using SES in left main lesions showed favorable short‐term and long‐term outcomes in selected patients with lesion location being an important determinant of clinical and angiographic outcomes. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of quinidine-induced QT prolongation in healthy Caucasian and Korean subjects to investigate interethnic differences in susceptibility to drug-induced arrhythmia. Methods A randomized, double-blind crossover study was conducted in 24 (12 male and 12 female) Korean and 13 (seven male and six female) Caucasian subjects. After a 20 min infusion of quinidine (4 mg kg−1) or saline, the serum concentration of quinidine and the QT interval corrected by Bazett's formula (QTc) were monitored. The dynamic data were analyzed by means of a population modelling approach using NONMEM. Results There were no statistical differences in the pharmacokinetic profiles of quinidine between ethnic groups. The QTc values in Caucasians were higher than those in Koreans at the same quinidine concentrations, especially at higher quinidine concentrations and in female subjects. According to an Emax model , the population modelling approach revealed that E0 (ms) was related to gender (408 + [34*(1 − Sex)]; 1 for male and 0 for female), ΔEmax (ms) was related to ethnicity ((136*fETHN) + Cfemale: fETHN = 1 for Koreans and 1.26 for Caucasians; Cfemale was 106 only for Caucasian females), and EC50 was estimated to be 3.13 µm. Conclusions These results suggest that Korean subjects were less sensitive to quinidine-induced QT prolongation than Caucasian subjects, and that this trend was particularly true for females. Further population-based studies are merited to characterize more completely the ethnic differences in drug-induced QT prolongation between Asians and other ethnic groups.

Summary Conflict-free channel assignment is a classic and fundamental problem in wireless ad hoc networks. It seeks an assignment of the fewest channels to a given set of radio nodes with specified transmission ranges without causing either primary collision or secondary collision. It is NP-hard even when all nodes are located in a plane and have the same transmission radii. We observe that a prior analysis of the approximation ratio of a classic greedy heuristic, FIRST-FIT in smallest-last ordering, is erroneous. In this paper, we provide a rigorous and tighter analysis of this heuristic and other greedy FIRST-FIT heuristics. We obtain an upper bound of 13 on the approximation ratios of both FIRST-FIT in smallest-last ordering and FIRST-FIT in radius-decreasing ordering. Such upper bound can be reduced to 12 if all nodes have quasi-uniform transmission radii. When all nodes have equal transmission radii, we obtain an upper bound of 7 on the approximation ratios of FIRST-FIT in smallest-last ordering, FIRST-FIT in distance-increasing ordering, and FIRST-FIT in lexicographic ordering. In addition, for nodes with equal transmission radii, we present a spatial divide-and-conquer heuristic with approximation ratios of 12. All these heuristics, except FIRST-FIT in smallest-last ordering, are modified to heuristics for maximum independent set with the same approximation ratios. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In this paper, web-based micromachining systems are compared with a commercial CAD/CAM system from the point of educational usability. The web-based systems included in this study were MIcromachining System (MIMS) and SmartFab. In the MIMS architecture, a 3D model in STL format was read using the web browser, the file was sent to the web server where toolpath planner was located, and the NC code was reviewed by the designer through the web connection. In the SmartFab system, SolidWorks was used as the design interface with modified menus that support input parameters for micromachining. This additional function was available by SolidWorks API that provided links to the same toolpath planner as MIMS. In the commercial CAD/CAM case, without using any web connection, SolidWorks and CATIA were used for design, and PowerMill was used as a CAM tool. For each system, accessibility, user-friendliness, toolpath-reliability, and processing time were compared. Total of 91 students tested these systems in an undergraduate CAD class, and the user's feedback showed better performance of the web-based system in accessibility, user-friendliness, and processing time. However, reliability of the web-based system should be improved to be more useful design and manufacturing system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 14: 169–177, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20076

Leaf blight symptom caused by Gibberella moniliformis was observed in the seedlings of Kentucky bluegrass (cv. Perfection) in Jinju, Korea, in January 2013. The symptoms first appeared as brown to yellow lesions on leaves, which later became white and bleached. The pathogen was isolated from turfgrass leaves and identified as G. moniliformis by using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 and ITS4 sequences of rRNA. G. moniliformis was confirmed by a pathogenicity test, and the causal agent was reisolated from infected turfgrass.

Triploidy was induced in two selected lines of autotransgenic mud Ioach Misgurnus mizolepis containing no heterospecific genetic material. Cytological evaluations, including cellular DNA content, chromosome count, and erythrocyte measurement, proved the successful induction of triploidy. Patterns of Southern blot hybridization and tissue distribution of GH mRNA in autotransgenic triploids were similar to those of diploid autotransgenics. The autotransgenic triploids also displayed growth acceleration 22–25 times that of nontransgenic diploids, although the acceleration was relatively modest when compared to their diploid transgenic counterparts (more than a 30-fold increase). Significantly improved feed conversion was observed in both autotransgenic diploids and triploids, ranging from 1.8 to 2.0 times that in nontransgenics. Autotransgenic triploids were sterile at gonadal level, evidenced by significantly retarded and abnormal gametogenesis. With the persistence of accelerated growth and enhanced feed conversion efficiency, the autotransgenic triploid mud loach may offer economic benefits to aquaculture. Total absence of heterospecific genetic material and sterility may also allay public concern regarding food safety and environmental risk of crossbreeding between transgenics and conspecific populations.

The oxidative stress theory of aging is well supported by accumulated evidence from various aging intervention studies. Early antioxidant supplementation studies indicate life span extensions by antioxidant feeding in various experimental organisms. Data collected under tightly controlled conditions show that the feeding of 2-mercaptoethanol (0.25%) effectively prolonged both the median and maximum life spans of mice. Evidence has been obtained showing dietary vitamin E to protect against oxidative damage to DNA in human lymphocytes and white blood cells. Other clear evidence of vitamin E's protective effect has been seen in its suppressive action of LDL oxidation both in vitro and in vivo. New evidence on the physiological roles of antioxidants, in addition to their well-known role as free radical scavengers, is emerging from recent research. For instance, the beneficial effect of vitamin E in improving glucose transport and the insulin sensitivity and its putative role as a regulator of cell proliferation should open new research dimensions. This presentation will review some of the anti-aging aspects of dietary antioxidant supplementation, as well as the potential problems of its long-term administration that stem from our lack of knowledge about free radical metabolism and the regulation of endogenous defense mechanisms.

Summary Broadcast is an essential operation in wireless sensor networks. Because of the necessity of energy conservation, minimizing the number of transmissions is always a challenging issue in broadcasting scheme design. This paper studies the minimum-transmission broadcast problem in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks where each sensor operates under active/dormant cycles. To address the problem, our proposed scheme, Broadcast Redundancy Minimization Scheduling (BRMS), finds a set of forwarding nodes, which minimizes the number of broadcast transmissions. Then, it constructs a forest of sub-trees based on the relationship between each forwarding node and its corresponding receivers. A broadcast tree is constructed ultimately by connecting all sub-trees with a minimum number of connectors. Theoretical analysis shows that BRMS obtains a lower approximation ratio as well as time complexity compared with existing schemes. A set of extensive simulations is conducted to evaluate the performance of BRMS. The results reveal that BRMS outperforms others and its solution is close to the lower bound of the problem in terms of the total number of transmissions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Novel thrombin inhibitors incorporating thienylamidine at the P1 position were designed and synthesized. These compounds are potent, trypsin-selective and efficacious in the rat model of venous thrombosis. The proposed P1 binding mode in the thrombin active site was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.

The marine metabolites showed α- configu-ration, but the terrestrial metabolites showed β- configuration.It is noteworthy that glycopyranosyl glycerol was detectedonly from blue-green algi among the family of the marinemicroalgi, Chlorophyceae (green algae), Bacillariophyceae(diatom) and Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae) from theTLC and NMR examinations. Therefore, this is important in a chemotaxonomic view-point of the marine microalgae.Acknowledgment . The authors thank Professor SungBum Hur, The Korean Marine Microalgal Culture Center,Institute of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University,for providing microalgal samples and for allowing the use ofthe microalgal bank's facilities. NMR and Mass spectral datawere kindly provided by the Korea Basic Science Institute,Taejeon and Pusan. This research was financially supportedby grants from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisher-ies (1999) and from Pukyong National University, made inthe 1998 program year. References 1. Metting Jr, F. B. J. Indust. Microbiol. 1996, 17, 477. 2. Matsunaga, T.; Takeyama, H. J. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1995,No. 9, 669. 3. Microalgae, Oscillatoria sp. (strain No. KMCC CY-13) wasobtained .from the Korean Marine Microalgal Culture Center,Institute of .Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University. 4. The strain was cultured for 31 days at 23