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Background and Objectives Actual long-term survival of patients with colorectal liver metastases staged by PET CT has not been reported. Objectives were to investigate whether PET CT staging results in actual improved long-term survival, to examine outcome in patients with ‘equivocal’ PET CT scans, and those excluded from hepatectomy by PET CT. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases between March 1998 and September 2008. Results Overall 5- and 10-year survival was 44.8% and 23.9%. PET CT staging resulted in management changes in 23% of patients. PET CT staged patients showed significantly better survival than those staged by CT alone at 3 years (79.8% vs. 54.1%) and at 5 years (54.1% vs. 37.3%) with median survivals of 6.4 years versus 3.9 years (log rank P = 0.018). Patients with equivocal PET CT scans showed worse median survival than those with favourable PET CT (log rank P = 0.002), but may include a subpopulation whose prognosis trends towards a more favourable outcome than those excluded from liver resection by PET CT, whose median survival remains limited to 21 months. Conclusions Staging of patients with colorectal liver metastases by PET CT is associated with significantly improved actual long-term survival, and provides valuable prognostic information which guides surgical and oncological treatments. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:313–319. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Our paper explores the early development of the New Zealand Geographer. We situate a series of continuities in its pages within the context of a wider Anglo-American regional orthodoxy and the articulation of a ‘pragmatic sanction’ for geographers in New Zealand. We argue that the journal cannot be separated from disciplinary disputes about the character and practice of geography in New Zealand. Consequently, we suggest that the journal can be understood in performative terms insofar as its pages were used to discipline academic geographers as it simultaneously aimed to satisfy a ‘common curiosity’ about New Zealand for New Zealanders.

Although empirical research has generally demonstrated that democracies experience more terrorism than autocracies, research suggests that this depends upon complex institutional differences that go beyond the democracy-autocracy divide. This study examines these differences, linking institutions to strategies of coercion and co-optation. Using zero-inflated negative binomial regression estimations on Geddes' (2003) autocratic regime-type data for 161 countries between 1970 and 2006, we find that single-party authoritarian regimes consistently experience less domestic and international terrorism relative to military autocracies and democracies. This finding is robust to a large number of specifications, underscoring the explanatory power of regime type for predicting terrorism. Our explanation for these findings is that party-based autocracies have a wider range of coercion and co-option strategies that they can employ to address grievance and dissent than do other, more strategically restricted, regimes.

This article examines the development of police-community consultation arrangements in one large county in southern England: arrangements made under Section 106 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. It analyses the various responses of the main parties in the process: the police, the police authority, and the local committees themselves; and considers the extent to which the practice of consultation relates to wider claims for the enhancement of police accountability. The main conclusions are that, at least in the force area concerned, the predominant conflict was not, as might have been expected, between police representatives and the local community, but rather between the police authority and the local committees, for which they were formally responsible. In so far as such tensions can occur, the article argues for a more cautious approach to the question of the democratic accountability of the police to the extent that the police authority is to be entrusted with a central role in the reform of the current system of police accountability.

Tumors of the pineal and suprasellar region form a rare and interesting group of lesions with germinomas accounting for over 50% of all lesions in this anatomic region. The Brain Tumor Committee of Childrens Cancer Study Group (CCSG) recently surveyed all CCSG member institutions to determine treatment parameters and assess the techniques. A total of 140 patients were seen during the period from 1960 to 1975; 118 patients were evaluable, having adequate treatment records. One hundred and one patients were less than 30 years of age with a 2:1 male predominance. Thirty-six of the 57 biopsied patients (63%) were found to have germinomas. The survival of patients in the germinoma group (72%) was comparable to that of the patients without biopsy (71%). The overall survival rate for all patients (biopsied and unbiopsied) was 65% with follow-up times ranging from 2 to 15 years. Nine patients developed spinal cord metastases (8%), two of whom also had simultaneous primary recurrence; none of these patients had received adjunctive spinal irradiation. Cancer 43:698–701, 1979.

One hundred fifty-four patients with brain tumors of various types were given an intravenous infusion of the thymidine analogue bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), 200 mg/m2, at the time of surgery but before biopsy of the tumor to label S-phase cells. Excised tumor specimens were fixed, sectioned, and stained by immunoperoxidase methods to detect BUdR. The labelling index (LI), or percentage of BUdR-labelled cells, was calculated for each tumor specimen. The LIs of glioblastomas, medulloblastomas, and most highly anaplastic astrocytomas were 5% to 20%. The majority of moderately anaplastic astrocytomas showed LIs of less than 1 %, but 30% of them had LIs similar to those of highly malignant gliomas. Most pituitary adenomas and neurinomas showed LIs of less than 1%. Non- malignant meningiomas had LIs of less than 1%, whereas malignant meningiomas had LIs higher than 2.7%. This is an important observation, because malignant meningiomas are not well-defined histopathologically and their growth rate and rate of recurrence cannot be predicted by current diagnostic procedures. By estimating the proliferative potential of individual tumors more precisely, the BUdR LI supplements histopathological diagnosis, allowing a more accurate estimate of prognosis and facilitating the design of treatment regimens for individual patients.

HEN the late Lord Keynes came to write his Notes on Mercantilism some thirteen years ago,' he felt bound to conclude that the g vY Classical School of economists had been unfair to those writers who for 200 years had seen 'a peculiar advantage' to their nations in a favourable balance of trade. '... we, the faculty of economists', he wrote, 'prove to have been guilty of presumptuous error in treating as a puerile obsession what for centuries has been a prime object of practical statecraft.'2 His argument, put briefly, ran as follows. The only practical inducement to investment (and therefore to the fuller exploitation of the economic resources of the nation) in the period in question was a reduced rate of interest. That, in turn, depended on increasing the quantity of precious metals in a particular country, which in turn depended on a favourable balance of trade. Lord Keynes was, of course, primarily interested in his inquiries in the relationship between state policy and employment. What he examined was an important aspect of mercantilist thought, though it is doubtful whether it was the most immediate one to those who wrote on these matters in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Rereading the works of the mercantilists, one cannot avoid an uneasy feeling that employment was seen as a means to increasing bullion supplies rather than vice versa. At the same time, others were working on the broader aspects of mercantilism in greater detail. Professor Heckscher's work had appeared in English translation a year or so earlier, and had done much to modify the older view that mercantilist arguments were based-as Lord Keynes put it-'from start to finish, on an intellectual confusion '. On the particular aspect of mercantilism with which this note is concerned, and which is generally agreed to be of central importance to the whole argument-the importance of precious metals-Professor Heckscher was less satisfied than Lord Keynes with mercantilist logic. In particular he pointed out that little interest was shown in contemporary literature in the practical use of the precious metals, 'i.e. with regard to their final export'.4 It is the object of this note to suggest that nevertheless there were indispensable practical

Small additions of ground nepheline syenite tailings were incorporated into various sewer-pipe bodies. The lost-cost tailings contained 2 to 3% Fe2O3 and significantly improved the physical properties of the sewer-pipe bodies.

I N his article in the Economic History Review (1950), 2nd Ser., m, 2i9, Prof. Heckscher has subjected my earlier suggestions1 to some lively criticism. I shall therefore produce further evidence which seems to me to support my views. First, however, since Prof. Heckscher has credited me with several contentions which stand in need of modification, it may avoid further misunderstandings if I repeat my own statement of my primary object which appeared in my first article viz. ... . to suggest that... there were indispensable practical uses to which precious metals were put in international trade in the mercantilist period, that these uses were sufficiently well known to practical men of trade and government, that they were more or less taken for granted, and that they do in fact form an assumption, largely unspoken and far from clearly stated, in much contemporary discussion'. These suggestions were prompted by the feeling that, first, the significance of the functions of precious metals in the processes of international payment during the mercantilist period has not always been fully appreciated; and, secondly, that it is in fact unlikely that their special usefulness was entirely unrelated to the emphasis placed upon the pursuit of treasure in mercantilist writings, more especially since so many of the writers were themselves closely associated with overseas commerce. Unfortunately, this primary aim is in some danger of being obscured behind the discussion which has arisen regarding a secondary issue, viz. whether trade was bilateral or multilateral in this period. I should therefore like to make it clear that it was not my intention to suggest that ' . . the idea of multilateral international payments...' was 'unthinkable' to mercantilists. On the contrary, I agree readily that such payments took place quite commonly. Yet there remained certain practical difficulties about such payments especially in certain areas, mainly because of the limited scope or sometimes even the absence of the bill of exchange in those areas.2 Now the kind of universal multilateral system which centred on London in more modern times, and which Dr Hilgerdt has analysed,3 seemed to me to depend on a world structure of credit and currency far more comprehensive and highly developed than that known to the mercantilist age. If Prof. Heckscher re-reads the paragraph which he quoted from my article, he will observe that it is the completed structure, not the idea, that I deem to have been unthinkable to mercantilists. One element of 'multilateralism' there certainly was; and it was one of the purposes of my article to suggest that a flow of precious metals was 'the principal and often the only link between a series of channels of trade each of which was essentially bilateral'. I hoped that the sentence which followed (but which