1. Evaluation of nandrolone and ractopamine in the urine of veal calves: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach
- Author
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Radmila Pavlovic, Sara Divari, Francesco Arioli, Luca Maria Chiesa, B. Biolatti, R. Benevelli, Francesca Tiziana Cannizzo, and Sara Panseri
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Detection limit ,Chromatography ,medicine.medical_treatment ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Urine ,Tandem mass spectrometry ,Mass spectrometry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,Ractopamine ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Nandrolone ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Spectroscopy ,Anabolic steroid ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Under European legislation, the use of growth promoters is forbidden in food-producing livestock. The application of unofficial protocols with diverse combinations of veterinary drugs, administered in very low concentrations, hinders reliable detection and subsequent operative prevention. It was observed that nandrolone (anabolic steroid) and ractopamine (β-adrenergic agonist) are occasionally administered to animals, but little is known about their synergic action when they are administered together. Two specific analytical methods based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry have been developed, both of which include hydrolysis of the corresponding conjugates. For the nandrolone method, solid-phase extraction was necessary for the complete elimination of the interferences, while employment of the Quantitation Enhanced Data-Dependent scan mode during MS acquisition of ractopamine enabled the utilization of simple liquid-liquid extraction. The nandrolone method was linear in the range of 0.5-25 ng/mL, while the ractopamine calibration curve was constructed from 0.5 to 1000 ng/mL. The corresponding coefficients of correlations were >0.9907. The lower limit of quantification for both methods was 0.5 ng/mL, followed by overall recoveries >81%. Precisions expressed as relative standard deviations were
- Published
- 2016
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