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In early project stages often no simulation results are available for dividing wall columns. Hence, shortcut methods are used to estimate suitable vapor and liquid splits. In a previous paper it was shown that Vmin diagrams are a suited tool to satisfy this need. However, it has turned out that it shows weaknesses for columns with finite or non-optimal stages. This contribution closes that gap and presents an extended approach to derive suited initial guesses. For this purpose, the original Vmin diagram is combined with a heuristic approach to calculate Pareto-optimal column designs resulting in a stage-adapted Vmin diagram. A comparative study shows that the new approach is a powerful tool to generate reliable guesses for multiple dividing wall column simulations with finite stage numbers.

Urban rail transit, especially the subway, has been booming in China for a decade, imposing safety challenges on all related parties. Drivers’ behaviours are particularly crucial. Typically, drivers’ actions are recorded by cameras, and the surveillance videos are evaluated manually. Current driver behaviour recognition methods mostly target the bus or car drivers and can hardly be implemented for subways, because subway drivers follow a rigid working code that needs a time sequence of movements to describe. In this study, we propose a recognition model to automatically recognise behaviours from single‐frame images that are extracted from surveillance videos; second, we convert the recognition results into time series diagrams, thus the recognised behaviours can be interpreted and analysed statistically and effectively. The validation experiments demonstrate that the convolutional neural network model can recognise 96.20% driver behaviours, and time series diagrams add time information to the behaviours, providing a convincible reference for subway driver evaluation.

A new method, multivariate similarity clustering analysis (MSCA) method, was established for biogeographical distribution analyzing. General similarity formula (GSF), the core of MSCA method, can be used to calculate the similarity coefficients between 2 and among any ≥ 3 geographical units. Taking the global insects as example, we introduced the steps to use of GSF and consequent clustering processes of this method in details. Firstly, geographical distributions of certain taxa (e.g. Insecta) were categorized into basic geographical units (BGUs); Secondly, similarity coefficients between 2 and among n BGUs were calculated using GSF. Thirdly, hierarchical clustering was conducted according to values of similarity coefficients (from high to low); then a clustering diagram was generated. Finally, a framework of biogeographical division map was established for the target taxa (e.g. Insecta). We concluded that the MSCA method was efficiently applied in analyzing the biogeographical distribution of given biological taxa; the geographical regions regarding global insects were categorized into 7 Realms with 20 sub-Realms based on the results of MSCA method.

In an automobile gear box, each tooth is a module with regard to the quality system of the gear manufacturer. The functional modules and the way in which these modules interact (in other words, the inter‐module communication) are conveyors of the semantic of the system of systems (SoS), in the same way as they are for the constituent systems. “Function” and “interaction“ are two inseparable aspects of the semantic. The fundamental property of the recursive diagram, illustrated in this chapter, is that the central pattern, {Exchange and Coordination Mechanism (ECM), specific functions, common functions} constructed around the ECM, is repeated recursively inside each of the system blocks, until the atomic elements constituting the SoS are reached. The chapter also discusses the laws of interoperability, with a focus on the control of errors.

This work presents the first in-depth study of Aqueous Three-Phase Systems (A3PS) with the main purpose of unveiling their behaviour, hence contributing to the development of this new field. Thus, a complete definition of a quaternary system was carried through by describing all the regions in detail to represent them later on in a regular-tetrahedral diagram. The three aqueous faces of the tetrahedron demonstrated an undeviating influence in the segregation capacity. Furthermore, a method for comparing Aqueous Biphasis Systems (ABS) immiscibilities was set up in order to allow the evaluation and detection of the "limiting ABS" for the three-phase region. Finally, all this information was compiled and utilised to obtain a new strategy for an A3PS rational design, which can be applied with ABS libraries or in an experimental approach. In this sense, this strategy represents an undoubted advance towards future studies and development of A3PS, as this sequential application of the constructed knowledge is assumed to save time and resources.

Cause and effect is a basic knowledge driven by theoretical and empirical considerations. Several tools have been proposed to map cause and effect relationships, with some more heuristics some highly quantitative. In this section we cover the Ishikawa fishbone diagram, structural equation models, and Bayesian networks. Keywords: scatter plots; Ishikawa diagrams; structural equation models; Bayesian networks; integrated management models

This paper shows that the 'Edgeworth box' diagram, as presented in textbooks, was not devised by Francis Ysidro Edgeworth but by Vilfredo Pareto. The scholarly literature on the derivation of the box diagram published over the last thirty years has continued to attribute the diagram to Edgeworth, textbooks have implied the same attribution when noting that it is named after Edgeworth. This new history of the Edgeworth box diagram, however, provides teachers with a basis for overviewing the derivation of the Edgeworth box when introducing their students to that diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A solid-state electrochemical cell with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as the electrolyte is used to measure accurately thermodynamic properties of PrRhO3 in the range of temperature from 875 to 1325 K. The standard Gibbs energy of formation of PrRhO3 with orthorhombically distorted perovskite structure from its binary oxides beta-Rh2O3 and hexagonal Pr2O3 is given by, Delta Gf mml:mfenced close=) open=(oxomml:mfenced close=) open=(separators=+/- 50mml:mfenced close='')'' open=''(separators=Jmol-1=-67813+5.299mml:mfenced close=) open=''(Separators=T/K. Invoking the Newmann-Kopp rule, the standard enthalpy of formation from elements and standard entropy of PrRhO3 at 298.15 K are evaluated: Delta Hfo=-1175.53mml:mfenced close=)open=(separators=+/- 3.26kJmol-1 and So=108.89mml:mfenced close=)open=''('' separators=+/- 0.1.3J mol-1K-1. Phase relations in the system Pr-Rh-O at 1200 K are computed from thermodynamic data. Calorimetric data on enthalpy of formation of two intermetallic compounds are combined with the semi-empirical model of Miedema and phase diagram to estimate Gibbs energy of formation for the intermetallics and liquid alloys. An isothermal section of ternary phase diagram, an oxygen potential-composition diagram in 2-D and a 3-D chemical potential diagram for the system Pr-Rh-O at 1200 K are presented. In addition, temperature-composition diagrams at different oxygen pressures are developed. The diagrams provide a road map for design and optimization of processing routes for catalysts based on Rh.

This paper adresses the numerical modelling of the solidification of a binary alloy which obeys a liquidus-solidus phase diagram. In order to capture the moving melting front, we introduce a Lagrange projection scheme based a random sampling projection. Using a finite volume formulation, we define accurate numerical fluxes for the temperature and concentration fields which guarantee the sharp treatment of the boundary conditions at the moving front, especially the jump of the concentration according to the liquidus-solidus diagram. We provide some numerical illustrations which assess the good behaviour of the method: maximum principle, stability under CLF condition, numerical convergence toward self-similar solutions, ability to handle two melting fronts.

Summary: How do diagrams and illustrations affect mathematical problem solving? Past research suggests that diagrams should promote correct performance. However, illustrations may provide a supportive context for problem solving, or they may distract students with seductive details. Moreover, effects may not be uniform across student subgroups. This study assessed the effects of diagrams and illustrations on undergraduates' trigonometry problem solving. We used a 2 (Diagram Presence) × 2 (Illustration Presence) within-subjects design, and our analysis considered students' mathematics ability and attitudes towards mathematics. Participants solved problems more accurately when they included diagrams. This effect was stronger for students who had more positive mathematics attitudes, especially when there was an illustration present. Illustrations were beneficial for students with high mathematics ability but detrimental for students with lower ability. Considering individual differences in ability and attitude is essential for understanding the effects of different types of visual representations on problem solving.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This paper aims to present a practical technique for the synthesis of proportional controllers for continuous time control systems. This technique depends on the generalization of the Nyquist stability criterion and promises soft computing of the crossing direction of the diagram where the plot crosses the real axis on the complex plane.

A probabilistic fatigue assessment diagram is proposed as a tool to guarantee a prescribed number of applied fatigue cycles with a conventional low probability of failure. The fatigue failure assessment curve is given by a power law described by two parameters: the fatigue initiation resistance and the fatigue initiation exponent. From the targeted applied stress range, it is possible to find the probability of failure and its associated safety factor. An example of fatigue life duration of a pipe steel submitted to hydrogen embrittlement is given.

When the process is working normally, process operating performance optimality assessment makes a further judgment on how well the process is running currently. Sustained optimal process operating performance guarantees the greatest economic benefits. However, the operating performance may deteriorate from the optimal status due to the production condition shifts. It is crucial to accomplish operating performance optimality assessment strategies for a deeper understanding of the process status. A Dynamic Causality Diagram (DCD) explicitly and intuitively describes the causal correlations between variables. However, an actual process has both quantitative and qualitative measurements, which makes the conventional DCD imprecise or even invalid. To handle the above problems, a modified DCD is proposed to assess a complicated process with coexistence of quantitative and qualitative information. An operating performance optimality assessing strategy based on the proposed DCD is then established. The proposed method is successfully applied to a gold hydrometallurgy process, and the operating performance optimality assessment result is satisfied. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Summary The inverse pole figure (IPF) map is a routinely displayed output in microtexture studies, interpreted using the attached colour legend/diagram. An area-preserving relation between the IPF domain and RGB colour domain has been developed here, and the resultant IPF colour diagrams of different crystal point group symmetries are presented.

Charge transfer (CT) state separation is one of the most critical processes in the functioning of an organic solar cell. In this article, we study a bilayer of TQ1 and PC71 BM molecules presenting disorder at the interface, obtained by means of Molecular Dynamics. The study of the CT state splitting can be first analyzed through the CT state splitting diagram, introduced in a previous work. Through this analysis, we identify the possibility of CT state splitting within Marcus Theory in function of the electric field. Once the right range of electric fields has been identified, we perform Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to estimate percentages and times for the CT state splitting and the free charge carriers collection. Statistical information extracted from these simulations allows us to highlight the importance of polarization and to test the limits of the predictions given by the CT state splitting diagram. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Summary In the field of traffic flow, speed, density, time, and distance are fundamental variables analyzed to predict traffic conditions. Reliable sources of information are gauged using tested mathematical approaches that have been developed. However, a fundamental diagram that could serve as a basis for expression techniques has not been devised. Red–green–blue (RGB) color modeling was used to overcome this limitation in traffic flow. The purpose of this study is to provide a way to understand traffic flow conditions based on features of three traffic flow elements simultaneously. The limitation of three-dimensional expressions in two-dimensional paper was extended to multi-dimensional information. Information on speed, density, and flow were combined into a single RGB color and given the name RGB flow-density space time-distance space. This cancels out the effect of each individual's vehicular trajectories and contains five major components of a specific road section. The new gizmo aims to provide information on traffic flow conditions in transition and to stimulate further approaches related to the predictions and understanding of traffic flow. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Summary This study uses a semi-active viscous damper with three different control laws to reshape the structural hysteresis loop and mitigate structural response, referred to as 1–4, 1–3 and 2–4 devices, respectively. The 1–4 control law provides damping in all four quadrants of the force-displacement graph (it behaves like a standard viscous damper), the 1–3 control law provides resisting forces only in the first and third quadrants, and the 2–4 control law provides damping in the second and fourth quadrants. This paper first outlines the linear single degree of freedom structural performance when the three types of semi-active viscous dampers are applied. The results show that simultaneous reduction in both displacement and base-shear demand is only available with the semi-active 2–4 device. To enable guidelines for adding a 2–4 device into the design procedure, damping reduction factors (RFξs) are developed, as they play an important role and provide a means of linking devices to design procedures. Three methods are presented to obtain RFξ and equivalent viscous damping of a structure with a 2–4 semi-active viscous damper. In the first method, the relationship between RFξ and the damping of a semi-active structure can be obtained by calculating the area under the force-deformation diagram. The second and third method modified the Eurocode8 formula of RFξ and smoothed results from analysis, respectively. Finally, a simple method is proposed to incorporate the design or retrofit of structures with simple, robust and reliable 2–4 semi-active viscous dampers using standard design approaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Real traffic data are very versatile and are hard to explain with the so-called standard fundamental diagram. A simple microscopic model can show that the heterogeneity of traffic results in a reduced mean flow and that the reduction is proportional to the density variance. Standard averaging techniques allow us to evaluate this reduction without having to describe the complex microscopic interactions. Using a second equation for the variance results in a two-dimensional hyperbolic system that can be put in conservative form. The Riemann problem is completely solved in the case of a parabolic fundamental diagram, and the solutions are compared with the famous second-order Aw–Rascle–Zhang model in a simulation of lane reduction. Adding a diffusion term results in entropy production, and the diffusive model is studied as well. Finally, a numerical scheme is used and converges to the analytical solution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

New standardized V -band light curves (LCs) for the eclipsing binary SV Cam have been modeled using the PHOEBE program (v. 0.31a). Absolute parameters of the stellar components were then determined, enabling them to be positioned on the mass-radius diagram. Analysis of eclipse minima timing data (O – C diagrams) indicated two cyclic periods of 48.0 and 23.3 yr. These cyclic variations of the orbital period are interpreted in terms of motion of a third body around the system and magnetic activity cycle modulating the orbital period of SV Cam via the Applegate (1992) mechanism. The use of the Applegate model for SV Cam has been checked by examining the long term brightness variation and calculating some important parameters of this system. The results of these calculations favor the modulation of the orbital period by the Applegate mechanism. (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

To measure the relative gamut sizes of wide-gamut displays, it is herein proposed that the CIE 1931 xy chromaticity diagram be used rather than the nominally perceptually uniform CIE 1976 u′v′ chromaticity diagram. High correlations were found between the area-coverage ratios in the xy diagram and the volume-coverage ratios in the CIE 1976 L*a*b* color space for major standard wide-gamut color spaces. It is also demonstrated herein that performing planimetry in the uniform u′v′ diagram does not yield accurate relative display gamut sizes, even though the large sizes obtained using the u′v′ diagram are often reported regardless of the fact that its uniformity is valid only when the luminance factor is constant. The single display gamut size metric using the xy diagram will facilitate the unbiased development of wide-gamut displays.

Some features of melting curves and fluid-crystal phase transitions in complex plasmas are under discussion. The base for a consideration is the well-known phase diagram of dusty plasma (Hamaguchi, 1997) for an equilibrium charged system with the Yukawa potential in Γ − κ plane (Γ is the Coulomb non-ideality parameter,κ is a screening parameter). This phase diagram is converted for a one-component Yukawa system in ordinary density - temperature plane. A melting curve is converted for this system in temperature - pressure plane. There are some density gap estimations based on a hypothesis of similar melting properties in Yukawa systems and Soft Spheres systems. The initial phase diagram is also converted for two one-temperature models of complex plasmas in density – temperature plane. Here simplified variants of complex plasmas models are considered as a thermodynamically equilibrium ensemble of classical Coulomb particles: a 2-component electroneutral system of macro- and microions (+Z, −1) and a 3-component electroneutral mixture of macroions and two kinds of microions (+Z, −1, +1). The resulting phase diagram for (+Z,−1) or (−Z,+1) in ln n − ln T plane has a form of a linear combination of crystalline and fluid zones separated by the boundaries Γ = const. Parameters and locations of these zones are analyzed in dependence on macroion charge number Z. There are huge negative pressure and negative compressibility areas in the initial phase diagram if one uses equations of state (Hamaguchi,1997) and (Khrapak, 2014). Thus, questions of thermodynamic stability and an existence of an additional phase transition gas-liquid are discussed. (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Forecast evaluation is inherently multidimensional, so that graphical representations of verification datasets, which can simultaneously show multiple dimensions of forecast verification, are helpful for diagnosing the strengths and weakness of the forecasts. This paper presents three new diagnostic verification diagrams for settings that previously lacked them. The H-F diagram is a graphical representation of the likelihood–base rate factorization, and the T-M diagram is a graphical representation of the calibration–refinement factorization, of the joint distribution of forecasts and observations in the setting of non-probabilistic forecasts for dichotomous events. The Conditional Boxplots diagram represents graphically the calibration–refinement factorization for probability forecasts of continuous outcomes, where each forecast is itself a continuous probability distribution function. The three new diagrams are described, and illustrated with example verification datasets.

In this work, we present the method followed to construct a pseudophase diagram of two phospholipids: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol). Two different techniques, DSC and AFM, have been used based in the determination of the onset (Tonset ) and completion (Toffset ) temperatures of the gel-to-liquid crystalline phases (Lβ →Lα ), the first from the endotherms from liposomes and the second from the topographic images of supported lipid bilayers. The features of both phase diagrams are discussed emphasizing the influence of Ca2+ presence and the substrate (mica) on the transition undergone by the phospholipid mixture. Microsc. Res. Tech. 80:4-10, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A PAMBE (plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy) growth diagram of InGaN is established for the metal-face (0001) orientation at 575 °C. This growth diagram allows identifying different growth regimes during the epitaxy of InGaN, namely the N-rich, the Ga-rich, the intermediate In-rich, and the In-accumulation regimes. InGaN compositional grades are then grown by ramping the Ga and In fluxes in parallel to remain in either the intermediate In-rich or the N-rich regime. The two samples exhibit distinct structural characteristics, surface morphologies, and optical properties. The growth diagram proves to be a useful tool in controlling the metal fluxes and thereby the stoichiometry conditions on the surface during the growth of compositionally graded layers.

Baldwin (1982) wrote that “the distribution of sources in the radio luminosity, P, overall physical size, D, diagram” could be considered as “the radio astronomer's H-R diagram”. However, unlike the case of stars, not only the intrinsic properties of the jets, but also those of the host galaxy and the intergalactic medium are relevant to explain the evolutionary tracks of radio radio sources. In this contribution I review the current status of our understanding of the evolution of radio sources from a theoretical and numerical perspective, using the P -D diagram as a framework. An excess of compact (linear size ≤10 kpc) sources could be explained by low-power jets being decelerated within the host galaxy, as shown by recent numerical simulations. Finally, I discuss the possible tracks that radio sources may follow within this diagram, and the physical processes that can explain the different tracks. (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The application of Time–Temperature Superposition (TTS) for the determination of isochronous stress–strain diagrams of textile-reinforced thermoplastic composites under compressive load in laminate thickness direction is evaluated. Creep experiments are carried out at various temperature and load levels. The creep curves are assembled to master curves using horizontal and vertical shifting. These curves are compared to long-term creep data and an isochronous stress–strain diagram is determined.

A new graphical tool has been developed for the HEN design of WAHEN. An ΔH-F diagram is proposed to deal with the heat exchange matches. Nonisothermal stream mixing and splitting can be achieved by the transformation of stream composite curve in the ΔH-F diagram. A matching composite curve is proposed for the design of HEN with parallel structure. The structure of HEN can be simplified by adjusting the shape of the matching composite curve. Both small scale and large scale examples are illustrated. Results show that the proposed method is as good as the previous methods for small scale problem, while it gets a better result for large scale problem. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2015

Numerical solution and chaotic behaviors of the fractional-order simplified Lorenz hyperchaotic system are investigated in this paper. The solution of the fractional-order hyperchaotic system is obtained by employing Adomian decomposition method. Lyapunov characteristic exponents algorithm for the fractional-order chaotic system is designed. Dynamics of the fractional-order hyperchaotic system are analyzed by means of bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov characteristic exponents, C0 complexity, and chaos diagram. It shows that this system has rich dynamical behaviors, and it is more complex when the fractional order q is small. It lays a foundation for the practical application of the fractional-order hyperchaotic systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

SUMMARY This paper describes a method of predicting the life span of the dies used in motor manufacture from soft magnetic composites (SMCs). In the present study, a clawtooth motor was used. The method involves performing a stress analysis of a die followed by fatigue testing of test pieces. In the analysis, the SMC was assumed to be in powder form and its yield function was derived by a simple method. In addition to the analysis, we describe a simpler and more effective method in which the properties of the SMC are treated as boundary conditions. In the fatigue tests, we used test pieces that simulated the shape and construction material of the die. To predict the life span of the die, we evaluate the SN diagram, which represents the relationship between the maximum stress and fatigue life with respect to the stress generated in the die. The life expectancy of a new die, which is about 100 cycles of use, is found to agree substantially with its actual life. Furthermore, we explain how to extend the life span of a die to the targeted life span, namely, more than 200,000 cycles of use, by changing its shape to reduce stress.

Programmed step electric field strength is a simple-to-use technique that has already been reported to be effective to enhance the efficiency or speed of DNA electrophoresis. However, a global understanding and the details of this technique are still vague. In this paper, we investigated the influence of programmed step electric field strength by theoretical calculation and concentrated on a basic format named as two-step electric field strength. Both subtypes of two-step electric field strength conditions were considered. The important parameters, such as peak spacing, peak width, resolution, and migration time, were calculated in theory to understand the performance of DNA electrophoresis under programmed step electric field strength. The influence of two-step electric field strength on DNA electrophoresis was clearly revealed on a diagram of resolution versus migration time. Both resolution and speed of DNA electrophoresis under two-step electric field strength conditions are simply expressed by the shape of curves in the diagram. The possible shapes of curve were explored by calculation and shown in this paper. The subtype II of two-step electric field strength brings drastic variation on the resolution. Its limitations of enhancement and deterioration of resolution were predicted in theory.

Starch granules viewed under a polarizing microscope may exhibit vivid interference colors – how can they be measured? A tilting compensator was used to generate interference colors, they were measured by spectrophotometry (400–700 nm at 10 nm intervals), and the weighted ordinate method was used to calculate chromaticity coordinates. There was a reasonable correspondence between the subjective terms used to describe interference colors, and those used for the CIE diagram. Three different charts of interference colors were measured by fiber-optics – only one was close to the interference colors of the tilting compensator (r = 0.805 for CIE x, and r = 0.874 for CIE y, both P

Equations for the electron Green's function of the two-dimensional Hubbard model, derived using the strong coupling diagram technique, are self-consistently solved for different electron concentrations n and tight-binding dispersions. Comparison of spectral functions calculated for the ratio of Hubbard repulsion to the nearest neighbor hopping with Monte Carlo data shows not only qualitative, but in some cases quantitative agreement in position of maxima. General spectral shapes, their evolution with momentum and filling in the wide range are also similar. At half-filling and for the next nearest neighbor hopping constant the Mott transition occurs at , where is the initial bandwidth. This value is close to those obtained in the cases of the semi-elliptical density of states and for . In the case and the Mott gap reaches maximum width at , and it is larger than that at for half-filling. In all considered cases positions of spectral maxima are close to those in the Hubbard-I approximation.