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MCM-41-supported ZnO-Cu(OH)Cl nanoparticles were synthesized via an incipient wetness impregnation technique using zinc chloride and copper chloride salts as well as water at room temperature. The catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and TGA, whereas surface and morphological studies were performed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The above studies revealed the incorporation of metal species into the pores of MCM-41, leading to a decrease in surface area of the nanoparticles that was found to be 239.079 m2 /g. The substituents attached to the ketone determine the rate of the reaction, and the utilization of the green solvent 'water' astonishingly completes the hydrogenation reaction in 45 minutes at 40 °C with 100% conversion and 100% selectivity as analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hence, ZnO-Cu(OH)Cl/MCM-41 nanoparticles with 2.46 wt% zinc and 6.39 wt% copper were demonstrated as an active catalyst for the reduction of ketones without using any gaseous hydrogen source making it highly efficient as well as environmentally and economically benign.

Hybrid materials based on polyaniline derivative and metal nanofiller were reported for potential antibacterial applications. Polyorthochloroaniline/copper nanocomposites (POC/Cu NCs) were synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of orthochloroaniline using ammonium persulfate as oxidant, in the presence of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylamine. CuNPs were prepared through reduction of copper chloride by using sodium borohydride as reducing agent. The composition, structure, and morphology of CuNPs, POC, and their composites were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The antibacterial potential of nanocomposites against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) for various loads of copper nanofiller was evaluated using viable cell counts. The outcomes showed that nanocomposites have better antimicrobial efficacy than POC under the similar testing conditions. The mechanism of the synergistic antimicrobial effect of POC/Cu NCs was also proposed. POLYM. COMPOS., 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

A one-pot synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles has been accomplished through a facile, mild and efficient oxidative cyclization of N-aryl enamines mediated by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS)/copper chloride (CuCl). This method is applicable to a series of N-aryl β-enaminoesters and N-aryl β-amino nitroolefins containing different substituents such as halides, alkyls, heterocycles, etc. A variety of 2-aryl-3-carboxylate indoles and 2-aryl-3-nitro indoles have been prepared with moderate to quantitative yields in only 20 minutes to 2 hours in refluxing ethanol. Moreover, in order to demonstrate the synthetic utility of this transformation, 2-phenyl-3-nitro indole was subjected in reduction and reduction-alkylation to generate 2-phenyl-3-amino indole and N,N-diethyl-2-phenyl-3-amino indole respectively.

Planar chiral ferrocene-fused iminium salts were synthesized in enantiomerically pure form. The novel planar chiral cyclic (amino)(ferrocenyl)carbene successfully generated from such salt was subjected to carbene trapping experiments with sulfur and copper chloride. The utility of the carbene as a chiral ligand for transition metals was preliminarily demonstrated in the copper-catalyzed enantioselective β-boration of an α,β-unsaturated ester.

Phosphor‐converted white‐light‐emitting diodes (pc‐wLED) have been widely used for general lighting because of their advantages of energy saving, high efficiency, long lifetime, environmentally friendly, etc. However, it is still a great challenge to obtain full‐spectrum wLEDs with super‐high color rending index (CRI) due to the cyan cavity (a gap between the blue and green emissions in the range of 480–520 nm). The lead‐free all‐inorganic cesium copper halide phosphor β‐Cs3Cu2Cl5 shows an interesting cyan‐green emission. Herein, a novel synthesis method based on low‐temperature evaporation recrystallization is demonstrated. β‐Cs3Cu2Cl5 shows an intense and broad emission band centered at 526 nm, a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 112 nm, and a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 97.3%. The broad‐band cyan‐green emission is assigned to the self‐trapping excitons (STEs) based on the calculation and experimental results. Super‐high color rendering wLEDs can be created by pumping the β‐Cs3Cu2Cl5, BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+ (blue), and (Sr,Ca)AlSiN3:Eu2+ (red) phosphor mixtures by a 365 nm UV LED chip, which exhibits a CRI of 96 (R9 = 83 and R12 = 93) and a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 4203 K. It demonstrates that the cyan‐green‐emitting β‐Cs3Cu2Cl5 phosphor would be potentially applied in full‐spectrum wLEDs for high‐quality general lighting.

By using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a methylenating reagent, the copper-catalyzed CH activation of indole was demonstrated as an efficient and facile protocol for synthesizing 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) and its derivatives. The results indicate that copper chloride was the best catalyst among the investigated transition metal salts, which affords an excellent regioselectivity and good yield when tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was used as an oxidant.

In this study, the PANI-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (PANI/nZVI) composites have been successfully synthesized to remove Rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous solutions using a heterogeneous Fenton-like system. The synthetic PANI/nZVI composites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The results showed that they were lamellar structures and nZVI nanoparticles were introduced into their structures. The performances of PANI/nZVI composites on the activation of molecular oxygen for removal of RhB were investigated and the effects of operating parameters, such as PANI/nZVI dosage, PANI and nZVI mass ratio, RhB initial concentration, and pH value on RhB removal were also discussed. The results indicate that PANI/nZVI was proved to be the most efficient in that more than 83.31% of RhB was removed, whereas only 11.15% when using nZVI after reacting for 120 min with an initial RhB concentration of 0.02 mmol L−1 (pH = 6.50). Furthermore, the reaction mechanism was discussed by measuring the concentrations of Fe(II), total Fe and H2O2 formed in the system and examining scavenging effects using copper chloride and methanol. Finally, the stability of PANI/nZVI nanocatalyst was studied. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 48–55, 2016

Polypyrrole films (0.2–1.0 μm thick) were electrosynthetized in organic media by potentiodynamic electropolymerization on silicon surfaces. To improve the electronic conductivity of the polypyrrole films, elemental copper was electrodeposited directly on the film surface by simple electrolysis from a copper chloride bath. Copper electrodeposited onto the surface of the polypyrrole film was characterized by X-ray diffraction and consisted only of Cufcc phase. The presence of copper on the PPy surface did not greatly affect the overall electronic conductivity of the material. However, immersion of polypyrrole films in Cu2+ solution for a period of time caused Cu2+ ions to enter the polypyrrole matrix. The reduction of the Cu2+after insertion into the polypyrrole template formed a polypyrrole/Cu composite with high electrical conductivity; this conductivity was higher for longer steeping (immersion) time. Raman spectroscopy shows much greater peak intensities when copper was present in the polypyrrole matrix. Scanning electron microscopy and cross-sectional analysis showed clear differences in the appearance of the films with copper deposited onto the polypyrrole surface and copper inserted into the polypyrrole matrix.

Copper chloride-catalyzed aerobic oxidative annulation of N-furfuryl-β-enaminones provides access to polysubstituted pyrroles and indoles. This protocol involves an unprecedented copper chloride-catalyzed oxidative chlorination of furan and pyrrole rings with oxygen as the terminal oxidant.

A simple and highly efficient protocol for the one-pot synthesis of a series of 3-[(N-alkylanilino)(aryl)methyl]indoles has been developed based on low-cost and environmentally benign zirconium oxychloride octahydrate and copper chloride dihydrate catalysts via three-component condensation between indoles, aromatic aldehydes, and N-alkylanilines at room temperature under neat condition. Mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, high atom-economy, good yields in relatively shorter reaction times, use of low-cost and eco-friendly catalysts are some of the salient features of this protocol.

In this study, copper chloride (CuCl2)-doped polyaniline (PANI)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite (PANI C2 CNT), CuCl2-doped PANI (PANI C2) and pure PANI was synthesized by in situ oxidative polymerization method, using ammonium peroxodisulfate as oxidant in HCl medium. These composites were investigated as electrode materials for supercapacitors. The interaction of metal cation (Cu2+) with PANI was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of the composites was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis. Electrochemical characterizations of the materials were carried out by three electrode probe method, where platinum and saturated standard calomel electrode were used as counter and reference electrode, respectively. 1 M KCl solution was used as electrolyte for all the electrochemical characterizations. The transition metal ion doping enhanced the electrochemical properties of the conducting polymer. Among all the composites, CuCl2-doped PANI/MWCNT showed highest specific capacitance value of 724 F/g at 10 mV s−1 scan rate. The Nyquist plot of the polymeric materials showed low equivalent series resistance of the electrode materials. Thermal stability of the composites was examined by thermogravimetric analysis.POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers

The aim of this work was to evaluate the utility of Azolla filiculoides growing in a hydroponic system for the phytoremediation of continental water polluted with cadmium and copper during 7 days of exposure. Cadmium and copper chloride were added to the medium at concentrations of 0.5–10 mg/L and 0.1–25 mg/L, respectively. Cadmium and copper levels were measured in each plant using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The analytical methodology used to measure cadmium and copper levels was validated with standard reference material (SRM) – 1570 (spinach) National Institute of Standards and Technology. The results indicated that cadmium and copper phytoremediation was statistically significant with a maximum increase in plant tissue of 1623.20 and 6013.1 μg/g, respectively. This photosynthetic efficiency was chronically damaged when Azolla filiculoides were exposed to 10 mg/L of Cd and 25 mg/L of Cu. The Azolla plants were not affected in the other phytoremediation treatments with copper.

By using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a methylenating reagent, the copper-catalyzed CH activation of indole was demonstrated as an efficient and facile protocol for synthesizing 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) and its derivatives. The results indicate that copper chloride was the best catalyst among the investigated transition metal salts, which affords an excellent regioselectivity and good yield when tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was used as an oxidant.

During attempts to prepare functionalized 5-iodopyridine derivatives the unexpected formation of iodo[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-c]pyridines was discovered. The conversion of 3-alkoxypyridin-4-ols into the corresponding 5-iodo compounds was achieved by reaction with one equivalent of iodine or tetramethylammonium dichloroiodate under basic conditions. When three equivalents of iodine were used in chlorinated solvents, after 5-iodination, subsequent reaction of the 3-alkoxy group took place to form a 1,3-dioxolane ring with the 4-hydroxyl group. Generation of the resulting iodo[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-c]pyridines is explained by a radical process known as the Hofmann–Loffler–Freytag reaction. Two 6-ethynylpyridine derivatives were examined in the iodination process to establish a route to pyridine-containing macrocycles. The pentasubstituted 5-iodopyridine derivative 21 could be prepared; however, attempts to achieve cyclotrimerization of this building block under different conditions were not successful. Reaction of 21 with copper chloride allowed isolation of a copper acetylide 22, which aggregates to a triangular trimeric complex containing four copper(I) ions such as [23·Cu]+ as monitored by ESI mass spectrometry.

This work investigated the effects of copper as preventive treatment against mercury-induced alterations in young rats. Wistar rats were treated (subcutaneous) with saline or CuCl(2) · 2H(2) O (6.9 mg/kg/day) from 3 to 7 days old and with saline or HgCl(2) (5.0 mg/kg/day) from 8 to 12 days old. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after the last dose. Mercury-exposed rats presented inhibition of liver (43%) and kidney (52%) porphobilinogen (PBG)-synthase activity and serum lactic dehydrogenase activity (50%). Also, an increase of the serum creatinine and urea levels around threefold and fivefold was observed, respectively. Pre-exposure to copper partially prevented the mercury effect on liver but not on kidney PBG synthase, and prevented the increase of the creatinine levels. Blood and brain PBG synthase and serum alanineaminotransferase activities, as well as glycemia, and liver glycogen content were not altered by treatments. These results show that copper, although being an essential metal, is inefficient as a preventive agent against mercury poisoning in parameters investigated after the end of mercury exposure.

Two novel metal-organic coordination complexes [Cu(3-bpfp)(pht)(H2O)]·2H2O (1) and [Cu3(4-bpfp)(pht)2(OH)2]·2H2O (2) were hydrothermally synthesized by self-assembly of phthalic acid (H2pht), flexible bis(pyridylformyl)piperazine ligands [3-bpfp = bis(3-pyridylformyl)piperazine, 4-bpfp = bis(4-pyridylformyl)piperazine], and copper chloride. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the adjacent CuII ions are connected by pht showing different coordination modes [a bis(monodentate) coordination mode for 1 and a monodentate-bidentate coordination mode for 2] to form 1D Cu-pht-Cu chains in 1 and 2D Cu-pht layers in 2. In compound 1, a twofold interpenetrated CdSO4-like topology is formed by connection of 3-bpfp. Using the isomeric ligand 4-bpfp instead of 3-bpfp resulted in the formation of 2, which displays a novel 3, 4, 4, 4-connected tetranodal 3D coordination polymeric framework. The ligand 3-bpfp adopts a μ2-bridging coordination mode in 1 (by ligation of the pyridyl nitrogen atoms), whereas the ligand 4-bpfp adopts a μ4-bridging coordination mode (by ligation of pyridyl nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen atoms) in 2. Moreover, the electrochemical properties of carbon paste electrodes bulk modified with the two copper complexes were studied.

Halogenated synthetic organic compounds are used in a wide variety of pesticides, solvents, refrigerants, fire retardants, and paints that cause extensive pollution to the air, surface water, groundwater, and soils. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl) is a typical halogenated synthetic organic compound that has been suspected to be toxic and carcinogenic and to cause ozone depletion. In the present work, molecular-level destruction of CCl by copper acetate was investigated by extended X-ray absorption fine structural spectra, X-ray absorption near-edge spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Experimentally, the Cl species dissociated from CCl were abstracted by copper species and formed CuCl. At 473 to 533 K, reaction products (copper chloride) aggregated on the surfaces of CuO, which might cause the obstruction of further CCl destruction. Due to the insertion of Cl species into the matrix of CuO, the bond distances of Cu-O and Cu-(O)-Cu were increased by 0.3 to 0.4 Å and 0.3 to 0.6 Å, respectively. However, at 603 K, because 79.5% of the Cu was in the CCl destruction solid products, the coordination number of Cu-(O)-Cu increased to 5.6. Molecular level investigations are a key to identifying the mechanisms of the CCl destruction process. In addition, identification of the molecular characteristics of the products may help in safe disposal of the toxic substances. The success of this study paved the way for the destruction of halogenated organic compounds by copper acetate.

This paper investigates the reaction between pool chlorinators and gasoline. In particular, the propensity for self-ignition and the resulting chemical products were studied. An organic pool chlorinator was combined with gasoline in varying proportions in an attempt to form a hypergolic mixture. None of the combinations resulted in self-ignition, but larger quantities of chlorinator produced vigorous light-colored smoke and a solid mass containing isocyanuric acid and copper chloride. Additionally, the chlorinating abilities of different commercially available pool chlorinators were explored. When Ca(ClO)(2) and sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione-based chlorinators were used, the presence of gasoline was still visible after 10 days, despite limited chlorination. The trichloro-s-triazinetrione-based chlorinator, however, caused efficient chlorination of the C(2)- and C(3)-alkylbenzenes, making gasoline no longer identifiable.

An efficient method was developed for the desulfitative arylation of indoles with sodium sulfinates using palladium as catalyst and copper chloride dihydrate as oxidant. The direct arylation occurred exclusively in the C-2 position of indoles and proceeded well for a range of different substrates.

An environmentally benign carbon dioxide/ethanol reversible acidic system was developed for the copper(II)-catalyzed regioselective oxybromination of aromatic ethers without the need of any conventional acid additive and organic solvent. Good to excellent yields together with very good regioselectivity were achieved when easily available cupric chloride dihydrate was used as catalyst and lithium bromide as the cheap and easy-to-handle bromine source under supercritical carbon dioxide conditions. Notably, the catalytic system worked well for a wide range of aromatic ethers including sulfides, resulting in the formation of the mono-brominated products in high yields and exclusive regioselectivity. The alkylcarbonic acid in situ formed from ethanol and carbon dioxide is assumed to play the crucial role in the Bronsted acid-promoted reaction, which could probably act as the proton donator, and was studied employing in situ FT-IR technique under carbon dioxide pressure by monitoring the vibration shift of the hydroxy group of ethanol. Given with excellent bromine atom efficiency as well as no need of neutralization in waste disposal, this approach thus represents a greener pathway for the aerobic bromination of aromatic ethers. A possible catalytic cycle for the in situ alkylcarbonic acid-assisted oxybomination and the effect of supercritical carbon dioxide, i.e., activation of alcohol and enhancement of mass transfer are also discussed.

Okara, an organic waste product obtained from soy milk production, was used with copper chloride or sodium borate to formulate new wood preservatives as a substitute for expensive wood preservatives, such as copper-azole-based preservatives and ammoniacal copper quaternary. Before formulating the preservatives, okara was hydrolyzed by enzymes (cellulase, pectinase, and protease) to augment penetration and fix the biocide salts of the preservatives into wood blocks. The preservatives were injected into wood blocks by vacuum pressure to measure the treatability of the preservatives. The treated wood blocks were placed in hot water for 3 d to measure leachability. The treatability and leachability of the preservatives were affected by the type and loading amount of enzymes and the addition of sodium borate into okara-based wood preservative formulations. The treatability and leachability of the preservatives formulated with copper chloride and okara hydrolysates were 63.38 and 3.15%, and those of the preservatives with copper chloride, okara hydrolysates, and sodium borate were 61.47 and 3.32%, respectively. Despite the hot water leaching, wood blocks treated with preservatives formulated with 2% cellulase, pectinase, and protease hydrolyzed okara, CuCl(2), and sodium borate showed only 1.98% average weight loss against Fomitopsis palustris over 12 weeks. Microscopic observation revealed how okara-based preservatives work in wood blocks. Okara has potential as a raw material for cost-effective and environmentally friendly wood preservatives.

Four three-dimensional heterometallic coordination polymers, [Ln2Cu4I3(IN)7(H2O)]n (1, 2) and [LnCu3.5I3(IN)3.5(H2O)3]n·nH2O (3, 4) [HIN = isonicotinic acid, Ln = Nd (1), Gd (2), La (3), Eu (4)] were hydrothermally synthesized by using lanthanide oxides, isonicotinic acid, copper chloride, and potassium iodide. The different molar ratio of raw materials results in two distinct types of three-dimensional frameworks of compounds 1–4. The structure of compounds 1 and 2 are constructed by the layer modules of [Ln2(IN)7(H2O)]nn– and Cu4I3 clusters, whereas that of compounds 3 and 4 are built by dimeric Ln2(IN)6(H2O)6 and layered polymeric [Cu7I6]nn+ units.

Copper-encapsulated polystyrene nanocomposite particles were prepared through ex situ dispersion of Cu nanoparticles into monomer droplets and subsequent polymerization using water in supercritical carbon dioxide (water-in-sc-CO2) at 70°C. First, colloidal dispersion of copper nanoparticles was synthesized by chemical reduction of copper chloride (CuCl2) using sodium borohydrate (NaBH4) as reducing agent. Colloidal dispersion of copper nanoparticles was added slowly during the polymerization of styrene using water-in-sc-CO2 medium at 70°C and 20.68 MPa. Cu nanoparticle encapsulated polymer particles were characterized by UV, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, SEM, and TEM. Cu nanoparticles were uniformly distributed inside the polymer matrix during the polymerization process. This work represents a simple way to prepare a variety of metal nanoparticles encapsulated polymer particles using water-in-sc-CO2 medium. The Cu/polystyrene nanocomposite particles exhibit antimicrobial activity against a number of bacteria. The current work represents a simple, cheap and universal way to prepare a variety of metal–polymer nanocomposite materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

An efficient one-pot system has been developed for the synthesis of cyano aziridine by using α,β-unsaturated nitriles as the alkene substrates and N,N-dichloro-p-toluenesulfonamide (4-TsNCl(2) ) as the nitrogen source. A good scope of alkene substrates was achieved for this reaction. The one-pot reaction, via aminohalogenation and intramolecular S(N) 2 substitution, was very convenient to carry out at room temperature without the protection of inert gases. Modest to good yields and excellent have been obtained. This method provides an easy route to the cyano aziridine. The structure of the resulting products has been unambiguously confirmed by X-ray structural analysis.

Oxidation of N,N-dialkyldithiocarbamato (R2dtc) complexes of Ni(II), Pd(II) and Pt(II) with 3,5-bis(N,N-dialkyliminium)-1,2,4-trithiolane ion (R4bitt)2+ containing compounds and with M(R2dtc)X2 (M = Cu, Au; X = Cl, Br) is reported. From the oxidation of Ni(R2dtc)2 the componds Ni(R2dtc)3X (X = Cl, Br, FeCl4) were obtained. The oxidation of Pd(R2dtc)2 with R4bitt2+Cu2X2−6 (X = Cl, Br) resulted in the new compounds [Pd(R2dtc)3]2Cu2X6. The new compound Pt(R2dtc)3CuBr2 could be obtained by the oxidation of Pt(R2dtc)2 with either (R4bitt)2+Cu2Br2−6 or Cu(R2dtc)Br2, or by the reaction of Pt(R2dtc)3Br with CuBr2. The analogous copper chloride compound was prepared from (R4bitt)2+Cu2Cl2−6 with Pt(R2dtc)2. The compound Pt(R2dtc)3AuBr2 was prepared from Pt(R2dtc)2 and Au(R2dtc)Br2. The metal-sulfur infrared stretching frequencies are in accord with the assumption that in all these compounds the metal atoms Ni(IV), Pd(IV) and Pt(IV) have a D3 symmetry. Conductivity measurements showed the platinum complexes to be 1:1 electrolytes.

The aerobic oxidative polymerization of phenol derivatives can provide poly(phenylene oxide)s, which are known as engineering plastics. This oxidation can be carried out with atmospheric oxygen molecules as the oxidizing reagent in the presence of copper complexes as the catalyst; however, stoichiometric or excess amounts of bases are also generally required. By using a phenylazomethine dendrimer complexed with several equivalent amounts of copper chloride, the additive (base)-free polymerization of 2,6-difluorophenol was successful with a very small amount of the catalyst (0.7 mol% of copper for the monomer) because the dendrimer was composed of many Schiff base units, affording a base and catalyst (copper complex) condensed reaction field. The resulting polymer was nearly linear and the molecular weight was very high. When the equimolar amount of the copper complex in one dendrimer molecule was increased, the polymer obtained under this reaction condition was rather branched, resulting in a higher glass transition temperature.

We have demonstrated a facile carbonate-assisted hydrothermal route for synthesis of well-defined nanoporous copper oxide microstructures with high surface area. The nanoporous CuO microstructures were synthesised by adding sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) to an aqueous solution of copper chloride (CuCl2) in the presence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) at 300 °C. The introduction of NaHCO3 is critical for the successful synthesis of porous nanoarchitectures owing to the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas dur

Chemicals containing multiple peroxide functionalities, such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP), diacetone diperoxide (DADP), or hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), can be explosive. They are impractical and are not used by legitimate military groups because they are shock and heat sensitive compared to military explosives. They are attractive to terrorists because synthesis is straightforward, requiring only a few easily obtained ingredients. Physical removal of these synthesis products is highly hazardous. This paper discusses methods to degrade peroxide explosives chemically, at room temperature. A number of mixtures containing metals (e.g., zinc, copper) and metal salts (e.g., zinc sulfate, copper chloride) were found effective, some capable of destroying TATP solutions in a few hours. Strong acids proved useful against solid peroxide materials; however, on a 1 g scale, addition of concentrated sulfuric acid caused TATP to detonate. Thus, this technique should only be used to destroy small-laboratory quantities.

A novel copper-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/silica complex was prepared and its chemical structure, thermal, and mechanical properties were studied. The results showed that the crystallinity of PVA first increased and then decreased by the addition of copper chloride, whereas, the thermal decomposition temperature increased dramatically. For PVA/silica hybrid, the decomposition temperature associated with the removal of water molecules in PVA chains was 262°C. But the temperature increased to 361°C when the content of copper chloride was 2 wt%. The intelligent electronic tensile tester was used to investigate the mechanical properties of these complexes. The results suggested that the tensile strength of the complexes is improved with negligible decrease in the plasticity. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers

BACKGROUND: The aggregation structure of polymers in solution is an important aspect of their behavior. The interactions between metal ions and water-soluble polymers have a significant influence on the conformation behavior of biological macromolecules, and on the ionic selectivity of cells, etc. RESULTS: The rheological behavior of poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) and CuCl2 dispersed in N,N-dimethylformamide was investigated using rheological techniques. Concentrated solutions containing CuCl2 exhibited a rheological behavior different from those containing other metal chlorides (LiCl, CaCl2 and CoCl2). This indicated that the variation in the aggregation state of the PVP chains with concentration of CuCl2 was different from those of PVP solutions containing Li+, Ca2+ or Co2+ ions. CONCLUSION: The interactions between PVP and CuCl2 inhibit the crystallization of CuCl2 and induce the formation of microphase separation in the system. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) measurements of sexithiophene (6T) were carried out according to the Pt/6T/M sandwich structure configuration, for various electrode materials (M=GC, ITO, Ag, Cu, Al) and for different doping levels of copper chloride (CuCl2). The results demonstrate that two types of charge transport are involved in the redox process at the electrode/6T interface and inside the bulk oligomer. The complex-plane impedance plots obtained for various doping levels of CuCl2 exhibit arc shapes. The charge-transfer resistance measured from the diagrams decreases systematically with the addition of the salt, leading to an increase of the oligothiophene conductivity.

Modified poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) and its complexes were prepared with different solvents such as benzene, toluene, and xylene as well as potassium chloride (KCl) and copper chloride (CuCl2). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and positron annihilation spectroscopy were used to investigate the properties of the modified P4VP and its complexes. It was concluded that complexes were formed between the polymer and solvents via quaternization of nitrogen in the ring with the solvents and also with KCl and CuCl2·2H2O. Furthermore, the modified P4VP–CuCl2 complexes were more stable than the modified P4VP–KCl complexes, and these complexes were more stable than the P4VP–solvent complexes. Ortho-positronium components (τ3, I3) were used to estimate the nanoscale free-volume hole size (Vf) and the free-volume fraction (f %). The free-volume hole size and its fractions depended on the addition of solvents and metals to the polymer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

A novel two-dimensional 3d–4f heterometallic inorganic compound with the formula [CuII3GdIII(μ3-OH)6(μ3-SH)(SO4)(H2O)3] (1) was synthesized by treating gadolinium nitrate, copper chloride and DTSA under hydrothermal conditions. The structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. The crystal is of orthorhombic, space group P212121 with a = 6.63090(1) A, b = 11.3145(3) A, c = 15.7869(3) A, Cu3GdH13O13S2, M = 633.09, Z =4, V = 1184.42(4) A3, F(000) = 1200, R1 = 0.0244 and ωR = 0.0522. The solid-state dc magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed antiferromagnetic interactions between the paramagnetic metal center ions.

A new facile method for preparation of an amphiphilic block copolymer via a one-pot sequential atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) on solid support was developed. As a model homopolymerization for the solid-supported block copolymerization, ATRPs of MMA and HEMA in toluene and in 2-butanone/1-propanol solvent system were carried out, respectively. Crosslinked polystyrene beads bearing 2-bromoisobutyrate moieties successfully initiated the polymerizations of MMA and HEMA in controlled manner. On the basis of the successful results, the one-pot synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymer by changing the reaction medium was performed. After the ATRP of MMA in toluene at 90 °C for 1 h, the poly(MMA) formed on the beads were washed by continuous flow of 2-butanone/1-propanol under nitrogen with the aid of a glass filter in a U-shaped glass vessel. Then, 2-butanone/1-propanol, copper chloride (I), 2,2′-bipyridyl, and HEMA were added and heated at 50 °C for 48 h with shaking the vessel, followed by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid to isolate the well-defined amphiphilic block copolymer, poly(MMA-b-HEMA). These demonstrated the feasibility of the present strategy for well-defined synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers via a one-pot procedure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 1990–1997, 2008

The incineration of municipal solid waste generates dioxins. To control dioxins, it is necessary to determine the mechanism of their formation. Because copper chloride (CuCl2) is one of the strongest catalysts of dioxin formation in fly ash, it is important to study the chemical changes of this compound. To determine the chemical changes of copper, Cu-K x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra were examined during the heating of model fly ash using a time-resolved dispersive x-ray absorption fine structure (DXAFS) technique. The change in the absorption edge of the Cu-K XANES spectrum revealed a change in the valence of copper and the temperature dependence of the reduction and oxidation of CuCl2. From room temperature to 270 °C, CuCl2 was reduced, and from > 270 to 300 °C, copper was reoxidized in the presence of 10% oxygen. At a constant temperature of 210 or 300 °C, copper was dynamically reduced and oxidized. In experiments using different gas streams, HCl gas had no effect on the reaction of copper, while oxygen gas was essential for the reoxidation of copper. Our results suggest that dioxin formation in fly ash occurs via the chlorination of carbon with the reduction of CuCl2 and carbon gasification catalyzed by copper oxides. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Optical and structural characteristics of phase separated soda lime silicate glasses doped with monovalent copper have been studied for samples exchanged in molten copper chloride and afterwards thermally treated in a gaseous hydrogen atmosphere. The created colloidal particles are of different size, and their diameter increases with the penetration depth of the copper ions, which in turn depends on the chemical and thermal treatment. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The rheological properties of a phenol–formaldehyde resin containing various ratios of softwood pyrolytic oil as phenol substitute were investigated using the simple Bingham rheological model for viscoplastic fluids. Flow activation energy was determined for the various resin blends and the pyrolytic oil between room temperature and 50°C and correlations relating the flow activation energy to the weight fraction of pyrolytic oil in the resin are proposed. Apparent crosslinking activation energy with and without copper chloride used as an activator was also evaluated based on two gel time measurements between 75 and 105°C. A significant decrease in activation energy was observed for the phenol–formaldehyde resin cured with copper chloride, while the effect was less important for resins containing pyrolytic oil even when gel times were much shorter for PF-resins. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007

A heterogeneous catalyst system of magnesia supported palladium nanoparticles furnishes N-pyridylindoles in the presence of copper chloride as an oxidant.

Copper chloride-catalyzed aerobic oxidative annulation of N-furfuryl-β-enaminones provides access to polysubstituted pyrroles and indoles. This protocol involves an unprecedented copper chloride-catalyzed oxidative chlorination of furan and pyrrole rings with oxygen as the terminal oxidant.

A series of the title compounds (IV) is obtained by three-component condensation between indoles, aromatic aldehydes, and N-alkylanilines using low-cost and environmentally benign zirconium oxychloride or copper chloride catalysts under neat and mild reaction conditions.

The system consisting of permanent magnets of Kittel open domain structure with a mask made of thin sheets of soft magnetic material is described. The simulations showed that the maximal value of induction for system consisting of two neodymium-iron-boron magnets in presence of a mask is increased from 3 T (without a mask) up to 4 T. In this case the product BVB on the distance of 0.01 mm achieves a value of 4.2 x 10 11 mT 2 /m. The experimental device with a mask made of low carbon steel sheets is shown to be useful for separation of paramagnetic substances such as dysprosium sulfate, europium chloride and copper chloride.

The first transformation of triazenes into sulfonamides catalyzed by boron trifluoride etherate or copper chloride is described.

A highly efficient synthesis of carbamatoalkyl naphthols by a one-pot three-component condensation of 2-naphthol, aldehydes, and methyl/ethyl/benzyl carbamates in the presence of copper chloride under thermal solvent-free conditions has been performed. The suitable solvent, amounts of raw materials and catalyst, and reaction temperature were investigated. Experimental results show that only 1 mol% catalyst was enough to induce the conversion. All new products were characterized by mp, IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and mass spectrum. A mechanism to rationalize the reaction was proposed.

Films of self-assembled (CnH2n+1NH3)2CuCl4 (1 ≤ n ≤ 4) hybrid structures were prepared and characterized with respect to the structure, the optical absorption and the transport properties. The films were deposited in-situ, by the Single Source Thermal Ablation (SSTA) procedure on glassy, crystalline and polymeric substrates. The film structure and the morphology, thickness and roughness were almost independent on the substrate. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the films are well crystallized and c-axis oriented. Optical absorption measurements in the 9000-52000 cm–1 interval confirmed the good quality of the films. They also proved that the absorption phenomena are mainly related to the inorganic CuCl64– clusters and to their geometrical configuration. Due to the high optical quality of the films novel absorption features were revealed. The electrical transport measurements indicated that the films are insulating at 300 K, with resistivity values ranging between 103 and 104 Ωcm. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The synthesis of diblock copolymers using atom transfer radical polymerization, ATRP, of n-butyl methacrylate, BMA, and methyl methacrylate, MMA, is reported. These copolymers were prepared from 2-bromoisobutyryl-terminated macroinitiators of poly(MMA) and poly(BMA), using copper chloride, CuCl,/N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetretramine, PMDETA, as the catalyst system, at 100°C in bulk and in benzonitrile solution. The block copolymers were characterized by means of size-exclusion chromatography, SEC, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The SEC analysis of the synthesized diblock copolymers confirmed important differences in the molecular weight control depending on the reaction medium (solvent effect) and the chemical structure of the macroinitiator used. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry, (DSC) measurements were performed, showing for all the copolymers a phase separation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2683–2691, 2002

Raman spectra of the basic copper chloride minerals atacamite and paratacamite have been obtained at 298 and 77K using a Raman microprobe in combination with a thermal stage. Four distinct regions involved with hydroxyl stretching, hydroxyl deformation, CuO stretching and CuCl stretching and bending have been identified. The implication from the study is that Raman spectroscopy can be a useful tool for identifying corrosion products of copper, brass and bronze objects of archaeological or antiquarian significance. In addition, the technique may be a useful aid in the restoration degraded pigment products from old paintings.

A new, powerful and recyclable copper catalyst were prepared by heterogenization of copper chloride using of Fe3O4 nano particles modified with citric acid as a linker. This system can catalyze reduction of nitroaren compound to aniline derivatives in the presence of Sodium borohydride as a reduction agent in moderate to good yields. In addition, easy separation and recoverable with an external permanent magnet is the dominant properties of this catalyst (Cu2+-CA@Fe3O4).