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Two new compounds, named 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl α-d-ribofuranoside (1) and 3β-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)olean-12-ene-23,28,30-trioic acid (2), together with thirteen known compounds, were isolated from the white beans culture of the marine derived endophytic fungus Aspergillus amstelodami. Structure elucidation of the new compounds was carried out by one-, two-dimensional spectroscopy, and high resolution electrospray ionization mass. The antimelanogenic and anti-allergic activity of the isolated compounds were investigated. Compounds 4, 7, 1, 3, 11, 6 and 9 selectively suppressed melanin production in B16 melanoma cells, using arbutin as a positive control. Their IC50 values were 30.8±5.57, 38.5±6.08, 52.6±6.64, 98.0±1.16, 100.4±3.05, 112.0±0.22 and 144.7±2.35 μm, respectively, while that of arbutin was 151.7±1.27 μm. The tested compounds did not show any significant anti-allergic activity in RBL-2H3 cells, as compared to quercetin.

Two new triterpene glycosides, 1 and 2, together with three known ones, were isolated from roots of Acanthophyllum laxiusculum Schiman-Czeika. The structures of the new compounds were established by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic experiments and MS analyses as 23-O-β-D-galactopyranosylgypsogenic acid 28-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-6-O-[4-carboxy-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)}-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-galactopyranosyl ester (1) and gypsogenic acid 28-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-6-O-[4-carboxy-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)}-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-galactopyranosyl ester (2).

This review aimed to determine longitudinal changes in objectively measured overall sedentary behaviour, and to examine their associations with adiposity in children and adolescents. A search for longitudinal studies was performed using several electronic databases. Of 161 potentially eligible papers, 10 for change in sedentary behaviour and 3 for longitudinal associations with change in adiposity were included. Weighted mean increase in daily sedentary behaviour per year was 5.7% for boys and 5.8% for girls. Only one paper included preschool children, and it showed a decrease in sedentary behaviour. Nine studies were from Western countries. Null associations were reported between sedentary behaviour and adiposity in two studies, the other found that increases in sedentary behaviour were associated with increases in adiposity, but only in those with body mass index above the 50th percentile. There was consistent evidence that sedentary behaviour increases with age in school-age children and adolescents, by approximately 30 min extra daily sedentary behaviour per year. There was little evidence on the influence of changes in sedentary behaviour on changes in adiposity. There is a need for more longitudinal research, for more evidence from outside the Western world, and for more studies that examine ‘dose-response’ associations between changes in sedentary behaviour and changes in adiposity

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive fibrotic disease, the pathogenesis of which has not been fully elucidated. One of the most common models used in NASH research is a nutritional model where NASH is induced by feeding a diet deficient in both methionine and choline. However, the dietary methionine-/choline-deficient model in mice can cause severe weight loss and liver atrophy, which are not characteristics of NASH seen in human patients. Exclusive, long-term feeding with a high-fat diet (HFD) produced fatty liver and obesity in mice, but the HFD for several months did not affect fibrosis. We aimed to establish a mouse model of NASH with fibrosis by optimizing the methionine content in the HFD. Male mice were fed a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) consisting of 60 kcal% fat and 0.1% methionine by weight. After 1-14 weeks of being fed CDAHFD, the mice were killed. C57BL/6J mice maintained or gained weight when fed CDAHFD, while A/J mice showed a steady decline in body weight (of up to 20% of initial weight). In both strains of mice, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase increased from week 1, when hepatic steatosis was also observed. By week 6, C57BL/6J mice had developed enlarged fatty liver with fibrosis as assessed by Masson's trichrome staining and by hydroxyproline assay. Therefore, this improved CDAHFD model may be a mouse model of rapidly progressive liver fibrosis and be potentially useful for better understanding human NASH disease and in the development of efficient therapies for this condition.

Aim The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a comprehensive overweight intervention program, which utilizes hot bathing, on overweight, community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults in a randomized controlled trial. Methods The program was carried out in a hot bath facility and included 66 community-dwelling middle-aged and older Japanese adults (mean age 61.6 years, SD 7.5, 77.3% were women). The participants were randomly assigned to an exercise, diet and hot bathing intervention group (group A), exercise and diet intervention group (group B), a hot-bathing intervention group (group C) and a control group (group D). The participants in groups A and B participated in a comprehensive intervention program (including exercise and diet classes) twice a week for 3 months, and groups A and C had hot bathing. Results After 3 months, the participants in group A showed a reduction in weight, abdominal circumference, body mass index and body fat percentage compared with the other intervention groups. And the lower extremity function (i.e. walking speed) had greater improvement in the participants in groups A and B compared with groups C and D. In group C, in which only hot bathing was the intervention, there were no significant improvements in measurement items. Conclusions Our study provides preliminary evidence that a comprehensive intervention program, including hot bathing, is useful for community residents with a tendency toward overweight. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 13: 638–645.

Two new oleanane-type triterpene saponins, afrocyclamins A and B (1 and 2, resp.), were isolated from a MeOH extract of the roots of Cyclamen africanum Boiss. & Reuter, together with three known triterpenoid saponins, lysikokianoside, deglucocyclamin I, and its dicrotalic acid derivative. The structures were elucidated, on the basis of 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments and mass spectrometry as (3β,20β)-13,28-epoxy-16-oxo-3-{O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(14)-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(12)]-α-L-arabinopyranosyl}oxy}oleanan-29-al (1) and (3β,16α,20β)-16,28,29-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-3-yl O-4-O-(4-carboxy-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(14)-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(12)]-α-L-arabinopyranoside (2).

Lack of data on daily inhalation rate and activity of children has been an issue in health risk assessment of air pollutants. This study aimed to obtain the daily inhalation rate and intensity and frequency of physical activity in relation to the environment in Japanese preschool children. Children aged four-six years (n= 138) in the suburbs of Tokyo participated in this study, which involved three days' continuous monitoring of physical activity using a tri-axial accelerometer and parent's completion of a time/location diary during daily life. The estimated three-day mean daily inhalation rate (body temperature, pressure, saturated with water vapor) was 9.9 ± 1.6 m(3) /day (0.52 ± 0.09 m(3) /kg/day). The current daily inhalation rate value of 0.580 m(3) /kg/day proposed for use in health risk assessment in Japan is confirmed to be valid to calculate central value of inhaled dose of air pollutants in five- to six-year-old children. However, the 95th percentile daily inhalation rate of 0.83 m(3) /kg/day based on measurement for five-year-old children is recommended to be used to provide an upper bound estimate of exposure that ensure the protection of all five- to six-year-old children from the health risk of air pollutants. Children spent the majority of their time in sedentary and light level of physical activity (LPA) when indoors, while 85% of their time when outdoors was spent in LPA and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The results suggest the need to consider variability of minute respiratory ventilation rate according to the environment for more refined short-term health risk assessment.

The four new acylated triterpene saponins 1–4, isolated as two pairs of isomers and named libericosides A1/A2 and B1/B2, one pair of isomers 5/6, the (Z)-isomer libericoside C2 (5) being new, one new sucrose ester, atroximoside (7), and eight known compounds were isolated from the roots of Atroxima liberica by repeated MPLC and VLC on normal and reversed-phase silica gel. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR studies (1H- and 13C-NMR, DEPT, COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC) and mass spectrometry as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylpresenegenin 28-{O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(13)-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(14)-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-4-O-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl]-β-D-fucopyranosyl} ester (1) and its (Z)-isomer 2, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylpresenegenin 28-{O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(14)-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(14)-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-O-[O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(13)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(13)]-4-O-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl]-β-D-fucopyranosyl} ester (3) and its (Z)-isomer 4, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylpresenegenin 28-{O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(14)-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-O-[6-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(13)]-4-O-[(Z)-3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl]-β-D-fucopyranosyl} ester (5), and 3-O-[(Z)-feruloyl]-β-D-fructofuranosyl α-D-glucopyranoside (7). Compounds 1–6 and the known saponins 8/9 were evaluated against the human colon cancer cells HCT 116 and HT-29 and showed moderate to weak cytotoxicity.

Three new medicagenic acid saponins, micranthosides A–C (1–3), were isolated from the roots of Polygala micranthaGuill. & Perr., along with six known presenegenin saponins. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC) and mass spectrometry as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylmedicagenic acid 28-[O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(14)-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(14)-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-β-D-fucopyranosyl] ester (1), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylmedicagenic acid 28-[O-6-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(14)-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(14)-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-β-D-fucopyranosyl] ester (2), and 3-O-{O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(13)-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(16)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl}medicagenic acid 28-{O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(13)-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(14)-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl-(13)]-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-β-D-fucopyranosyl} ester (3). Compounds 1–3 were evaluated against HCT 116 and HT-29 human colon cancer cells, but they did not show any cytotoxicity.

Nine cycloartane-type glycosides were isolated from three species of the genus Astragalus (Fabaceae): From the aerial parts of A. cicer L., two new saponins, cicerosides A and B (1 and 2, resp.), i.e., a tetradesmosidic and tridesmosidic cycloartane-type glycosides besides one known compound, from the roots of A. sempervirensLam., one known saponin, and from the roots of A. ptilodesBoiss. var. cariensisBoiss., five known compounds. Their structures were established mainly by 600-MHz 2D-NMR techniques (1H,1H-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC) and mass spectroscopy.

From the roots of Atriplex glauca L. var. ifiniensis (Caball) Maire (syn. of Atriplex parvifolia Lowe var. genuina Maire), three new saikosaponins designated as glaucasides A-C (1-3) were isolated together with the known 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl-saikogenin F (4). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive analysis of one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, FABMS, HR-ESIMS and chemical evidence as 13β,28-epoxy-16β,21β-dihydroxyolean-11-en-3β-yl O-β-D-[2-O-sulfate]-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside (1), 13β,28-epoxy-16β,21β-dihydroxyolean-11-en-3β-yl O-β-D-[2-O-sulfate]-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl 21-O-{4-(secbutylamido)-butanoyl ester} (2) and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl saikogenin G (3). The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated against the HT-29 and HCT 116 human colon cancer cell lines.

) Centre de Recherche Phytochimique, Universite´ de Lie`ge, Institut de Chimie-B6, Sart Tilman,B-4000-Lie`ge IThe five new presenegenin glycosides 1–5 were isolated from Securidaca welwitschii, together withone known sucrose diester. Compounds 1–4 were obtained as pairs of inseparable (E)/(Z)-isomers of a3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl derivative, i.e., 1/2 and 3/4. Their structures were elucidated mainly by 2D-NMR techniques and mass spectrometry as 3-O-(b-d-glucopyranosyl)presenegenin 28-{O-b-d-xylopyr-anosyl-(1!4)-O-a-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1!2)-O-[b-d-glucopyranosyl-(1!3)]-4-O-[(E)-3,4-dimeth-oxycinnamoyl]-b-d-fucopyranosyl} ester (1) and its (Z)-isomer 2, 3-O-(b-d-glucopyranosyl)presenege-nin 28-{O-b-d-galactopyranosyl-(1!4)-O-b-d-xylopyranosyl-(1!4)-O-3-O-acetyl-a-l-rhamnopyrano-syl-(1!2)-O-[b-d-glucopyranosyl-(1!3)]-4-O-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl]-b-d-fucopyranosyl} es-ter (3) and its (Z)-isomer 4, and 3-O-(b-d-glucopyranosyl)presenegenin 28-[O-b-d-galactopyranosyl-(1!3)-O-b-d-xylopyranosyl-(1!4)-O-a-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1!2)-b-d-fucopyranosyl] ester (5)(presenegenin¼(2b,3b,4a)-2,3,27-trihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid).

Two new triterpene glycosides, 1 and 2, together with three known ones, were isolated from roots of Acanthophyllum laxiusculum Schiman-Czeika. The structures of the new compounds were established by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic experiments and MS analyses as 23-O-β-D-galactopyranosylgypsogenic acid 28-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-6-O-[4-carboxy-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)}-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-galactopyranosyl ester (1) and gypsogenic acid 28-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-6-O-[4-carboxy-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)}-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-galactopyranosyl ester (2).

Optically active 1-α-methylbenzyl-3-p-tolylurea (MBTU) shows diverse plant physiological properties. Gramineae plants exhibit enantioselective root growth inhibition by R/S-MBTU. In the present paper, the dose–growth response (DGR) towards the optically active MBTUs was examined in the tribe Triticeae plants, including Hordeum vulgare L., Secale cereale L., Triticum aestivum L. and Aegilops cylindrica Host., and compared with those of the genus Bromus (B. inermis Leyss), which is classified into the tribe Bromeae, and the genus Oryza. In spite of their phylogenetic difference, the Triticeae plants responded homogeneously in their chiral recognition. Of particular interest, is the result of the dichotomic enantioselective response of tested Gramineae plants. Only the genus Oryza responds to R-MBTU, and the tribes Triticeae (Triticum, Aegilops, Secale and Hordeum) and Bromeae (Bromus) preferentially respond to the S-enantiomer. The tetrazolium–phenazine methosulfate–formazan (TPF) assay was demonstrated to measure redox activity of root tips of the MBTU-treated Oryza sativa and T. aestivum, which are the typical dichotomic, enantioselective-responsive plants. In Oryza and Triticum root tips, enantioselective responses of reduction activity in TPF assays were strongly related to those of root growth inhibition in DGR assays, suggesting aggressive participation of the MBTU in the generation of the reducing mechanism in mitochondria.

We previously reported an automatic method for quantitative analysis of schistocytes or fragmented red cells using an automatic hematology analyzer, XE-2100. In the study reported here, we evaluated the accuracy of this detection method in patients with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). A follow-up study was performed on 14 patients with two types of TMA, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura or hemolytic uremic syndrome. Schistocyte percent was evaluated both with an automatic counter and by means of microscopic observation. Total activity and isoenzyme pattern of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) were also determined. In these patients, schistocyte percent determined by automatic counting correlated highly with that determined by manual counting under microscopic observation (r = 0.852, P < 0.0001). Schistocyte percent was shown to correlate significantly with isoenzyme fractions 1 and 2 of LD (r = 0.732, P < 0.02), reflecting hemolysis. Nine of 11 patients tested had high concentrations of LD isoenzyme five without distinct liver damage, and schistocyte percent did not relate to fraction 5 of LD. Automatic detection of schistocyte percent using a hematology analyzer was useful for an accurate diagnosis and follow-up of thrombotic microangiopathy. The origin of LD fraction 5 remains to be determined.

Une nouvelle technique, que ses auteurs appellent «emissiographie», permet de penetrer au cœur d'un objet pour y decouvrir des caracteristiques et des details longtemps ignores que les techniques radiographiques traditionnelles ne peuvent reveler. Elle est decrite par son createur, Sadatoshi Miura, directeur du Departement des techniques de conservation a l'Institut national de recherche sur les biens culturels, a Tokyo, et par deux de ses collegues, Chie Sano, lui aussi collaborateur de l'Institut, et Chiaki Tanaka, du musee Bridgestone, a Tokyo. Ils ont beneficie pour cette etude d'une subvention du Ministere japonais de l'education, de la science et de la culture.

1. Specific binding of [3H]-prazosin in prostatic and aortic membranes of humans was saturable and of high affinity (prostate: apparent dissociation constant, Kd = 0.35 +/- 0.03 nmol/L; aorta: Kd = 0.26 +/- 0.03 nmol/L). The density of [3H]-prazosin binding sites (Bmax) for prostate and aorta was 546 +/- 31 and 61.6 +/- 1.6 fmol/mg protein, respectively. 2. Prazosin, YM617, naftopidil and urapidil competed with [3H]-prazosin for the binding sites in a dose-dependent manner in the prostate and aorta of humans. The binding affinities of these antagonists in both tissues were compared, based on the inhibition constant, Ki. Both prazosin and urapidil showed similar affinity to [3H]-prazosin binding sites in human tissue, whereas YM617 and naftopidil showed approximately a 12 and two times higher affinity, respectively, to alpha 1-adrenoceptor sites of prostate than aorta. 3. The chloroethylclonidine treatment reduced partially the Bmax values for specific [3H]-prazosin binding in the prostate and aorta of humans with little effect on the Kd values. 4. These data suggest that YM617 is a relatively selective antagonist of human prostatic alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

Four new cembrane diterpenes (1—4) and fifteen known cembranoids (5—19) were isolated from an Okinawan soft coral Lobophytum crassum. The structures of these four new cembranoids were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. In particular, the absolute stereochemistry of 1, 2, 5 and 6 were elucidated by the application of the modified Mosher's method and circular dichroism (CD) spectral data. The inhibitory effects of some isolates were evaluated on nitric oxide (NO) production against a murine macrophage-like cell line (Raw 264.7). Cembranoids consisting of α-methylene-γ-lactone, exhibited the significant effect on NO production.

A new radioligand for monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A), [11C]fluoroclorgyline, was synthesized from its desmethyl precursor by N-methylation reaction using [11C]methyl iodide with a radiochemical yield of 75-85%. The radiochemical purity of the product was more than 99% and the specific radioactivity was 7.4-18.5 GBq/μmol. The in vivo tissue distribution studies of [11C]fluoroclorgyline in mice demonstrated its high initial uptake and prolonged retention in the brain, comparable to those of [11C]clorgyline. A selective interaction with MAO-A in the accumulation of [11C]fluoroclorgyline was confirmed by a competition experiment performed with the MAO-A specific inhibitor, clorgyline, and MAO-B specific inhibitor, l-deprenyl. These very desirable characteristics of [11] fluoroclorgyline suggested that its 18F labeled counterpart, [18F]fluoroclorgyline, would have great potential as a longer-lived alternative to 11C labeled clorgyline for in vivo studies of MAO-A in the human brain with positron emission tomography (PET).

Development of an 123I-labeled glucose derivative that interacted with hexokinase was attempted. By introducing a benzene ring into the glucosamine molecule, we were able to secure a radioiodinated compound, N-iodobenzoyl-D-glucosamine (BGA), with enhanced stability. As a result, a non-competitive inhibitory agent on the hexokinase-regulated phosphorylation reaction was achieved. The inhibitory action and lipophilic property of this novel compound were closely related to an amide bond in its structural configuration. Moreover, on investigating the biodistribution in mice, although this 125I-labeled compound did not display any uptake into the brain, it demonstrated rapid clearance from the blood with high systemic stability. From the above findings, it is highly possible to develop a clinically feasible 123I-labeled radioligand that can monitor the quantitative changes and biodistribution of hexokinase.

Six new depsipeptides, seragamides A–F ( 1–6 ), and a known geodiamolide I ( 7 ) have been isolated as cytotoxic metabolites from the Okinawan sponge Suberites japonicus. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformations. Seragamide A ( 1 ) promotes the polymerization of G-actin and stabilizes F-actin filaments.

The pyrolysis of benzyl 2-oxazolecarbamates (I) and benzyl 4-alkylallophanates (II) was investigated. Heating of benzyl 5-phenyl-2-oxazolecarbamate (Ia) at 230°C gave benzyl alcohol and 2-phenyl-6-(5-phenyl-2-oxazolyl)-5H-oxazolo [3, 2-α] [1, 3, 5] triazine-5, 7-(6H)-dione (IIIa). Compound IIIa was also obtained by heating the azide prepared from 5-phenyl-2-oxazolecarbohydrazide (IVa). In the same way, 2-methyl-6-(5-methyl-2-oxazolyl)-5H-oxazolo [3, 2-α] [1, 3, 5] triazine-5, 7 (6H)-dione (IIIb) and 2-phenyl-6-(5-phenyl-2-thiazolyl)-5H-thiazolo [3, 2-α] [1, 3, 5] triazine-5, 7 (6H)-dione (IIIc) were obtained from the corresponding hydrazides (IVb and IVc). Next, heating of benzyl 4-(2-phenylethyl)-allophanate (IIa) at 230°C gave cyanuric acid (VII), benzyl (2-phenylethyl) carbamate (VIII) and 1, 3-bis (2-phenylethyl)-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4, 6 (1H, 3H, 5H)-trione (IX).

Treatment of 2-amino-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline (I) with trifluoroacetic anhydride gave 1, 3-bis (2, 2, 2-trifluoroacetyl)-1-[2-(2, 2, 2-trifluoroacetyloxy)-2-phenylethyl] urea (II). Compound II was pyrolyzed at 120°C to give 2, 2, 2-trifluoroacetyl isocyanate (III) and 2, 2, 2-trifluoro-N-[2-(2, 2, 2-trifluoroacetyloxy)-2-phenylethyl] acetamide (IV). Compound II was readily hydrolyzed to give 1-(2, 2, 2-trifluoroacetyl)-3-[2-(2, 2, 2-trifluoroacetyloxy)-2-phenylethyl] urea (VI). Compound VI was pyrolyzed at 230°C to give 2, 2, 2-trifluoroacetamide (VII) and 2, 2, 2-trifluoro-N-(E)-styrylacetamide (VIII). It was considered that the formation of VIII proceeded through the intermediate 2-(2, 2, 2-trifluoroacetyloxy)-2-phenylethyl isocyanate (XI) or 1-(2, 2, 2-trifluoroacetyl)-3-(E)-styrylurea (XII), as shown in Chart 1.