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To find the optimal magnetic components designing process within the dimensional limitation, different inductor arrangements are developed. Different combinations of air‐gaps and material arrangements are used within the limited bobbin space to improve the saturation current capacity within the already set dimension. In this study, the mechanism requirement set at 1U height is the limitation. There are two center‐pole material cores, and air‐gap distribution arrangement in the magnetic components. The saturation current value, magnetic flux density, flux fringing, and power loss of inductors are investigated with simulation, equation calculation and actual circuit measurement. The magnetic distribution affects the inductor performance because of the different relative permeability values, skin effect, proximity effect, and fringing effect. This research uses equations to find the magnetic flux density and the fringing magnetic flux, and uses Comsol Multiphysics® software to simulate the magnetic field. A 500 W boost power factor corrections (PFC) converter topology is used as an example experiment to compare and verify the inductors selected with proposed design methodology. Finally, the most appropriate core is chosen to implement the two‐stage AC/DC power supply products to improve the power supply performance.

This paper addresses how students design multimodal digital text when making digital stories in school. Drawing on the perspective of ‘multiliteracies’, multimodal analysis of video recordings was used to understand the data. Findings revealed that (a) multimodal digital text making requires particular digital and modal text-making skills and knowledge, such as knowledge of photography, film, film editing, image searching, and audio recording; (b) students' prior knowledge was crucial for mastering the digital and modal affordances offered when making digital stories; and (c) making multimodal digital texts in school offers increased opportunities for students to perform and succeed in text making. These findings point to the need for schools to offer education that makes it possible for all students to gain knowledge and master skills needed for contemporary text making. Such knowledge goes beyond skills and practices needed when making paper-based text, and borders on other disciplines such as art and technology. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic Text making in the 21st century entails working in various modes, such as images, writing, and video, and is often performed with digital resources. Today's students must be competent in designing multimodal texts that are commonly associated with digital technology and multimedia. Students' modal choices when creating digital texts are influenced by prior experiences and knowledge of text-making practices obtained outside school. What this paper adds This paper provides examples of the differing prerequisites of students designing a digital multimodal story. This paper offers insights into the particular digital and modal text-making skills and knowledge necessary for students to become competent text makers. Multimodal digital texts activities in school offers increased opportunities for students to perform and succeed in text making. Implications for practice and/or policy The results of this study have implications for literacy practices as well what is included in the literacy curriculum. This study provides implications for education that intends to reduce inequalities in students' prerequisites concerning making digital multimodal texts, and examines the text-making experiences, knowledge, and skills students already possess upon entering the classroom. Classroom-based instruction and opportunities for digital creation can bridge the gap between student's informal text-making activities and formal text-making activities at school and help to close the digital divide among students.

Technology and revolutions have powered the growth of Industry 4.0, the fourth industrial uprising. Industry 4.0 inspires progress and expansion through its efficiency capacity, as given in the literature. To improve the design quality and design efficiency of construction engineering units, this study adopts Building Information Modelling technology concepts. The implementation of Building Information Modelling in construction developments includes the digital demonstration of the fleshly and efficient features of the constituents that organise a production project. The centre for International Finance Corporation Standards' research is to achieve the goal of collaborative work in the whole life cycle of buildings and the Building Information Modelling technology building collaboration platform. Current challenges and limitations of the typical Building Information Modelling architectural collaboration platform based on the Building Information Modelling application are discussed in detail with some possible suggestions. The research shows that the development of a Building Information Modelling architectural collaboration platform based on the Building Information Modelling application software is very critical. The construction collaboration platform based on Building Information Modelling technology can achieve a higher degree of data sharing and strengthen the coordination of the work of various agencies in construction engineering.

Based on a collaborative visualization design process involving sensitive historical data and historiographical expertise, we investigate the relevance of ethical principles in visualization design. While fundamental ethical norms like truthfulness and accuracy are already well-described and common goals in visualization design, datasets that are accompanied by specific ethical concerns need to be processed and visualized with an additional level of carefulness and thought. There has been little research on adequate visualization design incorporating such considerations. To address this gap we present insights from Topography of Violence, a visualization project with the Jewish Museum Berlin that focuses on a dataset of more than 4,500 acts of violence against Jews in Germany between 1930 and 1938. Drawing from the joint project, we develop an approach to the visualization of sensitive data, which features both conceptual and procedural considerations for visualization design. Our findings provide value for both visualization researchers and practitioners by highlighting challenges and opportunities for ethical data visualization.

Although many design process studies and design theories have been developed and presented, in reality designers have rarely followed standard rules. A design process is often more a form of personal self‐expression. The type of approach that designers use in their design work depends on their preference, experience, and education background. Therefore, this work focused on understanding the design process and the colour selection method by collecting data from designers and their design process with the aim to summarize a general colour selection method. This work employs a semi‐structured interview approach in a one‐to‐one interview format to investigate the process of design and collect their colour selection method. A total of 20 designers were interviewed from different design areas, working experience, age groups, cultural background, and workplace around Korea, China, South Africa, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. In the end, a three‐step‐method of colour selection was summarized and this highlighted the importance of colour association in the colour selection process.

The real time PCR (qPCR) method provides a powerful method to assess levels of particular species of DNA. When combined with reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) it is the predominate technique to measure expression of gene transcripts. While this approach is very powerful, particular care must be taken in the design of the primers to facilitate specific and sensitive detection. Herein describes the framework for an undergraduate assignment which aims to teach primer design for SYBR based RT-qPCR. Beyond gaining direct experience with primer design, students will gain familiarity with important bioinformatic resources as well as a deeper theoretical understanding of the RT-qPCR approach and potential limitations. Moreover, as students' progress through the assignment they re-encounter many important concepts in molecular biology, gene expression, and nucleic acids, creating an opportunity for spiral learning. As this exercise only requires access to free web-based resources and does not require a laboratory it can be used in most science education settings. Despite not being a wet lab, this is a highly authentic research experience as this design process is commonplace in a molecular biology laboratory. Furthermore, the assignment is highly adaptable for different learning outcomes, time frames, and student background and ability. This article seeks to highlight connections and expanded learning outcomes for those already teaching such material, as well as a step-by-step guide for those new to teaching such content.

The potential scope of adaptive reuse projects is wide ranging in size and complexity, from the multi-billion-pound redevelopment of large post-industrial structures such as Battersea Power Station in London to the re-use of the tiny, ruined dovecote at Snape Maltings in Suffolk by Haworth Tompkins Architects. Yet despite the hugely different scales of project the teams involved deal with a number of similar or overlapping design challenges and procedural requirements to ensure a successful eventual outcome. The design process for an adaptive reuse project can be different to the process in new-build architectural design and often requires additional skills and expertise.

System level simulations, which are gaining on importance in the product concept design process and in the Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) applications, require models that feature high level of accuracy, high level of prediction capability and short computational times. This paper presents an innovative mechanistic quasi 3D model capable of real time computation of steady state and transient fuel cell operation. This model relies on a hybrid 3D analytic-numerical model (HAN) approach, which models species transport by taking 1D numerical model for pipe gas-flow and superimposing onto it a 2D analytic solution for concentration and velocity distribution in the plane perpendicular to the gas-flow. The main innovative contribution of this paper comprises a significant mathematical reduction of the previously published HAN approach to a computationally optimized approach featuring a minimal amount of computational points yielding a real-time capable model (denoted HAN-RT), which complies with 1kHz HiL constraints while retaining HAN's quasi 3D nature. Presented results confirm that the computationally optimized HAN-RT model displays real-time capabilities at sampling rates above 1 kHz while producing results that agree very well with spatially resolved results generated by the 3D multiphase CFD tool and with the experimental results of steady state and transient fuel cell operation.

Funder: David and Claudia Harding Foundation, Objectives: To develop a new interface for the widely used prognostic breast cancer tool: Predict: Breast Cancer. To facilitate decision‐making around post‐surgery breast cancer treatments. To derive recommendations for communicating the outputs of prognostic models to patients and their clinicians. Method: We employed a user‐centred design process comprised of background research and iterative testing of prototypes with clinicians and patients. Methods included surveys, focus groups and usability testing. Results: The updated interface now caters to the needs of a wider audience through the addition of new visualisations, instantaneous updating of results, enhanced explanatory information and the addition of new predictors and outputs. A programme of future research was identified and is now underway, including the provision of quantitative data on the adverse effects of adjuvant breast cancer treatments. Based on our user‐centred design process, we identify six recommendations for communicating the outputs of prognostic models including the need to contextualise statistics, identify and address gaps in knowledge, and the critical importance of engaging with prospective users when designing communications. Conclusions: For prognostic algorithms to fulfil their potential to assist with decision‐making they need carefully designed interfaces. User‐centred design puts patients and clinicians needs at the forefront, allowing them to derive the maximum benefit from prognostic models.

Objective The aim of this study is to describe a user-centered (e.g., cancer survivors and clinicians) development process of an eHealth tool designed to facilitate self-management of cancer survivorship follow-up care. Methods Guided by Cognitive-Social Health Information Processing (C-SHIP) model and informed by core self-management skills, we engaged in a user-centered design process. In phase I, we conducted in-depth interviews with survivors of breast (n = 33), prostate (n = 4), and colorectal (n = 6) cancers, and (n = 9) primary care providers to develop content and design of the web tool. Phase II utilized iterative user testing interviews (n = 9) to test the web-based tool prototype. Data from both phases were independently coded using a template/content analytic approach. Results The top 5 functions identified in phase I for the web-based platform included: (a) educational materials to learn and prepare for health encounters (80%); (b) questions for health providers (74%); (c) ability to track contact information of providers (67%); (d) provide general information (64%); and, (e) support information (62%). Users of the prototype reported patient burden, tool fatigue, introduction timing of the tool, relevance, and security/privacy as concerns in phase II. Conclusions This study demonstrates the value of using a theoretically informed and user-centered design process to develop relevant and patient-centered eHealth resources to support cancer survivorship. A larger study is needed to establish the efficacy of this eHealth tool as an intervention to improve adherence to follow-up care guidelines.

Blockchain is a distributed digital ledger system that establishes transparent contract processes and facilitates secure but trusted business transactions. Policy‐makers around the world are intrigued by the potential of this emerging technology to solve policy problems, including the challenges of the transition away from centralised, linear models of energy generation and consumption towards decentralised and distributed energy systems. Blockchain has also been promoted as a mechanism to transform carbon markets, yet the focus in this area to date has been on using blockchain to create new carbon market schemes. This paper addresses an important research gap by asking how blockchain could be applied to an existing carbon market. To answer this question, the study uses an established design process to develop an Australian carbon market blockchain design. The paper finds that this design could improve the efficiency, equity and effectiveness of the Australian carbon market. This paper makes an important research contribution to carbon market policy development by developing a blockchain design that could improve how an existing carbon market functions, and the findings presented here are relevant to government and industry stakeholders globally.

Aircraft design is an iterative process of creating a design concept from a set of requirements. Conceptual design is an early phase in the process, during which preliminary decisions and trade studies are made from a set of requirements related to mission objective and costs. Although much attention has been paid to applying autonomy technologies to robotic systems, including air vehicles, there has been little attention paid to incorporating autonomy as part of the conceptual design process. Consequently, designing for autonomy tends to be retrofitted to a vehicle that has already gone through a complete design process rather than as part of the initial process. This derivative approach to designing autonomous systems is suboptimal, and there is evidence that this has hindered the acceptance of autonomy technologies. This article proposes an approach to conceptual design for aircraft that incorporates autonomy into the conceptual design process. To illustrate the principles introduced, we consider the example of configuring an autonomous small unmanned aerial vehicle for searching and tracking a target of interest.

This study evaluated the implementation and effectiveness of an iterative process aimed to quantify and enhance the anatomical fit of an osteosynthesis plate design for the fifth metacarpal bone regarding a defined shape-based acceptance criterion (SAC) while complying with basic clinical requirements and engineering limitations. The process was based on employing virtual tools (a database of individual three-dimensional bone models, statistical analysis of the bone geometry, and proprietary software tools) to evaluate conformity between plate designs and bone shape. The conformity was quantified by the mean distance between plate and bone (MBP). The enhancement was completed when the median MBP of the population was below the SAC threshold. This was fulfilled by the third plate design (two enhancement iterations). The intentionally abstract enhancement process may serve as a guideline for development of plate designs for other indications. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1508-1517, 2019.

The present study explores the phenomenon of remixing in product design for additive manufacturing (AM). In contrast to other manufacturing techniques, AM offers unprecedented flexibility in adapting existing product designs to changing requirements. However, in order to benefit from this potential, structured design procedures and tools are indispensable. As a possible solution, online platforms for collaborative 3D model creation are increasingly implementing features for remixing, a concept describing the creation of new models on the foundation of existing design elements. Against this backdrop, the objective of this research is to provide evidence for the value of remixing as an organizational intervention for improving product design processes. To this end, we present a mixed methods approach using data from Thingiverse, the world's largest AM-related online community. In a first step, we investigate qualitative data from 81 individual remix-based designs to identify the underlying mechanisms of remixing. We identify six such mechanisms that can further be grouped by the intended outcome of the respective process (creativity-oriented: inspiration, play, learning; productivity-oriented: speed, improvement, empowerment). In a second step, we turn to a quantitative analysis of platform data, which indicates that remixing may lead to better design process outcomes in terms of quantity and diversity of designs. Furthermore, we find that designs created by remixing designers are significantly more often printed by community members suggesting that remixing helps ensure manufacturing compatibility akin to continuous process improvement. Our research has several implications for individual designers and organizations engaging with product design for AM.

Next‐generation genome sequencing machines and Point‐of‐Care (PoC) in vitro diagnostics devices are precursors of an emerging class of Cyber‐Physical Systems (CPS), one that harnesses biomolecular‐scale mechanisms to enable novel "wet‐technology" applications in medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science. Although many such applications exist, testifying the importance of innovative life‐sciences instrumentation, recent events have highlighted the difficulties that designing organizations face in their attempt to guarantee safety, reliability, and performance of this special class of CPS. New regulations and increasing competition pressure innovators to rethink their design and engineering practices, and to better address the above challenges. The pace of innovation will be determined by how organizations manage to ensure the satisfaction of aforementioned constraints while also streamlining product development, maintaining high cost‐efficiency and shortening time‐to‐market. Model‐Based Systems Engineering provides a valuable framework for addressing these challenges. In this paper, we demonstrate that existing and readily available model‐based development frameworks can be adopted early in the life‐sciences instrumentation design process. Such frameworks are specifically helpful in describing and characterizing CPS including elements of a biological nature both at the architectural and performance level. We present the SysML model of a smartphone‐based PoC diagnostics system designed for detecting a particular molecular marker. By modeling components and behaviors spanning across the biological, physical‐nonbiological, and computational domains, we were able to characterize the important systemic relations involved in the specification of our system's Limit of Detection. Our results illustrate the suitability of such an approach and call for further work toward formalisms enabling the formal verification of systems including biomolecular components.

The existence of uncertainties and variations in data represents a remaining challenge for life cycle assessment (LCA). Moreover, a full analysis may be complex, time‐consuming, and implemented mainly when a product design is already defined. Structured under‐specification, a method developed to streamline LCA, is here proposed to support the residential building design process, by quantifying environmental impact when specific information on the system under analysis cannot be available. By means of structured classifications of materials and building assemblies, it is possible to use surrogate data during the life cycle inventory phase and thus to obtain environmental impact and associated uncertainty. The bill of materials of a building assembly can be specified using minimal detail during the design process. The low‐fidelity characterization of a building assembly and the uncertainty associated with these low levels of fidelity are systematically quantified through structured under‐specification using a structured classification of materials. The analyst is able to use this classification to quantify uncertainty in results at each level of specificity. Concerning building assemblies, an average decrease of uncertainty of 25% is observed at each additional level of specificity within the data structure. This approach was used to compare different exterior wall options during the early design process. Almost 50% of the comparisons can be statistically differentiated at even the lowest level of specificity. This data structure is the foundation of a streamlined approach that can be applied not only when a complete bill of materials is available, but also when fewer details are known.

Biomaterials is an exciting and dynamic field, which uses a collection of diverse materials to achieve desired biological responses. While there is constant evolution and innovation in materials with time, biomaterials research has been hampered by the relatively long development period required. In recent years, driven by the need to accelerate materials development, the applications of machine learning in materials science has progressed in leaps and bounds. The combination of machine learning with high-throughput theoretical predictions and high-throughput experiments (HTE) has shifted the traditional Edisonian (trial and error) paradigm to a data-driven paradigm. In this review, each type of biomaterial and their key properties and use cases are systematically discussed, followed by how machine learning can be applied in the development and design process. The discussions are classified according to various types of materials used including polymers, metals, ceramics, and nanomaterials, and implants using additive manufacturing. Last, the current gaps and potential of machine learning to further aid biomaterials discovery and application are also discussed.

This study describes a methodology for designing airfoils suitable to employ actuation in a wind energy environment. The novel airfoil sections are baptized wind energy actuated profiles (WAP). A genetic algorithm-based multi-objective airfoil optimizer is formulated by setting two cost functions: one cost function for wind energy performance and the other representing actuation suitability. The wind energy cost function compares the candidate airfoils' performance with ‘reference’ wind energy airfoils, considering a probabilistic approach to include the effects of turbulence and wind shear. The actuation suitability cost function is developed considering horizontal axis wind turbines active stall control, including two different control strategies designated by ‘enhanced’ and ‘decreased’ performance. Two different actuation types are considered, namely, boundary layer transpiration and dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Results show that using WAP airfoils provides much higher control efficiency than adding actuation on reference wind energy airfoils, without detrimental effects in non-actuated operation. The WAP sections yield an actuator employment efficiency that is two to four times larger than those obtained with reference wind energy airfoils, at equivalent wind energy performance. Regarding geometry, and compared with typical wind energy airfoils, WAP sections for decreased performance display an upper surface concave aft region, while for increased performance, a convex upper surface aft region is obtained. The present study emphasizes that there is much to gain in designing airfoils from the beginning to include actuation effects, especially compared with employing actuation on already existing airfoils. The results demonstrate the potential of including actuation effects in the airfoil design process, thus enabling novel horizontal axis wind turbines control strategies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Engaging contractors early in a design process can resolve apparent mismatches between budget and programme and even enrich the design. But there are further benefits when this cooperation is followed through, with architects overseeing construction from a fully informed perspective – solving rather than creating problems for builders. Stacie Wong, a principal at New York design-build practice GLUCK+, explains.

Key points Lean methods can give rich insights: Even a few, short sessions with a handful of users can generate useful inputs for a user-centric design process. Design for beginners: An interface that supports novices will also support experts. Keep it simple: Focus on functionality that supports core search and discovery tasks. Popular or high-value features should have prime position and rarely used or low-value features should be hidden or removed. Visual cues are important for usability, as is balancing the visual space.

In this paper, the behaviour of RC slab strips subjected to transverse loads and axial tensile forces is investigated by means of analytical and numerical simulations. The results obtained are compared to the experimental results from tests performed at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH). The prediction of the structural response was part of an international benchmark study [1]. The aim of the paper is to investigate the capability of the adopted models and their main influencing parameters, especially from the perspective of a reliable structural robustness assessment. It is known that in some cases axial tensile forces have a beneficial effect on the bearing capacity of slab strips, thanks to the development of catenary actions. Such hidden strength resources are usually not taken into account in the current design process. For this reason, validation of suitable numerical tools, able to properly predict the structural response, is useful for a reliable structural robustness assessment. The paper underlines the importance of benchmark development, especially for specimens, in which both mechanical and geometrical nonlinearities play an important role.

Architected lattices can be designed to have tailorable functionalities by controlling their constitutive elements. However, little work has been devoted to comparing energy absorption properties in different periodic three‐dimensional geometries to each other and to comparable foam‐like random structures. This knowledge is essential for the entire design process. In this work, the authors conduct a systematic and comprehensive computational study of the quasi‐static and dynamic energy absorption properties of various different geometries. They test compression loading over strain rates varying from 1 to 10^4 s^(−1). The authors analyze geometries with varying degrees of nodal connectivity, ranging from bending dominated to stretching dominated, at different orientations, and compare their response to equivalent stochastic lattices. Results show relatively high stress peaks in the periodic lattices, even in bending dominated lattices at certain orientations. Conversely, the stochastic geometries show a relatively constant stress response over large strains, which is ideal for energy absorbing applications. Still, results show that specific orientations of bending dominated periodic lattice geometries outperform their stochastic equivalents. This work can help to quickly identify the potential of different unit cell types and aid in the development of lattices for impulse mitigation applications, such as in protective sports equipment, automotive crashworthiness, and packaging.

This paper develops the concept of representational uncertainty to frame a critical challenge in systems engineering. Representational uncertainty arises in complex systems problems when the correct system representation cannot practically be known until some initial work has been undertaken. Drawing on empirical evidence from two very different system design problems, we illustrate the nature and prevalence of representational uncertainty in systems engineering practice. Our findings show that errors in the system representation may lead to wasted design work that explores the wrong tradespaces, expects the wrong value from design choices, and organizes work on the wrong set of decomposed subproblems. We find that mitigating representational uncertainty requires design processes that incorporate discovery of the system properties through a "reality check" early in the design process. We consider the implications for systems engineering processes and tools, and highlight directions for future research.

Traditionally, building floor plans are designed by architects with their usability, functionality and architectural aesthetics in mind; however, the structural properties of the distribution of load-bearing walls and columns are usually not taken into account at this stage. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for the design of architectural floor plans by integrating structural layout analysis directly into the planning process. In order to achieve this, we introduce a planning tool which interactively enforces checks for structural stability of the current design, and which on demand proposes how to stabilize it if necessary. Technically, our solution contains an interactive architectural modelling framework as well as a constrained optimization module where both are based on respective architectural rules. Using our tool, an architect can predict already in a very early planning stage whose designs are structurally sound such that later changes due to stability reasons can be prevented. We compare manually computed solutions with optimal results of our proposed automated design process in order to show how much our proposed system can help architects to improve the process of laying out structural models optimally.

Safety by design is Amec Foster Wheeler's systematic approach to engineering safety into the design. It is a five-step approach to engineering design which results in the ability to demonstrate that hazards to people, the environment, assets, and reputation have been systematically and comprehensively identified, and eliminated or controlled during the design phase of the facility/system or equipment. As a result of the safety by design process, the overall risks of a design are minimized by eliminating hazards or applying the right hazards controls to minimize the right hazards. Furthermore, the design elements to control or eliminate the hazards are identified and designed early in the design process when the implementation cost is at a minimum.

type="main" xml:id="dpr12171-abs-0001"> This article presents a new approach to designing public sector reform programmes, which we call a capacity map (CM). This approach focuses on the flow of public funds from the point of ‘extraction’ through to their ‘disbursement’, with specific attention to ‘leakages’ in that overall system. The CM is a modest attempt to provide development partners and their partner governments with a relatively simple, but effective, tool that complements other oft-used tools in the programme design process. To elucidate the CM approach, development partner attempts to support the establishment, or reform of, road maintenance regimes are focused on. The CM unpacks the process of road maintenance to identify leakages in the overall road maintenance system, thus enabling development partners to focus on institutional root causes beyond a singular focus on insufficient funds. It is contended that this tool enables the programme designer to develop focused interventions, whether in roads or other infrastructure projects, that move beyond ‘quick fixes’ that may avoid the difficult questions and hard choices that need to be made for sustainable institutional and policy reform.

The use of two-stage stochastic optimization for the support of the solution of process design problems in the early phase of process development where the different potential elements of the production process can only be described with significant uncertainty is discussed. The first stage variables are the design decisions which are fixed after the process has been built, while the second stage variables are the operational parameters which can be adapted to the realization of the uncertainties. The application of the approach to the design of a hydroformylation process in a thermomorphic solvent system is demonstrated. The proposed designs which are computed using the software framework FSOpt are analyzed and compared using different graphic representations which provide insight into what the most important design decisions are. Finally, the experience with the proposed formulation and solution techniques and point out where further advances are needed is reviewed. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3404–3419, 2016

We were tasked with creating best possible non-clinical workspace solutions for approximately 450 hospital staff across 11 departments encompassing medical, nursing, allied health, administrative and other support staff. We used a Human-Centred Design process, involving 'Hear, Create and Deliver' stages. We used observations, contextual enquiry and role-specific workshops to understand needs, key interactions and drivers of behaviour. Co-design workshops were then used to explore and prototype-test concepts for the final design. With extensive employee engagement and design process expertise, an innovative solution was created that focussed on meeting the functional workspace needs of a diverse group of staff requiring a range of different spaces, incorporating space constraints and equity. This project demonstrated the strength of engaging employees in an expert-led Human-Centred Design process. We believe this is a successful blueprint process for other institutions to embrace when facing similar workspace design challenges.

The field of cyber security is faced with ever-expanding amounts of data and a constant barrage of cyber attacks. Within this space, we have designed BubbleNet as a cyber security dashboard to help network analysts identify and summarize patterns within the data. This design study faced a range of interesting constraints from limited time with various expert users and working with users beyond the network analyst, such as network managers. To overcome these constraints, the design study employed a user-centered design process and a variety of methods to incorporate user feedback throughout the design of BubbleNet. This approach resulted in a successfully evaluated dashboard with users and further deployments of these ideas in both research and operational environments. By explaining these methods and the process, it can benefit future visualization designers to help overcome similar challenges in cyber security or alternative domains.

A customer journey map CJM is a widely used tool to represent user experience with a service. Although numerous companies have used this tool to improve existing services or to develop new services, the maps are neither consistent nor mutually compatible because no clear design process for a CJM has been presented. This study aimed to develop a design process and rule sets for a CJM based on a human factors approach. The 10-step process and the rule sets were built on case studies of 25 categories of mobile services. Large-scale case studies were conducted with mobile service providers and combined with the result of a user diary method that collected users' daily activities and the difficulties that the user perceived when performing a task. We suggested various methods for using the CJM to generate new service opportunities. The proposed design process and the way for opportunity discovery can help service designers to develop unified CJMs and to identify innovative service ideas.