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Abstract A decarbonised future grid should couple technological novelty with innovative market models to efficiently capture the value of grid‐edge decarbonised assets. The transactive energy (TE) concept inverts the centralised grid model by leveraging the evolution of consumers to prosumers to prosumagers. The principal TE market design challenge is transactive control—using market and pricing mechanisms to coordinate autonomous peer interactions, to optimally allocate power and incentivise peers. Peer attraction, incentivisation and retention are all critical for practical TE implementation along three adoption stages, starting from independent peer transactions with the centralised market; to decentralised peer coordination; towards distributed peer‐to‐peer trading. Addressing gaps in related scholarship, the authors investigate the economic positions of distinct peer roles in each adoption stage and two local pricing strategies. Using a real market dataset, trading decisions are simulated over a 1‐year horizon at hourly granularity. Coordinated action achieves better transactive control for the community, with economic superiority over centralised and distributed mechanisms. Distinct peer incentives should equitably align with their contribution to market functionality, such as the value ascribed to prosumagers' flexibility in local pricing and the constrained bargaining power of prosumers in distributed bilateral negotiations.

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing technology has played a pivotal role as a key technology in shale gas development, but the geological environmental problems caused have been worrying the public. This paper proposes an advanced step rectangular pulse hydraulic fracturing technique, which can achieve higher pressure and more complex fractures by pumping lower energy fluid. The results indicate that the pressure propagation of step rectangular pulse hydraulic fracturing can be divided into stable and unstable propagation stages. Compared with conventional hydraulic fracturing, longer unsteady propagation time, higher pressure and more complex pressure distribution can be obtained. Step pulse parameters are discussed. We found that the pulse pressure increases linearly with the increase in pulse amplitude. There are optimal pulse frequencies and comprehensive damping coefficients to get optimal fluid pressure in different shale reservoirs. These research results will help reduce geological environmental hazards, and can also provide guidance for the optimization of step rectangular pulse hydraulic fracturing technology in shale reservoirs.