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Challenge: The "flipped classroom" is a pedagogical model in which instructional materials are delivered to learners outside of class, reserving class time for application of new principles with peers and instructors. Active learning has forever been an elusive ideal in medical education, but the flipped class model is relatively new to medical education. What is the evidence for the "flipped classroom," and how can these techniques be applied to the teaching of dermatology to trainees at all stages of their medical careers?

Author(s): Solomon, Marjorie; Iosif, Ana-Maria; Reinhardt, Vanessa P; Libero, Lauren E; Nordahl, Christine W; Ozonoff, Sally; Rogers, Sally J; Amaral, David G | Abstract: We examined phenotypes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on trajectories of intellectual development from early (ages 2-3 ½) to middle (ages 5-8) childhood in a recent clinically ascertained cohort. Participants included 102 children (82 males) initially diagnosed with ASD from the Autism Phenome Project longitudinal sample. Latent class growth analysis was used to identify distinct IQ trajectories. Baseline and developmental course differences among groups were assessed using univariate techniques and repeated measures regression models, respectively. A four class model best represented the data. Using the highest posterior probability, participants were assigned to High Challenges (25.5%), Stable Low (17.6%), Changers (35.3%), and Lesser Challenges (21.6%) groups. The High Challenges and Stable Low groups exhibited persistently low IQ, although, the High Challenges group experienced declines while the Stable Low group's scores remained more constant. Changers showed IQ improvement of g 2 standard deviations. The Lesser Challenges group had IQs in the average range at both times that were about 1 standard deviation higher at T2. In summation, 75% of the participants experienced some relative improvements in intellectual and/or other areas of functioning between ages 2 and 8 years. The Changers group demonstrated the most significant IQ change that was accompanied by adaptive communication improvement and declining externalizing symptoms. Only the Lesser Challenges group showed a significant reduction in ASD symptom severity, such that by age 8, 14% of them no longer met ADOS-2 criteria for ASD. All groups showed reductions in internalizing symptoms. Intervention history was not associated with group status. Autism Res 2018, 11: 121-132. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay summaryWe examined how the IQs of children with autism spectrum disorder change between ages 2 and 8, and identified four patterns. Two groups exhibited persistently lower IQs. One group showed IQ increases of greater than 30 points with improved communicate abilities and declining disruptive behaviors. The final group had IQs in the average or better range at both time points, and 14% of them lost their diagnoses. Over half of the children experienced improved intellectual functioning between ages 2 and 8, whereas about 25% showed declines. Findings were not associated with intervention history.

When responses function to produce the same reinforcer, a response class exists. Researchers have examined response classes in applied settings; however, the challenges associated with conducting applied research on response class development have recently necessitated the development of an analogue response class model. To date, little research has examined response classes that are strengthened by negative reinforcement. The current investigation was designed to develop a laboratory model of a response class through positive reinforcement (i.e., points exchangeable for money) and through negative reinforcement (i.e., the avoidance of scheduled point losses) with 11 college students as participants and clicks as the operant. Results of both the positive and negative reinforcement evaluations showed that participants usually selected the least effortful response that produced points or the avoidance of point losses, respectively. The applied implications of the findings are discussed, along with the relevance of the present model to the study of punishment and resurgence.

The paper describes a new approach for disjoint hard modelling of classes. This involves developing independent PC models for each group in the class, and calculating both the Q statistic (square prediction error) for each sample to the class model and a separate statistic about how well samples are classified within the projected PC space. The latter statistic can be applied to different types of classifiers, in this paper we choose to illustrate by Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (D statistic) and one class Support Vector Domain Description (SVDD) (f-value). The two measures (Q and the classifier dependent statistic) are combined into a joint decision function which uniquely classifies each sample. The disjoint hard models are contrasted to conjoint models where PCA is performed on the entire dataset using both QDA and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) classifiers. The optimum number of PCs for each model is determined using the bootstrap, and model performance assessed on 100 test sets obtained using different iterative splits, using %PA (Predictive Ability) and %CR (Classification Rate). The method is illustrated using a dataset consisting of 293 samples from nine groups of polymers obtained using thermal profiling. The approach described, in this paper, has many of the advantages of one class disjoint models (e.g. SIMCA) and of conventional hard models, and is useful if it is known that all samples must belong to one of a series of known groups but each group has a very different structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Natural oils possess a characteristic and more or less unique pattern of fatty acids and triacylglycerols. These patterns can be used in several manners, as a means of identification, for batch-consistency testing (e. g. for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry), detection of adulteration and also possibly as a basis for a chemotaxonomy, revealing relationships between species. The fatty acid composition, determined by GC/MS of the methyl esters and the triacylglycerol pattern analysed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, were utilized in multivariate-statistical analysis to ‘map’ and classify different oils. A class model was developed for each of the different sources of oil, constituting an objective and quantitative means of identification, through nearness in the multi-dimensional measurement space. Eine multivariable Identifizierung von naturlichen Triacylglycerin-Olen Naturliche Fette und Ole besitzen ein charakteristisches und ein mehr oder weniger einzigartiges Muster der Zusammensetzung der Fettsauren bzw. der Triacylglycerine. Diese Muster konnen in verschiedener Weise verwendet werden, so z.B. als Mittel zur Identifizierung, zur Prufung der Bestandigkeit von Chargen (zB. in der Arzneimittelindustrie und in der kosmetischen Industrie), zum Aufdecken von Verfalschungen, aber auch moglicherweise als Basis fur eine Chemotaxonomie, d.h. zur Ermittlung eventueller Beziehungen zwischen Spezies. Die Fettsaurezusammensetzung (bestimmt durch GC/MC der Methylester) und das Triacylglycerinmuster (durch Umkehrphasenanalyse der HPLC bestimmt) wurden bei der multivariabel-statistischen Analyse zur Kennzeichnung und Klassifizierung verschiedener Ole wurde entwickelt. Das Modell stellt eine objektive und quantitative Art der Identifizierung durch die No;he im multidimensionalen Mesraum dar.

Hamada showed that the income transfer from capitalists to workers does not increase the income of workers in the long run. His result is based on the nonlinearity of the saving functions. If the saving function of capitalists is concave (or convex), the maximum of workers' income is attained by the positive (or the negative) transfer. There exists a case where the after-tax income of capitalists increases by a positive transfer. The global maximum of capitalists' income is attained when workers' income is all transferred to capitalists, while the global maximum of workers' is attained when capitalists enjoy positive income.

This paper illustrates the use of latent class analysis to classify 50,000 infants into a small number of classes or case types, as a preliminary to a study of the allocation of neonatal hospital resources throughout Scotland. Information, extracted from a detailed neonatal discharge record, was summarized by 11 clinical and diagnostic catagorical variables. Statistical models incorporating 1 to 6 latent classes were then estimated using the EM algorithm. The 4 class model was chosen because it provided a good description of the data and the resulting classes had a medical interpretation. The factors influencing the choice of model are discussed and goodness of fit tests are presented. The stability of the classes was also investigated using random halves of the data and an earlier comparable data set.

Almost thirty years ago Lipset published his well-known article ‘Democracy and working-class authoritarianism’. His central thesis is that the working class more than other social classes, is predisposed to authoritarian and anti-democratic attitudes. Several authors have criticized this thesis, especially by questioning Lipset's concept of democracy. Our approach is somewhat different in that in our opinion Lipset's conceptualization and measurement of social class is inaccurate and inappropriate. Using an empirical class model elaborated by Eric Olin Wright, our findings do not show that the working class is more authoritarian than other social classes. Education and not social class seems to be the most important factor. It is concluded that the measurement of social class is crucial to whether the theory of working-class authoritarianism is empirically supported or not. Some theoretical consequences are briefly discussed.

SUMMARY This paper explores the consequences of the rejection of the hypothesis of the equality between the profit rate and the interest rate in a two class model of economic growth. With a differentiated interest rate, the well-known (Pasinetti's) independence of the equilibrium profit rate with respect to the propensity to save of the workers is no longer valid. The general solution of the model for this case is given. Looking at optimal growth, the present paper develops two distinct arguments. First, in a traditional manner, the conditions under which there exists an interest rate which maximizes per capita consumption are established. Second, in a more original way, the usual criterion of optimal growth is replaced by the criterion of maximum workers' consumption, a not unreasonable criterion in a two-class economy. The maximizing conditions for this case are derived. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In dieser Arbeit werden die Konsequenzen einer Ablehnung der Hypothese untersucht, dass in einem Zwei-Klassen-Modell des wirtschaftlichen Wachstums die Profitrate and der Zinssatz gleich hoch seien. Bei einer unterschiedlichen Zinsrate verliert die (von Pasinetti) bekannte Unabhangigkeit der gleichgewichtigen Profitrate von der Sparneigung der Lohnempfanger ihre Gultigkeit. Fur diesen Fall wird die generelle Losung des Modells vorgefuhrt. Unter dem Aspekt des optimalen Wachstums werden zwei Aussagen entwikkelt: erstens werden die Bedingungen, unter welchen ein Zinssatz existiert, der den Pro-Kopf-Konsum maximiert, abgeleitet; zweitens wird das ubliche Kriterium fur optimales Wachstum durch das Kriterium des maximalen Konsums derArbeitnehmer ersetzt. Dies neue Kriterium erscheint in einem Zwei-Klassen-Modell als nicht abwegig. Die Maximierungsbedingungen werden fur diesen Fall abgeleitet. RESUME Dans un modele de croissance a deux classes (salaries et capitalistes), l'independance du taux de profit en equilibre dynamique par rapport a la propension aepargner des ouvriers n'est plus valable lorsqu'on abandonne l'hypothese d'egalite entre le taux d'interet et le taux de profit. Les resultats d'un modele a deux classes avec taux d'interet differencie sont derives. Par rapport e la croissance optimale, deux aspects differents sont traites. Premierement, dans une optique traditionnelle, on cherche les conditions d'existence d'un taux d'interet qui maximise la consommation par tete. Deuxiemement, suivant une idee plus originale, on remplace le critere usuel d'optimalite par celui de la maximisation de la consommation ouvriere. Les conditions d'optimalite dans un pareil cas sont derivees.