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Abstract Biodiversity patterns are shaped by the interplay between geodiversity and organismal characteristics. Superimposing genetic structure onto landscape heterogeneity (i.e., landscape genetics) can help to disentangle their interactions and better understand population dynamics. Previous studies on the sub‐Antarctic Prince Edward Islands (located midway between Antarctica and Africa) have highlighted the importance of landscape and climatic barriers in shaping spatial genetic patterns and have drawn attention to the value of these islands as natural laboratories for studying fundamental concepts in biology. Here, we assessed the fine‐scale spatial genetic structure of the springtail, Cryptopygus antarcticus travei, which is endemic to Marion Island, in tandem with high‐resolution geological data. Using a species‐specific suite of microsatellite markers, a fine‐scale sampling design incorporating landscape complexity and generalised linear models (GLMs), we examined genetic patterns overlaid onto high‐resolution digital surface models and surface geology data across two 1‐km sampling transects. The GLMs revealed that genetic patterns across the landscape closely track landscape resistance data in concert with landscape discontinuities and barriers to gene flow identified at a scale of a few metres. These results show that the island's geodiversity plays an important role in shaping biodiversity patterns and intraspecific genetic diversity. This study illustrates that fine‐scale genetic patterns in soil arthropods are markedly more structured than anticipated, given that previous studies have reported high levels of genetic diversity and evidence of genetic structing linked to landscape changes for springtail species and considering the homogeneity of the vegetation complexes characteristic of the island at the scale of tens to hundreds of metres. By incorporating fine‐scale and high‐resolution landscape features into our study, we were able to explain much of the observed spatial genetic patterns. Our study highlights geodiversity as a driver of spatial complexity. More widely, it holds important implications for the conservation and management of the sub‐Antarctic islands.

Abstract Cold‐air pooling is an important topoclimatic process that creates temperature inversions with the coldest air at the lowest elevations. Incomplete understanding of sub‐canopy spatiotemporal cold‐air pooling dynamics and associated ecological impacts hinders predictions and conservation actions related to climate change and cold‐dependent species and functions. To determine if and how cold‐air pooling influences forest composition, we characterized the frequency, strength, and temporal dynamics of cold‐air pooling in the sub‐canopy at local to regional scales in New England, USA. We established a network of 48 plots along elevational transects and continuously measured sub‐canopy air temperatures for 6–10 months (depending on site). We then estimated overstory and understory community temperature preferences by surveying tree composition in each plot and combining these data with known species temperature preferences. We found that cold‐air pooling was frequent (19–43% seasonal occurrences) and that sites with the most frequent inversions displayed inverted forest composition patterns across slopes with more cold‐adapted species, namely conifers, at low instead of high elevations. We also observed both local and regional variability in cold‐air pooling dynamics, revealing that while cold‐air pooling is common, it is also spatially complex. Our study, which uniquely focused on broad spatial and temporal scales, has revealed some rarely reported cold‐air pooling dynamics. For instance, we discovered frequent and strong temperature inversions that occurred across seasons and in some locations were most frequent during the daytime, likely affecting forest composition. Together, our results show that cold‐air pooling is a fundamental ecological process that requires integration into modeling efforts predicting future forest vegetation patterns under climate change, as well as greater consideration for conservation strategies identifying potential climate refugia for cold‐adapted species.

Abstract Aims To identify subgroups of nurses with distinct profiles of burnout (emotional exhaustion) and resilience (emotional thriving and emotional recovery) and describe nurse characteristics associated with each profile. Design Cross‐sectional, correlational design. Methods Data were collected via electronic survey from 2018 to 2019. Latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups of nurses with distinct profiles of emotional exhaustion, emotional thriving and emotional recovery, with each measured on a 0–100 scale. Bivariate statistics were used to determine profile differences in nurse sociodemographic, professional and psychological characteristics. Results Four distinct profile subgroups were identified: (1) “exhausted” (14% with very high emotional exhaustion, low emotional thriving and moderate emotional recovery), (2) “exhausted with thriving” (6% with high emotional exhaustion, moderate‐high emotional thriving and low emotional recovery), (3) “exhausted with thriving and recovery” (52% with moderate‐high emotional exhaustion, emotional thriving and emotional recovery), and (4) “thriving and recovery” (27% with low emotional exhaustion and very high emotional thriving and emotional recovery). Nurses in the “exhausted” and “exhausted with thriving” profiles reported greater depression and poorer work‐life integration. Nurses in “exhausted” profile were more likely to work in an inpatient setting. Nurses in the “exhausted with thriving and recovery” and “thriving and recovery” profiles reported more positive emotions, more well‐being behaviours, and better work‐life integration, with the “thriving and recovery” subgroup having the highest levels of these characteristics, lower depression scores and greater racial minority representation. Conclusion Approaches designed to improve nurse well‐being should be tailored to the nurses' profile of emotional exhaustion, thriving and recovery to maximize effectiveness. Impact Given the growing shortage of nurses in healthcare systems, it is critical that multilevel strategies be investigated to retain nursing staff that consider the intersectionality and complexity of the different aspects of burnout and resilience experienced by the nurse. No Patient or Public Contribution The aim was to assess burnout and resilience among nurses.

Abstract Introduction Diagnosis of dementia in the aging brain is confounded by the presence of multiple pathologies. Mixed dementia (MX), a combination of Alzheimer's disease (AD) proteins with vascular disease (VD), is frequently found at autopsy, and has been difficult to diagnose during life. This report develops a method for separating the MX group and defining preclinical AD (presence of AD factors with normal cognition) and preclinical VD subgroups (presence of white matter damage with normal cognition). Methods Clustering was based on three diagnostic axes: (1) AD factor (ADF) derived from cerebrospinal fluid proteins (Aβ42 and pTau), (2) VD factor (VDF) calculated from mean free water and peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity in the white matter, and (3) Cognition (Cog) based on memory and executive function. The trichotomy method was applied to an Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort (N = 538). Results Eight biologically defined subgroups were identified which included the MX group with both high ADF and VDF (9.3%) and a preclinical VD group (3.9%), and a preclinical AD group (13.6%). Cog is significantly associated with both ADF and VDF, and the partial‐correlation remains significant even when the effect of the other variable is removed (r(Cog, ADF/VDF removed) = 0.46, p

Abstract Introduction Citrus greening (aka Huanglongbing, HLB) caused primarily by the bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) has devastating effects on the global citrus industry. Agricultural management‐induced changes in microbial communities are hypothesised to contribute toward HLB resistance by reducing pathogen titre and increasing root and soil health. However, we have a limited understanding of the impacts of management practices on the soil microbiome, making the extent of HLB management uncertain. Material and Methods Here we investigated the effect of agricultural management practices on reducing CLas titer via changes in rhizosphere‐associated bacterial communities. Rhizosphere and root samples were collected from two sites in Florida where different management practices (e.g., metalized reflective mulch ground covers, compost application and microbial inoculations) are currently being implemented to prevent HLB. Management‐induced changes in the rhizosphere bacterial community were assessed using amplicon sequencing. qPCR assays were used to quantify the titer of the pathogen CLas in roots. In addition, we measured soil properties and the activities of microbial enzymes involved in soil nutrient cycling. Results Our results indicated that certain management practices lead to shifts in the community structure of rhizosphere bacterial communities that negatively interact with the HLB pathogen. Management practices improved soil quality and reduced CLas titer. Additionally, we found that Actinobacteria were frequently enriched in the successful treatment sites, suggesting that Actinobacteria taxa could be indicators for HLB suppression properties in the soil. Conclusion Our results suggest that microbiome manipulation, either through changes in the management practices or microbial amendment, can increase the suppressive potential of soils, resulting in the reduction in CLas titer and potentially leading to HLB suppression in citrus groves.

Abstract Pt‐Ir catalysts have been widely applied in unitized regenerative fuel cells due to their great activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the application of noble metals is seriously hindered by their high cost and low abundance. To reduce the noble metals loading and catalyst cost, the atomic layer deposition is applied to selectively surface anchoring of Ir single atoms (SA) on Pt nanoparticles (NP). With the formation of SA‐NP composite structure, the IrSA‐PtNP catalyst exhibits significantly improved performance, achieving 2.0‐ and 90‐times mass activity by comparison with the benchmark Pt/C catalyst for the ORR and OER, respectively. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the SA‐NP cooperation synergy endows the IrSA‐PtNP catalyst to surpass the bifunctional catalytic activity limit of Pt‐Ir NPs. This work provides a novel strategy for the construction of high‐performing dual catalyst through designing the single atom anchoring on NPs.

Abstract Perinatal loss is a devastating event for any mother. What is often overlooked is a mothers continued ability to lactate following the death of her child. Donor breast milk is a commodity highly sought after given its value for feeding sick babies resident in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. This study aimed to explore the lived experience of mothers who have expressed and donated their breast milk following the loss of their infant. Seven bereaved mothers who donated milk to the Human Milk Bank in Northern Ireland were recruited. These women took part in semistructured interviews, which explored their experiences of perinatal loss and the role that expression/donation played for them in their grief. Their accounts were analysed using a qualitative interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) method. After transcription and analysis, three superordinate themes emerged; (1) fulfilling the mother role; (2) the power of being able to ‘Do’; (3) making good from the bad. The stories of these women reflect the independent and individual nature of grief. Each mother gained a great deal of comfort in having the ability to express milk. For some this created a physical connection to their child, for others, it created time alone to process what had happened and for all, it created a sense of autonomy and ownership in what was otherwise a very turbulent time in their lives.

Abstract Extreme weather events, such as ice storms, are increasing and have potentially large impacts on forests, including belowground structures such as fine roots and mycorrhizal fungi. Many forest trees rely on the mutualistic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plants; a relationship that, when disrupted, can negatively impact tree net primary productivity. We took advantage of a large‐scale ice storm manipulation in the northeastern United States to test the hypothesis that increasing ice storm intensity and frequency would reduce ectomycorrhizal fungal root tips per unit root length and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal structures per unit root length, hereafter colonization. We found that ice storm intensity reduced spring ectomycorrhizal fungal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization. However, these patterns changed in the fall, where ice storm intensity still reduced ectomycorrhizal fungal root tips, but arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization was higher in ice storm treatments than controls. The amount of ectomycorrhizal fungal root tips and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization differed seasonally: ectomycorrhizal fungal root tips were 1.7× higher in the spring than in the fall, while arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization was 3× higher in the fall than in the spring. Our results indicate that mycorrhizal fungal colonization responses to ice storm severity vary temporally and by mycorrhizal fungal type. Further, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may recover from ice storms relatively quickly, potentially aiding forests in their recovery, whereas ice storms may have a long lasting impact on ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Abstract Irrigated agriculture in arid and semi‐arid regions is a vital contributor to the global food supply. However, these regions endure massive evaporative losses that are compensated by exploiting limited freshwater resources. To increase water‐use efficiency in these giga‐scale operations, plastic mulches are utilized; however, their non‐biodegradability and eventual land‐filling renders them unsustainable. In response, we have developed superhydrophobic sand (SHS) mulching technology that is comprised of sand grains or sandy soils with a nanoscale coating of paraffin wax. Here, we investigate the effects of 1 cm‐thick SHS mulching on the evapotranspiration and phenotypic responses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants as a model system under normal and reduced irrigation inside controlled growth chambers. Experimental results reveal that under either irrigation scenario, SHS mulching suppresses evaporation and enhances transpiration by 78% and 17%, respectively relative to the unmulched soil. Comprehensive phenotyping revealed that SHS mulching enhanced root xylem vessel diameter, stomatal aperture, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content index by 21%, 25%, 28%, and 23%, respectively, in comparison with the unmulched soil. Consequently, total fruit yields, total dry mass, and harvest index increased in SHS‐mulched plants by 33%, 20%, and 16%, respectively compared with the unmulched soil. We also provide mechanistic insights into the effects of SHS mulching on plant physiological processes. These results underscore the potential of SHS for realizing food–water security and greening initiatives in arid regions.

Abstract Purpose Cortical porosis, secondary to either vascular injury or stress‐shielding, is a comorbidity of fracture fixation using compression bone plating. Locking plate constructs have unique mechanics of load transmission and lack of reliance on contact pressures for fixation stability, so secondary cortical porosis adjacent to the plate has not been widely investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of long‐term locking plate fixation on cortical dimensions and density in a caprine tibial segmental ostectomy model. Methods Data was acquired from a population of goats enrolled in ongoing orthopedic research which utilized locking plate fixation of 2 cm tibial diaphyseal segmental defects to evaluate bone healing over periods of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Quantitative data included tibial cortical width measurements and three‐dimensionally reconstructed slab density measurements, both assessed using computed tomographic examinations performed at the time of plate removal. Additional surgical and demographic variables were analyzed for effect on cortical widths and density, and all cis‐cortex measurements were compared to both the trans‐cortex and to the contralateral limbs. Results The tibial cis‐cortex was significantly wider and more irregular than the trans‐cortex at the same level. This width asymmetry differed in both magnitude and direction from the contralateral limb. The bone underlying the plate was significantly less dense than the trans‐cortex, and this cortical density difference was significantly greater than that of the contralateral limb. These cortical changes were independent of both duration of fixation and degree of ostectomy bone healing. Conclusions This study provides evidence that cortical bone loss consistent with cortical porosity is a comorbidity of locking plate fixation in a caprine tibial ostectomy model. Further research is necessary to identify risk factors for locking‐plate‐associated bone loss and to inform clinical decisions in cases necessitating long‐term locking plate fixation.

Abstract Purpose Locking plate fixation of caprine tibial segmental defects is widely utilized for translational modeling of human osteopathology, and it is a useful research model in tissue engineering and orthopedic biomaterials research due to its inherent stability while maintaining unobstructed visualization of the gap defect and associated healing. However, research regarding surgical technique and long‐term complications associated with this fixation method are lacking. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of surgeon‐selected factors including locking plate length, plate positioning, and relative extent of tibial coverage on fixation failure, in the form of postoperative fracture. Methods In vitro, the effect of plate length was evaluated using single cycle compressive load to failure mechanical testing of locking plate fixations of caprine tibial gap defects. In vivo, effects of plate length, positioning, and relative tibial coverage were evaluated using data from a population of goats enrolled in ongoing orthopedic research which utilized locking plate fixation of 2 cm tibial diaphyseal segmental defects to evaluate bone healing over 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Results In vitro, no significant differences in maximum compressive load or total strain were noted between fixations using 14 cm locking plates and 18 cm locking plates. In vivo, both plate length and tibial coverage ratio were significantly associated with postoperative fixation failure. The incidence of any cortical fracture in goats stabilized with a 14 cm plate was 57%, as compared with 3% in goats stabilized with an 18 cm plate. Craniocaudal and mediolateral angular positioning variables were not significantly associated with fixation failure. Decreasing distance between the gap defect and the proximal screw of the distal bone segment was associated with increased incidence of fracture, suggesting an effect on proximodistal positioning on overall fixation stability. Conclusions This study emphasizes the differences between in vitro modeling and in vivo application of surgical fixation methods, and, based on the in vivo results, maximization of plate‐to‐tibia coverage is recommended when using locking plate fixation of the goat tibial segmental defect as a model in orthopedic research.

Abstract Trait‐based models of ecological communities and ecosystem functioning often fail to account for intraspecific variation in functional traits, assuming that intraspecific variability is negligible compared with interspecific variability. However, this assumption remains poorly tested across vertebrate animals where past studies routinely describe species according to mean trait values without explicit consideration of individual trait variability. We assessed nine functional traits for 4254 individuals belonging to 15 freshwater fish species from 11 families in northern Australia, including body elongation, body shape, caudal peduncle throttle, eye size, eye position, gape shape, gape size, mouth position, and pectoral fin length. We quantified the extent and geography of intraspecific trait variability and its relationship with riverine hydrologic regimes using a structured sampling design. Using a combination of single‐ and multi‐trait analyses, we demonstrate that intraspecific trait variability can contribute up to 70% of the total trait variability depending on the attribute considered and averaged 31% across all traits. The magnitude of intraspecific trait variability also varied across the hydrological permanency gradient. Fish assemblages in intermittent streams subjected to frequent environmental disturbance had high intraspecific trait variability, most likely due to strong abiotic filters limiting interspecific divergence. Conversely, assemblages in perennial rivers with less harsh environmental filters but with a larger pool of species expressed lower intraspecific trait variability: This is most likely due to stronger resource competition (biotic filter), which promotes specialization of resource use and, consequently, interspecific divergence. Our study provides the first evidence of intraspecific trait variability driven by a disturbance gradient for an animal group and points to the need for additional research into the functional importance of intraspecific variability in animal ecology. A better understanding of the patterns, drivers, and implications of intraspecific trait variability will help guide mechanistic‐based predictions of the effects of environmental changes on community assemblage and ecosystem processes.

Abstract With mounting scientific evidence demonstrating adverse global climate change (GCC) impacts to water quality, water quality policies, such as the Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) under the U.S. Clean Water Act, have begun accounting for GCC effects in setting nutrient load‐reduction policy targets. These targets generally require nutrient reductions for attaining prescribed water quality standards (WQS) by setting safe levels of nutrient concentrations that curtail potentially harmful cyanobacteria blooms (CyanoHABs). While some governments require WQS to consider climate change, few tools are available to model the complex interactions between climate change and benthic legacy nutrients. We present a novel process‐based integrated assessment model (IAM) that examines the extent to which synergistic relationships between GCC and legacy Phosphorus release could compromise the ability of water quality policies to attain established WQS. The IAM is calibrated for simulating the eutrophic Missisquoi Bay and watershed in Lake Champlain (2001–2050). Water quality impacts of seven P‐reduction scenarios, including the 64.3% reduction specified under the current TMDL, were examined under 17 GCC scenarios. The TMDL WQS of 0.025 mg/L total phosphorus is unlikely to be met by 2035 under the mandated 64.3% reduction for all GCC scenarios. IAM simulations show that the frequency and severity of summer CyanoHABs increased or minimally decreased under most climate and nutrient reduction scenarios. By harnessing IAMs that couple complex process‐based simulation models, the management of water quality in freshwater lakes can become more adaptive through explicit accounting of GCC effects on both the external and internal sources of nutrients.

Abstract A.J. Bateman (1948) hypothesized that a metric of sexual selection is in sex differences of intrasexual variance in number of mates (VNM). AJB predicted that (a) males have greater variance in reproductive success (VRS) than females; (b) males have greater VNM than females; and (c) a positive relationship between VNM and VRS is stronger among males. AJB used phenotypically observable mutations in offspring to identify parents and to count subjects' NM and RS. AJB's conclusions matched his predictions, later called “Bateman's Principles.” Empirical challenges to his conclusions guided analyses herein. (a) AJB's analysis pseudo‐replicated sample sizes, violating a sexual selection assumption: That is, individuals must be in the same population to choose and compete. (b) AJB's methods overestimated subjects with no mates while underestimating subjects with one or more. (c) A replication (Gowaty et al., 2012) showed that offspring inheriting nametags from both parents often died before expressing adult phenotypes, proving some of AJB's methods produced biased data. Science historian Thierry Hoquet located AJB's archived, handwritten laboratory notes, photocopied, and transcribed them. We tested each of the 65 unique populations for expected combinations in offspring of parental mutations: 41.5% failed Punnett's tests: Offspring carrying nametags simultaneously from both parents were missing showing estimates of parents' NM and VNM were undercounted. 58.5% of populations met Punnett's expectations providing an unparalleled opportunity to re‐evaluate AJB's predictions. 34 unbiased populations had no sex differences in VRS; 37 had no sex differences in VNM. No sex differences in slopes of RS and NM occurred in any unbiased population. Regressions showed weak, positive, significant associations between VNM and VRS for females and males, contrary to AJB's prediction that the relationship would be positive in males but not in females. AJB's laboratory data are inconsistent with “Bateman's Principles.”

Abstract Objectives Following infection with SARS‐CoV‐2, virus‐specific antibodies are generated, which can both neutralise virions and clear infection via Fc effector functions. The importance of IgG antibodies for protection and control of SARS‐CoV‐2 has been extensively reported. By comparison, other antibody isotypes including IgA have been poorly characterised. Methods Here, we characterised plasma IgA from 41 early convalescent COVID‐19 subjects for neutralisation and Fc effector functions. Results Convalescent plasma IgA from > 60% of the cohort had the capacity to inhibit the interaction between wild‐type RBD and ACE2. Furthermore, a third of the cohort induced stronger IgA‐mediated ACE2 inhibition than matched IgG when tested at equivalent concentrations. Plasma IgA and IgG from this cohort broadly recognised similar RBD epitopes and had similar capacities to inhibit ACE2 from binding to 22 of the 23 prevalent RBD mutations assessed. However, plasma IgA was largely incapable of mediating antibody‐dependent phagocytosis in comparison with plasma IgG. Conclusion Overall, convalescent plasma IgA contributed to the neutralising antibody response of wild‐type SARS‐CoV‐2 RBD and various RBD mutations. However, this response displayed large heterogeneity and was less potent than IgG.

Abstract Approximately 15% of infants worldwide are born with low birthweight (

Abstract A prominent hypothesis for polyandry says that male–male competitive drivers induce males to coerce already‐mated females to copulate, suggesting that females are more likely to be harassed in the presence of multiple males. This early sociobiological idea of male competitive drive seemed to explain why sperm‐storing females mate multiply. Here, we describe an experiment eliminating all opportunities for male–male behavioral competition, while varying females’ opportunities to mate or not with the same male many times, or with many other males only one time each. We limited each female subject's exposure to no more than one male per day over her entire lifespan starting at the age at which copulations usually commence. We tested a priori predictions about relative lifespan and daily components of RS of female Drosophila melanogaster in experimental social situations producing lifelong virgins, once‐mated females, lifelong monogamous, and lifelong polyandrous females, using a matched‐treatments design. Results included that (1) a single copulation enhanced female survival compared to survival of lifelong virgins, (2) multiple copulations enhanced the number of offspring for both monogamous and polyandrous females, (3) compared to females in lifelong monogamy, polyandrous females paired daily with a novel, age‐matched experienced male produced offspring of enhanced viability, and (4) female survival was unchallenged when monogamous and polyandrous females could re‐mate with age‐ and experienced‐matched males. (5) Polyandrous females daily paired with novel virgin males had significantly reduced lifespans compared to polyandrous females with novel, age‐matched, and experienced males. (6) Polyandrous mating enhanced offspring viability and thereby weakened support for the random mating hypothesis for female multiple mating. Analyzes of nonequivalence of variances revealed opportunities for within‐sex selection among females. Results support the idea that females able to avoid constraints on their behavior from simultaneous exposure to multiple males can affect both RS and survival of females and offspring.

Background Evidence shows that dietary factors play an important role in blood pressure. However, there is no clear understanding of whether hypertension diagnosis is associated with dietary modifications. The aim of this study is to estimate the longitudinal association between hypertension diagnosis and subsequent changes (within 2–4 years) in dietary sodium, potassium, and sodium‐potassium (Na/K) ratio. Methods and Results We included adults (18–75 years, n=16 264) from up to 9 waves (1991–2015) of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Diet data were collected using three 24‐hour dietary recalls and a household food inventory. We used fixed‐effects models to estimate the association between newly self‐reported diagnosed hypertension and subsequent within‐individual changes in sodium, potassium, and Na/K ratio. We also examined changes among couples and at the household level. Results suggest that on average, men who were diagnosed with hypertension decreased their sodium intake by 251 mg/d and their Na/K ratio by 0.19 within 2 to 4 years after diagnosis (P

Abstract Genetic variation in the chemistry of plant leaves can have ecosystem‐level consequences. Here, we address the hypothesis that genetic variation in foliar condensed tannins along a Populus hybridization gradient influences soil ammonia oxidizers, a group of autotrophic microorganisms that perform the first step of nitrification and are not dependent on carbon derived from plant photosynthesis. Evidence that genetically based plant traits influence the abundance and activity of autotrophic soil microbes would greatly expand the concept of extended plant phenotypes. We found that increasing foliar condensed tannin concentration reduced rates of soil nitrification potential by ~75%, reduced the abundance of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea by ~66%, but had no effect on ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria. Other indices that often drive nitrification rates, including soil total nitrogen, foliar nitrogen, and soil pH, were not significant predictors of either the activity or the abundance of ammonia oxidizers, suggesting genetic variation in foliar condensed tannins may be the dominant regulating factor. These results demonstrate the condensed tannin phenotypes of two different tree species and their naturally occurring hybrids have extended effects on a key ecosystem process and provide evidence for indirect genetic linkages among autotrophs across at least two domains of life.

Background China faces a substantial burden from cardiometabolic diseases, but longitudinal studies on a wide range of cardiometabolic risk factors are limited. We examined the 6‐year incidence of 8 cardiometabolic risk factors in a diverse, population‐based cohort. Methods and Results In the China Health and Nutrition Survey, anthropometry, blood pressure, and fasting blood samples were collected from 9621 adults (47.6% men) aged 18 to 99 years in 2009 who were followed into 2015. Using inverse probability weights to account for loss to follow‐up, we estimated the 6‐year incidence of 8 cardiometabolic risk factors and compared the incidence of each risk factor across age groups using inverse probability–weighted sex‐stratified logistic regression models. Incidence was noted for the following cardiometabolic risk factors during 2009–2015: hypertension (systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg; men: 29.2%; women: 24.9%), high waist circumference/height ratio (≥0.5; men: 42.4%; women: 43.8%), and high total to HDL (high‐density lipoprotein) cholesterol ratio (≥5; men: 17.0%; women: 14.5%). Older men and women (aged ≥65 years) had the highest incidence of hypertension. Incidence of high waist circumference/height ratio and high LDL (low‐density lipoprotein) cholesterol (≥130 mg/dL) was highest among older (aged ≥65 years) women, whereas incidence of overweight (body mass index ≥25) and high triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL) was highest among younger (aged 18–35 and 35–50 years) men. Conclusions We found increases in cardiometabolic risk among Chinese adults during this recent, short, 6‐year period that are higher than previous studies in China. The higher incidence of overweight and elevated dyslipidemia markers in younger versus older men portends an increasing burden of cardiometabolic diseases in China as the younger population ages.