5 results on '"Daniel Mason"'
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2. Better Drip than Flood: Reaping the Benefits of Efficient Irrigation
- Author
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Shahnila Islam, Ada Ignaciuk, and Daniel Mason d'Croz
- Subjects
Water conservation ,Irrigation ,Political science ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Water resource management ,Irrigation water - Abstract
Summary By 2050, the global demand for land and water for agricultural use is projected to increase. Climate change is likely to affect agricultural production through increased temperatures as well as through altered precipitation patterns, which are likely to increase water deficiency in many regions. Measures seeking to increase water efficiency and resilience of the agricultural sector to climate change will therefore be critical. The benefits of more efficient irrigation systems are especially apparent in regions already suffering from water shortages, such as the Mediterranean Basin, or those that are likely to suffer in the future, such as the Southern Cone of South America. However, unless incentives for saving water are in place, farmers may decide to expand their area of irrigated land, or to switch to water-intensive, higher-value commodities. Extending irrigation generally constitutes mixed blessings. In regions experiencing water deficits, extending irrigation may lead to greater water stress on irrigated agriculture. Meanwhile, when applied globally and governed carefully, efficient irrigation techniques and extending irrigation can yield overall increases in agricultural production that can reduce agricultural commodity prices. Stimulating water-efficient irrigation systems may thus prove crucial in improving farmers' resilience over time, though such measures should be supported by other economic instruments such as water pricing or water trading, where necessary. D'ici 2050, la demande mondiale de terres et d'eau a vocation agricole augmentera selon les projections. Le changement climatique va probablement affecter la production agricole par le biais de la hausse des temperatures ainsi que par la modification du regime des precipitations, qui fera sans doute augmenter le deficit hydrique dans de nombreuses regions. Les mesures visant a accroitre la gestion rationnelle de l'eau et la resilience du secteur agricole au changement climatique seront donc cruciales. Les avantages de systemes de gestion de l'eau plus efficaces sont particulierement visibles dans les regions deja sujettes a des deficits hydriques comme le bassin mediterraneen ou qui vont probablement etre affectees dans l'avenir comme le cone meridional de l'Amerique du sud. Cependant, en l'absence de mesures incitant a economiser l'eau, les agriculteurs pourraient decider d'augmenter les superficies irriguees ou s'orienter vers des productions a haute valeur ajoutee gourmandes en eau. Le developpement de l'irrigation a generalement des resultats mitiges. Dans les regions sujettes a deficit en eau, il peut accroitre le stress hydrique dans l'agriculture irriguee. Dans le meme temps, les techniques d'irrigations efficaces et le developpement de l'irrigation peuvent, lorsqu'elles sont appliquees au niveau mondial et font l'objet d'une gouvernance avisee, conduire a une hausse de la production agricole susceptible de faire baisser les prix des produits agricoles primaires. Il peut donc s'averer crucial d'encourager les systemes d'irrigation utilisant l'eau de maniere efficace pour ameliorer la resilience des agriculteurs a long terme, meme si ces mesures devraient s'appuyer sur d'autres instruments economiques comme la tarification de l'eau ou les marches de l'eau lorsque c'est necessaire. Vorhersagen zufolge soll die weltweite Nachfrage nach Boden und Wasser zur Nutzung in der Landwirtschaft bis 2050 steigen. Der Klimawandel wird sich voraussichtlich auf die Agrarproduktion auswirken, da er mit Temperaturanstiegen und veranderten Niederschlagsmustern verbunden ist, was in vielen Regionen vermutlich zu erhohtem Wassermangel fuhrt. Daher kommt es nun entscheidend auf die Masnahmen zur Erhohung von Wassernutzungseffizienz und Resilienz des Agrarsektors gegen den Klimawandel an. Der Nutzen effizienterer Bewasserungssysteme zeigt sich besonders deutlich in bereits von Wassermangel betroffenen Regionen wie dem Mittelmeerraum oder in von Wassermangel bedrohten Regionen wie dem Sudkegel Lateinamerikas. Solange jedoch die Anreize zum sparsamen Einsatz von Wasser nicht gegeben sind, konnten die Landwirte es favorisieren, ihre bewasserten Flachen auszuweiten oder auf hoherwertige Rohstoffe mit hohem Wasserbedarf umzusteigen. Im Allgemeinen hat es nicht nur Vorteile, die Bewasserung auszuweiten. In von Wassermangel betroffenen Regionen kann eine Ausweitung der Bewasserung zu hoherem Wasserstress in der bewasserten Landwirtschaft fuhren. Effiziente Bewasserungsverfahren konnen jedoch in Kombination mit einer Ausweitung der Bewasserung zu einer Gesamterhohung der Agrarproduktion und somit zu einer Senkung der landwirtschaftlichen Rohstoffpreise beitragen, wenn sie sinnvoll eingesetzt und sorgfaltig ausgeregelt werden. Es konnte also im Laufe der Zeit auserst wichtig fur eine bessere Resilienz der Landwirte sein, wassereffiziente Bewasserungssysteme zu fordern, obgleich solche Masnahmen ggf. durch andere Instrumente wie z.B. Wasserpreisgestaltung oder Wasserhandel unterstutzt werden sollten.
- Published
- 2015
3. Agriculture and climate change in global scenarios: why don't the models agree
- Author
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Christoph Schmitz, John M. Reilly, Katherine Calvin, Christoph Müller, Dominique van der Mensbrugghe, Hans van Meijl, Elodie Blanc, Daniel Mason d'Croz, Richard Robertson, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Tomoko Hasegawa, Helal Ahammad, Andrzej Tabeau, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Dirk Willenbockel, Petr Havlik, Edwina Heyhoe, Hugo Valin, Ronald D. Sands, Gerald C. Nelson, Page Kyle, and Martin von Lampe
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Economics and Econometrics ,system model ,business.industry ,LEI Internationaal Beleid ,Environmental resource management ,Climate change ,demand ,cmip5 ,Specification ,Economics ,Econometrics ,Production (economics) ,Economic model ,Climate model ,Economic impact analysis ,Agricultural productivity ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Productivity ,LEI INT BELEID - Landbouwbeleid - Abstract
Agriculture is unique among economic sectors in the nature of impacts from climate change. The production activity that transforms inputs into agricultural outputs involves direct use of weather inputs (temperature, solar radiation available to the plant, and precipitation). Previous studies of the impacts of climate change on agriculture have reported substantial differences in outcomes such as prices, production, and trade arising from differences in model inputs and model specification. This article presents climate change results and underlying determinants from a model comparison exercise with 10 of the leading global economic models that include significant representation of agriculture. By harmonizing key drivers that include climate change effects, differences in model outcomes were reduced. The particular choice of climate change drivers for this comparison activity results in large and negative productivity effects. All models respond with higher prices. Producer behavior differs by model with some emphasizing area response and others yield response. Demand response is least important. The differences reflect both differences in model specification and perspectives on the future. The results from this study highlight the need to more fully compare the deep model parameters, to generate a call for a combination of econometric and validation studies to narrow the degree of uncertainty and variability in these parameters and to move to Monte Carlo type simulations to better map the contours of economic uncertainty.
- Published
- 2013
4. Land-use change trajectories up to 2050: insights from a global agro-economic model comparison
- Author
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Schmitz, Christoph, primary, van Meijl, Hans, additional, Kyle, Page, additional, Nelson, Gerald C., additional, Fujimori, Shinichiro, additional, Gurgel, Angelo, additional, Havlik, Petr, additional, Heyhoe, Edwina, additional, d'Croz, Daniel Mason, additional, Popp, Alexander, additional, Sands, Ron, additional, Tabeau, Andrzej, additional, van der Mensbrugghe, Dominique, additional, von Lampe, Martin, additional, Wise, Marshall, additional, Blanc, Elodie, additional, Hasegawa, Tomoko, additional, Kavallari, Aikaterini, additional, and Valin, Hugo, additional
- Published
- 2013
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5. ACCURATE COMPARISON OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC PRECORDIAL LEAD PATTERNS
- Author
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Wilbur Oaks, Daniel Mason, and George D. Geckeler
- Subjects
Electrocardiography ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Precordial lead ,Internal medicine ,Cardiology ,MEDLINE ,Humans ,Medicine ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,business - Published
- 1961
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